Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ali Thaeer Hammid a,b,*, Mohd Herwan Bin Sulaiman a, Ahmed N. Abdalla c
a Faculty of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, University Malaysia Pahang, 26600 Pekan,
Malaysia
b Department of Computer Engineering Techniques, Al Yarmouk University College, 32001
Ba’aqubah, Diyala, Iraq
c Faculty of Engineering Technology, University Malaysia Pahang, 26350 Gambang, Malaysia
Abstract In developing countries, the power production is properly less than the request of
power or load, and sustaining a system stability of power production is a trouble quietly.
Sometimes, there is a necessary development to the correct quantity of load demand to retain
a system of power production steadily. Thus, Small Hydropower Plant (SHP) includes a Kaplan
turbine was verified to explore its applicability. This paper concentrates on applying on
Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) by approaching of Feed-Forward, Back-Propagation to make
performance predictions of the hydropower plant at the Himreen lake dam-Diyala in terms of
net turbine head, flow rate of water and power production that data gathered during a
research over a 10 year period. The model studies the uncertainties of inputs and output
operation and there’s a designing to network structure and then trained by means of the
entire of 3570 experimental and observed data. Furthermore, ANN offers an analyzing and
diagnosing instrument effectively to model performance of the nonlinear plant. The study
suggests that the ANN may predict the performance of the plant with a correlation coefficient
(R) between the variables of predicted and observed output that would be higher than 0.96.
The power systemis expected to play an important role in climate change mitigation. Variable
renewable energy (VRE) sources, such aswind and solar power, are currently showing rapid
growth rates in power systemsworldwide, and could also be important in future mitigation
strategies. It is therefore important that the electricity sector and the integration of VRE are
correctly represented in energy models. This paper presents an improved methodology for
representing the electricity sector in the long-term energy simulation model TIMER using a
heuristic approach to find cost optimal paths given system requirements and scenario
assumptions. Regional residual load duration curves have been included to simulate
curtailments, storage use, backup requirements and system load factor decline as the VRE
share increases. The results show that for the USA and Western Europe at lower VRE
penetration levels, backup costs form the major VRE cost markup. When solar power supplies
more than 30% of the electricity demand, the costs of storage and energy curtailments
become increasingly important. Storage and curtailments have less influence on wind power
cost markups in these regions, as wind power supply is better correlated with electricity
demand. Mitigation scenarios show an increasing VRE share in the electricity mix implying also
increasing contribution of VRE for peak and mid load capacity. In the current scenarios, this
can be achieved by at the same time installing less capital intensive gas fired power plants.
Sensitivity analysis showed that greenhouse gas emissions from the electricity sector in the
updatedmodel are particularly sensitive to the availability of carbon capture and storage (CCS)
and nuclear power and the costs of VRE.
2016 Climate change impacts and greenhouse gas mitigation effects on U.S. hydropower
generation
2016 Impactos del cambio climático y efectos de mitigación de los gases de efecto invernadero
en la generación de energía hidroeléctrica en los Estados Unidos
Brent Boehlert a,b,⇑, Kenneth M. Strzepek b, Yohannes Gebretsadik c, Richard Swanson d, Alyssa
McCluskey e,
James E. Neumann a, James McFarland e, Jeremy Martinich e
a Industrial Economics, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
b Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
c World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland
d University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
e U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Washington, D.C., USA
Climate change will have potentially significant effects on hydropower generation due to
changes in the magnitude and seasonality of river runoff and increases in reservoir
evaporation. These physical impacts will in turn have economic consequences through both
producer revenues and consumer expenditures. We analyze the physical and economic effects
of changes in hydropower generation for the contiguous U. S. in futures with and without
global-scale greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation, and across patterns from 18 General Circulation
Models. Using a monthly water resources systems model of 2119 river basins that routes
simulated river runoff through reservoirs, and allocates water to potentially conflicting and
climate dependent demands, we provide a first-order estimate of the impacts of various
projected emissions outcomes on hydropower generation, and monetize these impacts using
outputs from an electric sector planning model for over 500 of the largest U.S. hydropower
facilities. We find that, due to generally increasing river runoff under higher emissions
scenarios in the Pacific Northwest, climate change tends to increase overall hydropower
generation in the contiguous U.S. During low flow months, generation tends to fall with
increasing emissions, potentially threatening the estimated low flow, firm energy from
hydropower. Although global GHG mitigation slows the growth in hydropower generation, the
higher value placed on carbon-free hydropower leads to annual economic benefits ranging
from $1.8 billion to $4.3 billion. The present value of these benefits to the U.S. from global
greenhouse gas mitigation, discounted at 3%, is $34 to $45 billion over the 2015–2050 period.
2017 Underground pumped storage hydropower plants using open pit mines: How do
groundwater exchanges influence the efficiency?
2017 Centrales hidroeléctricas de bombeo subterráneo con minas a cielo abierto: ¿Cómo
influyen los intercambios de aguas subterráneas en la eficiencia?
Estanislao Pujades a,⇑, Philippe Orban a, Sarah Bodeux a, Pierre Archambeau b, Sébastien
Erpicum b, Alain Dassargues a
a Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Geo3, Dpt ArGEnCo, Aquapole, University of
Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium
b Hydraulics in Environmental and Civil Engineering (HECE), Dpt ArGEnCo, Aquapole, University
of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium
2016 Contribución de una central hidroeléctrica de bombeo para reducir los costos de
programación de un sistema eléctrico aislado con alta penetración de energía eólica
The paper aims at demonstrating that the consideration of constant start-up costs and ramps
of the thermal generating units for assessing the contribution of pumped-hydro energy storage
to reduce the scheduling costs of hydrothermal power systems with high wind penetration,
may yield unrealistic results. For this purpose, an isolated power system is used as a case
study. The contribution of a pumpedstorage hydropower plant to reduce the system
scheduling costs is assessed in the paper by using a hydrothermal weekly unit commitment
model. The model considers different start-up costs and ramps of the thermal generating units
as a function of the start-up type. The effects of including pumped hydro energy storage in the
system on the integration of wind energy, and on the start-ups and capacity factors of the
thermal generating units are also evaluated. The results of the paper demonstrate that the
consideration of constant start-up costs and ramps of the thermal generating units yields
unrealistic results, and that the pumped-storage hydropower plant may help reduce the
system scheduling costs by 2.5e11% and integrate wind power and may allow dispensing with
some inflexible thermal generating units.
Ioannis Kougias*, Sándor Szabó, Fabio Monforti-Ferrario, Thomas Huld, Katalin Bódis
European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Energy & Transport, Renewables &
Energy Efficiency Unit, Via Enrico Fermi 2749, IPR45, 21027, Ispra, Italy
Key global energy, environmental and sustainability targets are closely related to the
development of Renewable Energy Sources (RES). This includes reduction of Greenhouse Gas
emissions and safe energy provision in a sustainable manner. The integration of RES in the
energy mix needs to overcome the technical challenges that are related to grid's operation.
Therefore, there is an increasing need to explore approaches where different RES will operate
under a synergetic approach. A straightforward way to achieve that is by optimizing the
complementarity among RES systems both over time and spatially. The present article
developed a methodology that examines the degree of time complementarity between small
hydropower stations (SHPS) and adjacent solar PV systems (SPVS). The methodology builds on
an optimization algorithm that associates hydrological with solar irradiation information. In
particularly, the algorithm examines possible alterations on the PV system installation
(azimuth, tilt) that increase the complementarity, with minor compromises in the total solar
energy output. The methodology has been tested in a case study and the outcome indicated
that a compromise of 10% in the solar energy output (90% threshold) may result in a
significant increase of the complementarity (66.4%).
2018 The multipurpose water uses of hydropower reservoir: The SHARE concept
2018 Los usos polivalentes del agua en el reservorio hidroeléctrico: El concepto SHARE
The production and use of energy and the capture and use of water are vital to the economy
and the health and welfare of all nations, and the wise stewardship of these resources is
essential to the protection of the environment. After the 6th World Water Forum held in
Marseille (France, 2012), Électricité de France (EDF) and the World Water Council (WWC) have
agreed to work on “the multipurpose water uses of hydropower reservoirs”. This framework
bridges between 6th Forum in Marseille and the 7th Forum in Daegu/Gyeongbuk in the
Republic of Korea and addresses the following issues: (i) how to minimize
contradictions/competition among multipurpose water uses of hydropower reservoirs, and (ii)
how to set an appropriate governance to allow coordinated/integrated water uses
management (in terms of strategy, planning, decision-making and operation). This process was
conducted under a participative multi-stakeholder approach with governments, banks, NGOs,
international organizations, hydropower utilities, and other sectors.
Multipurpose hydropower reservoirs are designed and/or operated to provide services beyond
electricity generation, such as water supply, flood and drought management, irrigation,
navigation, fisheries, environmental services and recreational activities, etc. While these
objectives (renewable and power services, water quantity management, ecosystem services,
economic growth and local livelihoods) can conflict at times, they are also often
complementary. Although there are no universal solutions, there are principles that can be
shared and adapted to local contexts. Indeed the development and/or operation of such
multipurpose hydropower reservoirs to reach sustainable water management should rely on
the following principles: shared vision, shared resource, shared responsibilities, shared rights
and risks, shared costs and benefits. These principles and acknowledgement of joint sharing
among all the stakeholders are essential to successful development and management of
multipurpose hydropower reservoirs, and should frame all phases from early stage to
operation. The SHARE concept also gives guidance.
La producción y el uso de la energía y la captura y uso del agua son vitales para la economía y
la salud y el bienestar de todas las naciones, y la sabia administración de estos recursos es
esencial para la protección del medio ambiente. Después del VI Foro Mundial del Agua
celebrado en Marsella (Francia, 2012), Électricité de France (EDF) y el Consejo Mundial del
Agua (WWC) han acordado trabajar en "los usos polivalentes del agua de los embalses
hidroeléctricos". Este marco establece un puente entre el 6º Foro de Marsella y el 7º Foro de
Daegu / Gyeongbuk en la República de Corea y aborda los siguientes temas: (i) cómo minimizar
las contradicciones / competencia entre usos polivalentes del agua de los embalses
hidroeléctricos; establecer una gobernanza apropiada para permitir la gestión coordinada /
integrada de los usos del agua (en términos de estrategia, planificación, toma de decisiones y
operación). Este proceso se llevó a cabo bajo un enfoque participativo multipartito con
gobiernos, bancos, ONGs, organizaciones internacionales, empresas de energía hidroeléctrica y
otros sectores.
Abstract: In this study, the damage-plasticity model for concrete that was verified by the
model experiment was used to calculate the damage to a spiral case structure based on the
damage mechanics theory. The concrete structure surrounding the spiral case was simulated
with a three-dimensional finite element model. Then, the distribution and evolution of the
structural damage were studied. Based on investigation of the change of gap openings
between the steel liner and concrete structure, the impact of the non-uniform variation of
gaps on the load-bearing ratio between the steel liner and concrete structure was analyzed.
The comparison of calculated results of the simplified and simulation algorithms shows that
the simulation algorithm is a feasible option for the calculation of spiral case structures. In
addition, the shell-spring model was introduced for optimization analysis, and the results were
reasonable.
2012 General Hierarchical Modular Structure For Hydropower Station Auxiliary System
Simulation
2012 Estructura modular jerárquica general para la simulación del sistema auxiliar de la
estación hidroeléctrica
Chen Tiea
a Electrical Engineering & Renewable Engergy School of China Three Gorges University,
Yichang (443002), Hubei, China
Abstract
Hierarchical modular structure simulation model was proposed to realize general simulation
model for hydropower station auxiliary systems in this paper. In this way, auxiliary system
models were divided into three layers with different independent models. Models in every
layer were constructed with independent equipments and different technical constraints
based on their logical relationship in real job. The structure can be used as general simulation
system for hydropower station auxiliary system.
Resumen
Se propuso un modelo jerárquico de simulación de estructura modular para realizar un modelo
general de simulación para sistemas auxiliares de centrales hidroeléctricas en este trabajo. De
esta forma, los modelos de sistemas auxiliares se dividieron en tres capas con diferentes
modelos independientes. Modelos en cada capa se construyeron con equipos independientes
y diferentes restricciones técnicas basadas en su relación lógica en el trabajo real. La
estructura se puede utilizar como sistema de simulación general para el sistema auxiliar de la
central hidroeléctrica.
2014 Trade-offs of water use for hydropower generation and biofuel production in the
Zambezi basin in Mozambique
2014 Compensaciones del uso del agua para la generación de energía hidroeléctrica y la
producción de biocombustibles en la cuenca del Zambeze en Mozambique
Abstract
Resumen
2016 Numerical Simulation of the Cooling Water System of a 115 MW Hydro-Power Plant
2016 Simulación numérica del sistema de agua de refrigeración de una central hidroeléctrica
de 115 MW
Abstract
The present case study points on the cooling water system of the Hydro-Power Plant (HPP)
Bradisor, on the Lotru River in Romania. This 115 MW underground power plant is equipped
with two Francis turbines. We built in EPANET a numerical model to simulate the operation of
the cooling water system of this HPP, for different working scenarios. The whole hydraulic
system is a complex one: it is composed of a main cooling water network fed by pumps, a
water-based fire fighting network for the hydropower generators and a backup cooling water
network fed from the penstock pipes. The numerical model of the whole cooling water system
consists of 87 pipes, 133 junctions, 6 variable speed driven centrifugal pumps, 59 valves and 3
reservoirs. Some throttle control valves (TCV) are artificially inserted in our numerical model
and are set with appropriate loss coefficients values to be equivalent to the equipments that
introduce minor losses in the system and don't exist as physical components in EPANET. Those
equipments are: air-water heat exchangers (placed around the hydropower generators), oil-
water heat exchangers (of heavy-duty thrust bearings, of turbines' and generators' guide
bearings, of the 130 MVA step-up transformer), coolers of turbines' seals and self-cleaning
filters (one for each hydropower unit and another one for the transformer). The loss
coefficient for each equivalent TCV was set based on pressure loss values measured in situ on
each equipment. The numerical results (pressure and flow rate values) match the existing
recordings. The simulations prove that by using a proper calibration of the numerical model,
EPANET capabilities can be extended for more complex systems than the water distribution
systems.
Resumen
Abstract
In this paper, we examine the ability of a hydropower cascade to balance variability from wind
power. We consider a coordinated hydro-wind system that satisfies a single power balance,
and we use a real-time control scheme to optimize system operations such that wind and load
curtailment is minimized. The control scheme considers system hydraulics (including dynamic
tailrace elevations and water travel times) and system constraints. Generation from an
individual hydropower plant is modeled using a convex piecewise planar approximation. We
give results from a case study involving hydro and wind power in the Pacific Northwest region
of the United States. The objective of this paper is to present a framework for evaluating how
the regulation of wind generation affects hydropower operations. Our intention is to use this
framework in future work to perform a systematic study of balancing capability across
different hydraulic conditions, system constraints, and wind generation scenarios.
Resumen
Abstract
Having an average annual production of about 130 TWh and close to 31 GW installed capacity,
Norway is among the world's largest hydropower producers. The majority of the hydro
production capacity comes from regulated hydro power plants, and the large volumes imply
that the supply of hydro power play a vital role in the price setting in the Nordic power market.
In this study, we analyse the hydro scheduling decisions made by hydro producers based on
historic observations. The objective is to quantify how different economic factors that are
relevant in hydro scheduling have affected the actual hydro dispatch. The data consist of
weekly observations of hydro generation as well as information on market drivers and factors
affecting the water values. We estimate parameters for statistical models where the weekly
hydro power generation is modelled as a function of the hydrological balance, inflow,
temperature and the short term marginal costs for coal power generation. The current and
expected power price are also included in alternative model specifications and we test for
seasonal and regional differences in the supply response by estimating models that are specific
for each season and for three different regions. The results show that both the hydro balance,
inflow, temperature, short run marginal costs (SRMC) of coal power generation and power
prices significantly affect the short run hydro power supply. We estimate an average increase
in the weekly supply of 52 GWh when the hydro balance increases by 1 TWh for Norway in
total. The estimated models have, in general, a good ability to predict the hydro power
generation. The predictive power increases when regional models are applied. One main
reason for this is the varying degree of regulation in the different regions. Overall, the results
confirm that a major part of the variation in the weekly hydro power supply may be explained
with a few, predicable determinants, and this knowledge may be utilized both by market
participants and energy market modellers.
Resumen
Con una producción anual promedio de cerca de 130 TWh y cerca de 31 GW de capacidad
instalada, Noruega es uno de los mayores productores de energía hidroeléctrica del mundo. La
mayor parte de la capacidad de producción hidroeléctrica proviene de centrales
hidroeléctricas reguladas y los grandes volúmenes implican que el suministro de energía
hidroeléctrica desempeña un papel vital en la fijación de precios en el mercado nórdico de
energía. En este estudio, analizamos las decisiones de programación hidroeléctrica tomadas
por los productores de hidroeléctricas basadas en observaciones históricas. El objetivo es
cuantificar cómo los diferentes factores económicos que son relevantes en la programación
hidroeléctrica han afectado el envío de la hidroelectricidad. Los datos consisten en
observaciones semanales de la generación hidráulica, así como información sobre los
impulsores del mercado y los factores que afectan los valores del agua. Estimamos parámetros
para modelos estadísticos donde la generación hidroeléctrica semanal es modelada en función
del balance hidrológico, flujo de entrada, temperatura y los costos marginales a corto plazo
para la generación de energía de carbón. El precio actual y esperado de la energía también se
incluyen en las especificaciones del modelo alternativo y ponemos a prueba las diferencias
estacionales y regionales en la respuesta de la oferta mediante la estimación de modelos que
son específicos para cada temporada y para tres regiones diferentes. Los resultados muestran
que tanto el balance hidráulico, el ingreso, la temperatura, los costos marginales de corto
plazo (SRMC) de la generación de energía de carbón y los precios de energía afectan
significativamente el suministro de energía hidroeléctrica de corto plazo. Estimamos un
aumento medio de la oferta semanal de 52 GWh cuando el saldo hidroeléctrico aumenta en 1
TWh para Noruega en total. Los modelos estimados tienen, en general, una buena capacidad
para predecir la generación de energía hidroeléctrica. El poder predictivo aumenta cuando se
aplican modelos regionales. Una razón principal de esto es el grado variable de regulación en
las diferentes regiones. En general, los resultados confirman que una parte importante de la
variación en la fuente de energía hidroeléctrica semanal puede explicarse con unos cuantos
determinantes predecibles, y este conocimiento puede ser utilizado tanto por los participantes
en el mercado como por los modeladores del mercado energético.
2016 Modeling the Real-Time Use of Reserves in the Joint Energy and Reserve Hourly
Scheduling of a Pumped Storage Plant
2016 Modelización del uso en tiempo real de las reservas en la programación conjunta de
energía y reservas horarias de una planta de almacenamiento por bombeo
Abstract
This paper studies the impact that different approaches of modeling the real-time use of the
secondary regulation reserves have in the joint energy and reserve hourly scheduling of a
price-taker pumped-storage hydropower plant. The unexpected imbalance costs due to the
error between the forecasted real-time use of the reserves and the actual value are also
studied and evaluated for the different approaches. The proposed methodology is applied to a
daily-cycle and closed-loop pumped-storage hydropower plant. Preliminary results show that
the deviations in the water volume at the end of the day are important when the percentage
of the real-time use of reserves is unknown in advance, and also that the total income in all
approaches after correcting these deviations is significantly lower than the maximum
theoretical income.
Resumen
Este trabajo estudia el impacto que los diferentes enfoques de modelado del uso en tiempo
real de las reservas de regulación secundaria tienen en la programación conjunta de energía y
reservas horarias de una planta hidroeléctrica de almacenamiento de bombeo. Los costos
inesperados del desequilibrio debido al error entre el uso previsto en tiempo real de las
reservas y el valor real también se estudian y evalúan para los diferentes enfoques. La
metodología propuesta se aplica a una central hidroeléctrica de ciclo diario y de ciclo cerrado.
Los resultados preliminares muestran que las desviaciones en el volumen de agua al final del
día son importantes cuando el porcentaje del uso en tiempo real de las reservas es
desconocido de antemano y también que el ingreso total en todos los enfoques después de
corregir estas desviaciones es significativamente menor que el ingreso máximo teórico.
Frederic B. Dorn a,∗, Hossein Farahmanda, Hans Ivar Skjelbreda, Michael M. Belsnesa
a SINTEF Energy Research, Trondheim, Norway
Abstract
When planning the production for certain hydropower plants, minimum pressure is one of the
major critical points. Violation of the minimum pressure causes the power plant to
automatically shut down, hence violating the obligations of the plant. Automatic pressure
switches and pressure constraints are difficult to model in particular when embedded in a
complex water way. This problem is expected to increase when retrofitting hydro installations
with new parallel units and increased exploitation of inflow resources. From a scheduling point
of view, however, such switches become hard to integrate in an optimal operation plan as the
constraint depends on the system state. This paper introduces a novelty in short-term
production planning, namely a solution for modelling minimum pressure height in regulated
watercourses when optimizing the energy production of hydropower plants. This solution is
integrated in the short-term hydropower scheduling tool SHOP. The tool finds an optimal
strategy to run a power station with such minimum pressure restrictions and the state
dependent topological couplings within the water system. We apply the model on a complex
topology, the Sira-Kvina water system, where Norway’s largest hydropower station Tonstad
Kraftstajon is operationally subject to this rigorous pressure constraint. First, in order to
illustrate the concepts of the model, we apply the model on a simplified water course including
one reservoir. Next, the outcome and tests are demonstrated on the final model of two
reservoirs whose respective outflows are joining together above the pressure gauge, as found
in the Sira-Kvina water system.
Abstracto
2016 Balancing of variable wind and solar production in Continental Europe with Nordic
hydropower – A review of simulation studies
Resumen
El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar el estado de la técnica relacionado con el uso de la
energía hid
roeléctrica nórdica para el equilibrio y almacenamiento de la energía eólica variable y la
producción de energía solar en el futuro sistema del norte de Europa. Se estudian los
siguientes temas: 1) La necesidad de equilibrar y almacenar; 2) Posible desarrollo del sistema
de energía nórdica; 3) Consecuencias de diferentes soluciones de mercado y 4) Cambios en los
patrones de funcionamiento del sistema nórdico. Se revisan doce artículos científicos. Ninguno
de los estudios ha modelado la variabilidad futura en energía eólica y solar suficientemente
realista. La investigación adicional debe comenzar con el establecimiento de un modelo de
este tipo.
2016 Evaluación regional del potencial hidroeléctrico de los ríos en África occidental
Abstract
In this study the theoretical hydropower potential of all rivers in West Africa was assessed. The
study domain covers 5 Mio km². For more than 500,000 river reaches the theoretical
hydropower potential was computed from channel slope and mean annual discharge
simulated by a water balance model. The model was calibrated with observed discharge at 410
gauges, using precipitation and potential evapotranspiration data as inputs. Possible changes
in future discharge were assessed by driving the water balance model with climate projections
of 15 Regional Climate Models for two emission scenarios of the CORDEX-Africa ensemble.
Resumen
En este estudio se evaluó el potencial hidroeléctrico teórico de todos los ríos de África
Occidental. El dominio del estudio cubre 5 Mio km². Para más de 500.000 ríos, el potencial
hidroeléctrico teórico se calculó a partir de la pendiente del canal y la descarga media anual
simulada por un modelo de balance hídrico. El modelo fue calibrado con la descarga observada
a 410 medidores, utilizando datos de precipitación y evapotranspiración potencial como
insumos. Los posibles cambios en la descarga futura se evaluaron mediante la conducción del
modelo de balance hídrico con proyecciones climáticas de 15 modelos climáticos regionales
para dos escenarios de emisiones del conjunto CORDEX-África.
2017 Optimal control of hydrokinetic-powered pumpback system for a hydropower plant in
dry season: A case study
2017 Control óptimo del sistema de bombeo hidrocinético de una central hidroeléctrica en
época seca: estudio de caso
Abstract
Low hydropower generation in dry season due to low water levels in hydropower dams is a
common problem, particularly in drought-prone regions such as Southern Africa. In this paper,
an optimal hydrokinetic-powered pumpback retrofit for recycling a part of the dam’s
downstream discharge to optimise the performance of the dam is proposed. The optimisation
problem is formulated as a multi-objective problem to minimise grid pumping energy,
maximise the use of hydrokinetic energy for pumping operation and maximise restoration of
the dam volume through the pumpback operation. Simulation results of the proposed model
using a practical case study show the potential of the model to increase the energy yield of the
plant by 39 to 41.48% in the dry season.
Resumen
La baja generación de energía hidroeléctrica en la estación seca debido a los bajos niveles de
agua en las represas hidroeléctricas es un problema común, particularmente en las regiones
propensas a la sequía como el sur de África. En este trabajo se propone una adaptación óptima
de bombeo hidrocinético para reciclar parte de la descarga aguas abajo de la presa para
optimizar el rendimiento de la presa. El problema de optimización se formula como un
problema multiobjetivo para minimizar la energía de bombeo de la red, maximizar el uso de
energía hidrocinética para la operación de bombeo y maximizar la restauración del volumen de
la presa a través de la operación de bombeo. Los resultados de simulación del modelo
propuesto utilizando un estudio de caso práctico muestran el potencial del modelo para
aumentar el rendimiento energético de la planta en un 39 a 41,48% en la estación seca.
2017 Application of epoxy mortar in anti-erosive protection of the spillway on the Xinanjiang
hydropower station plant
Hao Huang a,b*, Jutao Hao a,b, Bo Zhao a,b, Xinhua Zhao c,d, Meng Li a,b, Jiahong Liu a,b,
Weiwei Shao a,b
a China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China
b State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, Beijing
100038, China
c State Grid Xin Yuan Hydropower Company Limited, Beijing 100031, China
d Xin'anjiang Hydropower Plant of State Grid Xinyuan Company LTD., Hangzhou 311600, China
Abstract
Study on surface protection is an important content of hydropower energy engineering. As a
crucial surfaceprotection material in hydraulic structures, epoxy mortar has been applied in
the anti-erosive protection of structures such as tunnels and the spillways of dams. However,
its large-scale application is still limited, to some extent, in outdoor environments such as the
spillways of dams, as it is greatly affected by natural conditions with the easy occurrence of
damages, including cracking, warping, and disengaging. In this paper, we analyze the large-
scale application practice of epoxy mortar in the spillway on top of the Xin’anjiang dam plant
and present the problems in the application while providing references for the further
improvement of surface protection of hydropower project and energy supply.
Resumen
2014 Using Predictive Model of Mean Monthly Flows for Large Open Reservoirs Hydropower
Control
2014 Uso del modelo predictivo de caudales mensuales medios para grandes reservorios
abiertos Control de la hidroelectricidad
Abstract
Conventional hydropower reservoir operations are mostly based on rules or rule curves. The
paper describes algorithm which has been created on idea of adaptive control theory. The
adaptive control approach uses repeatedly generated medium-term water flow predictions on
a several months ahead as inflows into the large open reservoirs. Values of control outflows
are searched by evolution algorithm optimization methods. Principle of the predictive model of
average monthly flows is introduced in this paper. The algorithm is applied to the operation
hydropower control of selected reservoir.
Resumen
2016 Optimal design and operation of hydraulically coupled hydropower reservoirs system
Abstract
This paper presents an optimization formulation for reliability-based optimal design and
operation of a hydraulically coupled cascade hydropower reservoirs system, where the
upstream power plant’s tailwater is affected by the downstream reservoir’s water level. The
problem is formulated as a mixed integer nonlinear program (MINLP) with the objective
function of maximization of the system’s firm energy production while controlling the
reliability level of hydroenergy production. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is used as the
optimization algorithm to solve the MINLP. The performance of the proposed methodology is
tested through its application in the Karoon2- Karoon3 cascade reservoirs system in Iran as a
real-world case study. Karoon3 Dam has already been constructed, whereas Karoon2
hydropower system is being designed. The results are used for capacity optimization of the
Karoon2’s reservoir and powerplant as well as optimal operation of the whole cascade system.
Resumen
Este artículo presenta una formulación de optimización para el diseño y operación óptimos
basados en la confiabilidad de un sistema de reservorios hidroeléctricos de cascada acoplada
hidráulicamente, donde el agua de cola de la planta de generación aguas arriba es afectada
por el nivel de agua del embalse aguas abajo. El problema se formula como un programa mixto
no lineal (MINLP) con la función objetivo de maximizar la producción de energía firme del
sistema mientras se controla el nivel de confiabilidad de la producción de hidroenergía. La
optimización de enjambres de partículas (PSO) se utiliza como algoritmo de optimización para
resolver el MINLP. El rendimiento de la metodología propuesta se prueba a través de su
aplicación en el sistema de reservorios en cascada Karoon2-Karoon3 en Irán como un estudio
de caso del mundo real. La presa Karoon3 ya ha sido construida, mientras que el sistema
hidroeléctrico Karoon2 está siendo diseñado. Los resultados se utilizan para la optimización de
la capacidad del reservorio de Karoon2 y el motor, así como el funcionamiento óptimo de todo
el sistema en cascada.
2016 Application of adaptive time delay model in optimal control of a hydropower cascade
2016 Aplicación del modelo de retardo adaptativo en el control óptimo de una cascada
hidroeléctrica
Abstract
Small hydropower plants (SHP) are increasingly constructed in recent years as a substitution of
the use of conventional energy materials such as wood and fossil fuel in remote rural regions.
Besides new constructed plants, upgrading operational strategies of existed systems for
increasing electricity productivity is also significant. Motivated by this issue, a combination of
two techniques, simulation and optimization based on models is frequently used to improve
the operation regimes of coordinated reservoir cascades. However, the application of a
complex hydraulic model consumes a huge computation time. Hence, this paper proposes a
replacement for the complex hydraulic model by an adaptive time delay (ATD) model. The
cutting- edge point is that the ATD model is able to quickly predict the system dynamics both in
simulation and optimization. This ATD model consists of only two parameters: time constant
and time delay which are functions of unsteady flow and can be easily derived from complex
hydraulic models (HECRAS, MIKE11), or from physical parameters of rivers (flow rate,
roughness, bed slope, cross section). The integration of the ATD model into the simulation and
optimization techniques will be demonstrated by a case study of a cascade of SHPs. In terms of
optimization, a non-linear constrainted optimization algorithm is applied to improve electricity
production to meet the scheduled demand.
Resumen
Las pequeñas centrales hidroeléctricas (PCH) se construyen cada vez más en los últimos años
como una sustitución del uso de materiales energéticos convencionales como la madera y el
combustible fósil en las regiones rurales remotas. Además de las plantas de nueva
construcción, la mejora de las estrategias operacionales de los sistemas existentes para
aumentar la productividad de la electricidad también es importante. Motivado por esta
cuestión, una combinación de dos técnicas, la simulación y la optimización basada en modelos
se utiliza con frecuencia para mejorar los regímenes de operación de cascadas de reservorios
coordinados. Sin embargo, la aplicación de un modelo hidráulico complejo consume un tiempo
de cómputo enorme. Por lo tanto, este trabajo propone un reemplazo para el modelo
hidráulico complejo por un modelo de retardo de tiempo adaptativo (ATD). El punto de
vanguardia es que el modelo ATD es capaz de predecir rápidamente la dinámica del sistema
tanto en simulación como en optimización. Este modelo ATD consta de sólo dos parámetros: la
constante de tiempo y el retardo que son funciones de flujo inestable y pueden derivarse
fácilmente de modelos hidráulicos complejos (HECRAS, MIKE11), o de parámetros físicos de
ríos (caudal, rugosidad, sección transversal). La integración del modelo ATD en las técnicas de
simulación y optimización se demostrará mediante un estudio de caso de una cascada de PCH.
En términos de optimización, se aplica un algoritmo no lineal de optimización restringida para
mejorar la producción de electricidad para satisfacer la demanda programada.
2017 Modelling and transient simulation of water flow in pipelines using WANDA Transient
software
2017 Modelado y simulación transitoria del caudal de agua en tuberías utilizando el software
WANDA Transient
Resumen
Los transitorios de presión en conductos tales como tuberías son condiciones de flujo
inestables causadas por un cambio repentino en la velocidad del flujo. Estas condiciones
pueden causar daños a las tuberías y sus accesorios si la presión extrema (alta o baja) se
experimenta dentro de la tubería. Con el fin de evitar esta ocurrencia, los ingenieros suelen
llevar a cabo análisis de transitorios de presión en la fase de diseño hidráulico de los sistemas
de red de tuberías. El modelado y simulación de transitorios en tuberías es un método
aceptable y rentable para evaluar este problema y encontrar soluciones técnicas. Esta
investigación predice la oleada de presión para diferentes condiciones de flujo en dos sistemas
de tuberías diferentes utilizando el software de simulación WANDA Transient. Modelos de
computadora fueron establecidos en WANDA Transient para dos sistemas diferentes a saber;
el experimento de Graze (sistema en miniatura) y un simple sistema de elevación de agua
principal basado en algunos datos de laboratorio iniciales y parámetros del sistema. Los datos
de laboratorio y los parámetros del sistema se utilizaron para todas las simulaciones. Los
resultados obtenidos de las simulaciones de modelos computacionales se compararon
favorablemente con los resultados experimentales en el índice politrópico de 1,2.
2016 Assessment of risks due to climate change for the Upper Tamakoshi Hydropower
Project in Nepal
2016 Evaluación de los riesgos debidos al cambio climático para el Proyecto Hidroeléctrico
del Alto Tamakoshi en Nepal
Abstract
Climate change poses significant challenges to hydropower development and management in
mountainous basins. This study examined the impact of climate change, and the associated
risks, on the energy production of the Upper Tamakoshi Hydropower Project, which is located
in the Tamakoshi basin of Nepal. The outputs of three GCMs—namely MIROC-ESM, MRI-
CGCM3, and MPI-ESM-M—under the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) scenarios
were used for the projection of precipitation and temperature in the future. The minimum and
maximum temperatures of the basin are projected to increase by 6.33 C and 3.82 C,
respectively, by 2100. The projected precipitation varies from 8% to +24.8%, which is expected
to alter the streamflow by 37.83% to +47% in the future. Based on the streamflow output, the
risk for energy production was calculated with respect to the baseline energy production of
1963 GW h and 2281 GW h. Using the three GCMs, the risk associated with annual hydropower
production under altered runoff was analyzed. The risk percentage in the future periods shows
a mild risk varying from 0.69% to 6.63%. MPI-ESM-M GCM projects a higher percentage of risk
for energy production during the same future periods, as compared to the baseline energy
production of 1963 GW h. A mild to moderate risk, ranging from 2.73% to 13.24% can be
expected when energy production in the future is compared to the baseline energy production
of 2281 GW h.
Resumen
El cambio climático plantea desafíos significativos al desarrollo y manejo de la energía
hidroeléctrica en las cuencas montañosas. Este estudio examinó el impacto del cambio
climático, y los riesgos asociados, en la producción de energía del Proyecto Hidroeléctrico Alto
Tamakoshi, que se encuentra en la cuenca de Tamakoshi de Nepal. Los resultados de tres
MCG-a saber MIROC-ESM, MRI-CGCM3 y MPI-ESM-M-bajo los escenarios de Concentración
Representativa (RCP) se utilizaron para la proyección de la precipitación y la temperatura en el
futuro. Se prevé que las temperaturas mínima y máxima de la cuenca aumentarán en 6,33 ° C y
3,82 ° C, respectivamente, en 2100. La precipitación proyectada varía entre el 8% y el 24,8%, lo
que se espera altere el caudal en un 37,83% a + 47% en el futuro. Con base en la producción de
flujo, se calculó el riesgo para la producción de energía con respecto a la producción de energía
de referencia de 1963 GWh y 2281 GWh. Utilizando los tres MCG, se analizó el riesgo asociado
con la producción anual de energía hidroeléctrica bajo escorrentía alterada. El porcentaje de
riesgo en los períodos futuros muestra un leve riesgo que varía de 0,69% a 6,63%. MPI-ESM-M
GCM proyecta un mayor porcentaje de riesgo para la producción de energía durante los
mismos períodos futuros, en comparación con la producción de energía de referencia de 1963
GWh. Se puede esperar un riesgo de leve a moderado, que oscila entre el 2,73% y el 13,24%,
cuando se compara la producción de energía en el futuro con la producción de 2281 GWh.
Luka Selaka, Rok Vrabiča,*, Gašper Škulja, Alojzij Slugaa, Peter Butalaa
a University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Aškerčeva 6, 1000 Ljubljana,
Slovenia
Abstract
The recent developments in Information and Communication Technologies enable remote
monitoring and control of distributed work systems and, in turn, development of new products
and services related to their operations and maintenance (O&M). The paper focuses on O&M
of small hydropower plants (SHP) and assesses the feasibility of different levels of O&M
automation. A model for O&M of SHPs is developed and used as a basis for an event-based
simulation. A case analysis of 85 Slovenian SHPs is presented. The parameters of the model are
determined based on publicly available data and data gathered through a survey amongst the
SHP operators. The feasibility calculations are performed for three scenarios describing
different levels of automation. The results show how the presented approach can assist in
decisionmaking of individual SHP operators, O&M services providers, and policy makers.
Resumen
Los desarrollos recientes en Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación permiten el
monitoreo y control remoto de sistemas de trabajo distribuidos y, a su vez, el desarrollo de
nuevos productos y servicios relacionados con sus operaciones y mantenimiento. El
documento se centra en la O & M de pequeñas centrales hidroeléctricas (SHP) y evalúa la
factibilidad de diferentes niveles de automatización de O & M. Se desarrolla un modelo para O
& M de PCHs y se utiliza como base para una simulación basada en eventos. Se presenta un
análisis de casos de 85 PCH eslovenas. Los parámetros del modelo se determinan sobre la base
de datos y datos obtenidos públicamente a través de una encuesta entre los operadores de
PCH. Los cálculos de factibilidad se realizan para tres escenarios que describen diferentes
niveles de automatización. Los resultados muestran cómo el enfoque presentado puede
ayudar en la toma de decisiones de los operadores individuales de PCH, los proveedores de
servicios de O & M y los responsables de formular políticas.
2015 Exploratory analysis for the assessment of climate change impacts on the energy
production in an Amazon run-of-river hydropower plant
2015 Análisis exploratorio para la evaluación de los impactos del cambio climático en la
producción de energía en una planta hidroeléctrica de río de río amazónica
Guilherme Samprogna Mohor, Daniel Andrés Rodriguez∗, Javier Tomasella, José Lázaro
Siqueira Júnior
Earth System Science Center, National Institute for Space Research, Cachoeira Paulista, SP,
Brazil
Abstract
Study region: The Tapajós Basin is an important Amazon tributary affected byhuman activities
with great potential for water conflicts. The basin, as otherswithin the Amazon region, is
receiving a number of hydropower plants, amongthem the Teles Pires plant, projected to
operate in 2015.
Study focus: Hydrological impacts due to climate change affect human activi-ties, such as
hydroelectric generation, and should be carefully studied for betterplanning of water
management. In this study, we assess climate change impactsby applying the MHD-INPE
hydrological model using several climate modelsprojections as inputs. The impact assessment
consisted of statistical shifts ofprecipitation and discharge. Energy production in a projected
hydropower plantwas assessed through the development of annual power duration curves for
eachprojection, also considering its design and structural limitations.
New hydrological insights for the region: The high inter-model variability inthe climate
projections drives a high variability in the projected hydrologicalimpacts. Results indicate an
increase of basin’s sensitivity to climate change andvulnerability of water exploitation.
Uncertainties prevent the identification of asingular optimal solution for impacts assessment.
However, exploratory analysisof the plant design robustness for hydropower generation show
a reduction in theenergy production even under projections of increased discharge, due to
plantcapacity limitations. This is valuable information for stakeholders to decide aboutenergy
production strategies.
Resumen
Región de estudio: La cuenca del Tapajós es un importante afluente amazónico afectado por
actividades humanas con gran potencial para conflictos hídricos. La cuenca, como otros en la
región amazónica, está recibiendo una serie de plantas hidroeléctricas, entre ellas la planta de
Teles Pires, proyectada para operar en 2015.
Enfoque del estudio: Los impactos hidrológicos debidos al cambio climático afectan las
actividades humanas, como la generación hidroeléctrica, y deben estudiarse cuidadosamente
para una mejor planificación de la gestión del agua. En este estudio, evaluamos los impactos
del cambio climático mediante la aplicación del modelo hidrológico MHD-INPE utilizando varias
proyecciones de modelos climáticos como insumos. La evaluación del impacto consistió en
cambios estadísticos de la precipitación y la descarga. La producción de energía en una planta
hidroeléctrica proyectada se evaluó a través del desarrollo de curvas de duración anual de
potencia para cada proyecto, considerando también su diseño y limitaciones estructurales.
Nuevas perspectivas hidrológicas para la región: La alta variabilidad entre modelos en las
proyecciones climáticas impulsa una alta variabilidad en los impactos hidrológicos
proyectados. Los resultados indican un aumento de la sensibilidad de la cuenca al cambio
climático y la vulnerabilidad de la explotación del agua. Las incertidumbres impiden la
identificación de la solución óptima asingular para la evaluación de impactos. Sin embargo, el
análisis exploratorio de la robustez del diseño de la planta para la generación de energía
hidroeléctrica muestra una reducción en la producción de energía incluso bajo proyecciones
de descarga aumentada, debido a las limitaciones de capacidad de la planta. Esta es una
información valiosa para que las partes interesadas decidan sobre las estrategias de
producción de energía.