‫جامعة النجاح الوطنية‬ An-Najah National University

‫كلية الهندسة وتكنولوجيا المعلومات‬ Faculty of Engineering and IT

Instructor Name: Dr.Falah Mohammed Experiment #:6

Academic Year: 2022/2023 Performed on: March 15th
Semester: spring 2023 Submitted on: March 22nd
Experiment Name: Introduction to circuits.
Students:
1- Osama othman 2-Rodaina Basem
3- Asem Diab 4-
5- 6-
Report’s Outcomes
ILO _2_ =( 50) % ILO _3_ =( 25 ) % ILO _5_ =( 25 ) % ILO =( ) % ILO =( ) %
Evaluation Criterion Grade Points
Abstract
answers of the questions: “What did you do? How did you do it? What did
you find?”
Introduction
Sufficient,Clear and complete statement of objectives.
Theory
Presents sufficiently the theoretical basis.
Apparatus/ Procedure
Apparatus sufficiently described to enable another experimenter to identify
the equipment needed to conduct the experiment. Procedure sufficiently
described.
Experimental Results and Calculations
Results analyzed correctly. Experimental findings adequately and 4
specifically summarized, in graphical, tabular, and/or written form.
Discussion
Crisp explanation of experimental results. Comparison of theoretical
predictions to experimental results, including discussion of accuracy and 3
error analysis in some cases.
Conclusions and Recommendations
Conclusions summarize the major findings from the experimental results
with adequate specificity. Recommendations appropriate in light of 1
conclusions. Correct grammar.
References
Complete and consistent bibliographic information that would enable the
reader to find the reference of interest.
Appendices
Appropriate information, organized and annotated. Includes all
calculations and raw data Sheet.
Appearance
Title page is complete, page numbers applied, content is well organized, 2
correct spelling, fonts are consistent, good visual appeal.
Total
10

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 ‫جامعة النجاح الوطنية‬ An-Najah National University
‫كلية الهندسة وتكنولوجيا المعلومات‬ Faculty of Engineering and IT

Contents
❖ Objective3
❖ Abstract...........................................................................3
❖ Introduction.....................................................................4
❖ Theory.............................................................................5
❖ Procedure& Result & Calculations ..............................5-8
❖ Conclusions.....................................................................8

❖ Objective :

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 ‫جامعة النجاح الوطنية‬ An-Najah National University
‫كلية الهندسة وتكنولوجيا المعلومات‬ Faculty of Engineering and IT

1. To explain the behavior of inductors under DC and AC

conditions, including their characteristics such as
inductance and reactance.

2. To analyze and compare series and parallel inductive

circuits, including their impedance, resonance, and
power factor.

3. To calculate and interpret the phase shift between

current and voltage in inductive circuits, and
understand its significance in applications such as
motors and transformers.

❖ Abstract :

➤ What Was Done?

We connect some cct and apply a AC voltage and see the behaviour of
inductor.

➤ How Was It Done?

In the lap we use an inductor and Resistor and AC Power supply then using
voltmeter and ammeter we study the inductor .
➤ What Was Found Out?
When the current inductor reaches its 63% of its final value
the time at this moment will equal Ꚍ (time constatnt ) which
depends on inductivity and resistance.

❖ Introduction :

Inductors are passive electronic components that store energy in a

magnetic field when electric current flows through them. Understanding

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 ‫جامعة النجاح الوطنية‬ An-Najah National University
‫كلية الهندسة وتكنولوجيا المعلومات‬ Faculty of Engineering and IT

the behavior of inductors under both DC and AC conditions is important in

the design and analysis of electronic circuits. One characteristic of inductors
is their inductance, which determines the strength of the magnetic field and
is measured in henries.

When switching on/off DC voltage at an inductor, current and voltage

progress according to an exponential function. The current rises to 63% of
its final value in the time of 1T and drops to 37% of its initial value when
switched off. The current reaches its final value or zero each 5T, where T is
the time constant given by T = L/R. The instantaneous value of current and
instantaneous value of voltage in a coil when switching on/off DC voltage is
calculated by L di/dt and -L di/dt respectively.

In this experiment, we aim to explain the behavior of inductors under DC

and AC conditions, analyze and compare series and parallel inductive
circuits, and calculate and interpret the phase shift between current and
voltage in inductive circuits. We will also investigate the concept of
resonance and power factor in inductive circuits, and understand its
significance in applications such as motors and transformers.

❖ Theories:
Inductive reactance (symbolized as XL) is a property of an inductor that
describes its opposition to a change in current. When an alternating
current (AC) flows through an inductor, it creates a magnetic field
around the inductor. This magnetic field causes a voltage to be induced
in the inductor that opposes the change in current flow. This opposition

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 ‫جامعة النجاح الوطنية‬ An-Najah National University
‫كلية الهندسة وتكنولوجيا المعلومات‬ Faculty of Engineering and IT

is known as inductive reactance.

The magnitude of inductive reactance depends on the frequency of the

AC signal and the inductance of the inductor. According to the formula
XL = 2πFL, where XL is the inductive reactance in ohms, F is the
frequency of the AC signal in hertz, and L is the inductance of the
inductor in henries. This formula shows that the inductive reactance is
directly proportional to both the frequency of the AC signal and the
inductance of the inductor.

In summary, inductive reactance is a property of an inductor that

describes its opposition to a change in current in an AC circuit. It
depends on the frequency of the AC signal and the inductance of the
inductor and can be calculated using the formula XL = 2πFL.

❖ Procedure and calculations:

→Step response analysis:

In the experiment, we began by setting up a circuit as
shown in the figure 1 , consisting of an inductor, a
resistor, and a function generator. The function
generator was set to produce a positive square wave
with a frequency of 3kHz and an amplitude of 10V. The
purpose of this setup was to observe the behavior of the
Figure 1
inductor under AC conditions and to measure its characteristics,
such as inductance and reactance. By analyzing the voltage and current across
the circuit.

• the graph of inductance voltage and current :

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 ‫جامعة النجاح الوطنية‬ An-Najah National University
‫كلية الهندسة وتكنولوجيا المعلومات‬ Faculty of Engineering and IT

• T from graph : T = 36 μs.

T= L / R ➔ L = 36 mH.
V=3.6 Volt.
→Voltage and current phase shift measurment:
. To determine the phase shift between the current IL and the

voltage VL, connect the circuit as shown in Figure 2 .

Figure 2
The difference between the two waves = 92 μs .
To find phase difference :

1 / 3000 ➔ 360

92 μs ➔ ?? then β= 90 ̊

→Inductive reactance XI :
1- Connect the circuit as shown in figure 3 then plot the characteristic
curve XL = f(F) for 10 mH and 33mH.

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 ‫جامعة النجاح الوطنية‬ An-Najah National University
‫كلية الهندسة وتكنولوجيا المعلومات‬ Faculty of Engineering and IT

Figure 3

Frequency (KHz) 2 4 6 8 10
10mH 0.63 1.23 1.78 2.26 2.65
VL 33mH 1.85 3.1 3.84 4.24 4.48
10mH 4.97 4.82 4.64 4.39 4.11
IL 33mH 4.45 3.74 3.03 2.46 2.02
10mH 0.126 0.255 0.383 0.514 0.644
XL 33mH 0.415 0.828 1.267 1.723 2.217
Note that xL=vl/il.

→Inductor in series and parallel :

1-Connect the circuit as shown in figure 4 .

Figure 4

VL IL(mA) XL =(VL/IL)k 0hm L= XL/(2*(3.14)*f)

L1 VL1=0.95V IL1=4.94mA XL1=0.192 k 0hm 10.19(mH)

L2 VL2=3.08V IL2=4.94 mA XL2=0.623 k 0hm 33.06(mH)
L(tot)=L1+L2=10.19+33.06=43.25 (mH).
Then we connect this cct :

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 ‫جامعة النجاح الوطنية‬ An-Najah National University
‫كلية الهندسة وتكنولوجيا المعلومات‬ Faculty of Engineering and IT

Figure 5

L= XL/(2*(3.14)*f)
VL IL XL
L1=10mH 4 20.48mA .195 k 0hm 10.36mH
L2=33mH 4 6.06mA 0.66 k 0hm 35.03mH
Total : 4 26.6mA 0.150 k 0hm 7.96mH

❖ Conclusions:
1.Connecting an RL circuit with a DC square wave generator causes the
inductor to charge when the wave value is non-zero and discharge when
the wave value is zero.

2.The time constant of an RL circuit is equal to the time when the current
inductor reaches 63% of its final value, and it is determined by the
inductance and resistance.

3.When an AC signal is used, the voltage across an inductor leads the

current by 90 degrees.

4.The total inductance of a series of inductors is the sum of all individual

inductances.

5.Connecting inductors in parallel requires using the formula 1/Ltot =

1/L1 + 1/L2.