Ultimate Moment,

Axial load and

Analysis of Column
1. Introduction
In the design of earthquake resistant building structure, the design of column
plays an important role. This is because, the stability of the structure primary
is affected by the stability of the column. This statement refers to the principle
of Capacity Design Method.
In the column design, the internal forces result from the structural analysis
can not be directly used in the design. Some modifications are required in
such way the Strong Column and Weak Beam (SCWB) can be implemented.

2. Structural Analysis
In the design of earthquake resistant building structure, an integrated of
structural analysis is required. Normally, the bending moment and axial load
of the structure subjected to dead load, live load, earthquake loads and com-
bination of them are required.
The principle of basic structural analysis is still used in the design, since
some modifications are required.
 3,6 0,88 0,62 0,7
4,6 2,4
13,17 12,95 4,60 4,87 9,95 9,92 3,03 2,67 1,99 1,98 1,99 2,35

3,1 2,06 1,51 1,66

9,88 7,88
3,07 2,67 1,99 1,98 1,99 2,39
13,32 12.96 4,55 4,71 9.60 10,39

3,25 7,78 2,09 1,51 1,63

9,81 3,03 2,70 1,99 1,98 2,02 2,35
13,23 13,06 4,59 4,69 10,01 9,99

9,79 3,25 7,78 2,09 1,51 1,65

13,14 13,16 4,61 4,74 10,11 9,92 2,97 2,75 2,00 1,98 2,07 2,31

9,79 3,2 7,8 2,09 1,51 1,65

13,02 13,27 4,65 4,72 10,19 9,83 3,00 2,81 2,00 2.08 2,12 2,20

9,80 3,19 7,78 2,08 1,52 1,65

13.96 12,40 4,63 4,62 10,28 9,73 2,95 2,79 2,00 2,088 2,21 2,22

-5,37 +6,26 -0,32 -0,48

3,25 7,79 2,08 1,52 1,64
9,81 2,71 2.96 2,02 1,98 1,94
12,41 13,56 4,74 4,62 8.84 10.89 2,02

-7,18 -5,69 +4,68 -5,56 -1,56 -0,42 +0,34 +0,02 -1,20

+3,02 2,12 1,5 1,69
10,01 3,20 7,98
+3,59 -1,38 +2,77 +0,79 -0.115 -0,01 +0,66
-2,06

Fig.8.1 Dead and Live load beam’s moments

 8,05 5,66 16,06 8,27 9,66 8,57 7,78
9,01 15,75 16,24 5,63 15,54 35,26
8,17 5,59 8,38 9,66 6,63 7,86

19,86 17,42 9,59 31,28 17,86 19,79 17,53 17,76

31,27 18,98 30,77 9,60 31,79 20,31
0,51 0,47 0,38 17,94 9,49 0,62
17,30 9,58 19,65 0,23 9,57
0,35 17,62
0,34
30,28 15,35 31,82 30,53 31,86
26,03 41,11 42,15 0,76 25,92 15,31
27,11 40,97 42,30 27,11
7,12 9,71 10,39 7,67 6,92 9,60 10,51 7,29
30,74 15,29 31,65 15,33
30,06 32,11
41,94 20,32 44,89 41,97 44,14
20,38
31,01 48,02 49,80 32,68 30,88 1 47,97 49,89 32,80
14,69 21,21 22,52 15,95 14,54 21,08 16,10
42,23 20,40 43,90 41,76 20,34 22,66 45,08
51,22 24,49 55,01 51,59 54,98
24,40
34,45 52,59 54,84 36,54 34,22 52,47 54,94 36,67
21,72 31,48 33,77 23,59 21,59 31,74 33,88 23,73
53,12 24,39 54,81 24,47
50,97 55,26
58,32 27,13 63,18 58,39 27,23 61,95
35,48 53,64 56,28 38,05 35,35 53,74 56,38 38,18
27,94 41,38 43,84 30,32 27,84 41,27 30,46
27,25 43,92
58,64 61,71 58,14 27,15 63,38
59,96 27,78 64,91 60,89 64,92
27,67
31,64 46,94 49,62 34,25 31,51 46,82 49,78 34,39
34,00 50,93 53,72 36,70 33,87 50,84 0 36,84
61,07
27,66
64,74 59,71 27,76 53,84 65,15
50,28 22,71 54,74 50,24 53,66
12,29 22,81
15,63 17,63 14,18 12,06 15,74 17,80 14,41
42,38 65,54 44,95 42,30 65,44 68,25 45,04
22,83 68,16 22,72
50,53 53,37 51,08 54,94

63,27 104,2 104,8 63,78 62,67 103,8 105,3 64,45

5

Fig.8.2 Beam and column moments according to Left to right and right to left EQ directions
 2,25 5,24 3,69 2,02 2,14 0,03 0,02 2,03
14,36 24,67 23,41 12,96 1,96 0,14 0,17 2,28
7,76 15,14 12,73 6,97 7,01 0,61 6,32
42,40 60,15 60,77 38,81 6,15 0,45 1,49 7,20

13,31 24,74 21,83 15,54 4,26 2,16 13,44

11,94
70,45 103,63 98,11 64,66 13,33 2,05 4,39 15,66

18,24 34,36 30,94 16,89 27,43 8,75 4,61 23,30

98,47 143,13 135,48 90,50 23,23 4,55 8,82 27,58

35,26 43,99 40,05 21,83 42,13 14,56 7,83 35,41

126,47 182,66 172,86 116,32 35,39 7,82 14,57 42,15

29,80 53,65 49,17 26,75 58,84 21,38 11,66 49,12

154,44 222,24 210,26 142,09 11,69 21,34 38,80
35,26 63,35 58,32 31,65 76,19 28,65 15,71 63,38
182,36 261,86 247,68 167,84 62,39 15,85 28,33 76.09

40,68 NLL 70,08 67,50 36,51 90,67 34,55 19,29 75,8

210,21 NDL 301,59 285,19 195,51 75,25 16,44 34,63 90,50

Fig.8.3 Gravity column axial loads and column axial under EQ loads
 -15,56 -10,29 -14,03 -15,67 -9,98 -13,75

+1,791 +3,03 +2,61

-0,50 -31,18
-34,69 -31,63 -35,41 -17,00
-17,26

+3,14 +2,85
+1,55 +6,30 +4,20 +5,51
-48,20 -46,83 -49,27 -45,62
-23,14 -22,94

+9,19 +21,06 +15,15 +9,07

+15,06 -60,09 -61,44 -58,98 +20,29
-57,75 -28,34 -28,31

+14,51 +27,34 +14,35 -70,36

+27,27 -70,49 +33,46 -70,60 -71,09 -32,56 +34,38
-32,77

+18,67 +44,76 +36,81 +16,63 -77,97 +45,18

+38,89 -78,12 -79,97 -78,13 -35,57
-35,63

+44,75 -78,90 +21,63 +51,87 -80,70 -81,69 +43,11 -36,01 +21,36 -81,28 +53,92
-36,21

+22,08 +22,10 -67,66

+46,37 -70,14 +54,86 -71,03 -68,63 +46,43 -31,05 +55,86
-30,77

+16,87 +44,71 +16,93

+37,18 +36,29 +44,13

Fig.8.4 Beam and column moments due to gravity and EQ loads

 -42,5 -21,00 - 44,50

+21,34 +10,67 +22,40

-57,5 -60,00
-28,34

+14,51
+29,40 +33,46

-80,2 -81,20
-33,60

+46,50 +19,60 +54,95

-69,30 -31,00 -71,03

+36,90 +16,85
+44,71

Fig 8. 5 Moment Redistribution of the beams

List of Designed Beams
No. Storey Left Bay
Required Strength Design Provided Strength (tfm) Remark
Mu- Mu+ b/ht R1 D25 Reinf Mn- Mn+ Mt- Mt+ Mkap- Mkap+
1 8 35/70 3/2 34,50 24,50 27,60 19,57 47,71 33,66
2 6&7 42,50 21,34 35/70 0,20 5/3 56,32 35,87 45,04 28,69 77,84 49,12
3 5 57,30 29,40 35/70 0,30 7/4 77,87 46,93 62,30 37,54 106,27 64,55
4 2&3 80,20 46,50 40/75 0,30 9/5 108,67 63,36 86,93 50,68 147,50 87,37
5 1&4 69,13 36,19 40/75 0,30 8/4 96,77 51,32 77,42 41,05 131,54 70,57

No. Storey Middle bay

Required Strength Design Provided Strength (tfm) Remark
Mu- Mu+ b/ht R1 D25 Reinf Mn- Mn+ Mt- Mt+ Mkap-
Mkap+
1 8 30/60 3/2 28,27 20,40 22,62 16,32 38,85 27,68
2 6&7 21,0 10,67 30/60 0,10 3/2 28,27 20,40 22,62 16,32 38,85 27,68
3 5 28,30 14,60 30,60 0,20 4/2 37,11 20,41 29,69 16,33 50,65 27,68
4 2&3 33,60 19,60 40/60 0,20 5/3 46,60 30,25 37,28 24,20 64,36 41,14
5 1&4 31,00 16,85 40/60 0,25 5/2 46,46 21,40 37,17 16,91 63,53 28,23

No. Storey Right Bay

Required Strength Design Provided Strength (tfm) Remark
Mu- Mu+ b/ht R1 D25 Reinf Mn- Mn+ Mt- Mt+ Mkap- Mkap+
1 8 35/70 3/2 34,50 24,50 27,60 19,57 47,71 33,66
2 6&7 44,50 22,40 35/70 0,3 63 66,98 35,87 53,59 28,70 91,53 49,14
3 5 60,00 33,40 35/70 0,30 7/4 77,87 46,92 62,30 37,54 106,27 64,55
4 2&3 81,20 54,95 40/75 0,25 9/6 109,05 75,98 87,24 60,3 147,52 104,09
5 1&4 69,20 44,60 40/75 0,25 8/5 97,14 63,36 77,71 50,69 133,39 87,36
 Lba

3. The Ultimate Column Moment, Muk

The design of concrete structure according to The Capacity Design has
been adopted in many countries including in Indonesia. Strong Column
and Weak Beam (SCWB) then should be implemented in the design. In
this design principles, the particular elements of the structure (end of the
beams) are designed weaker and other parts of the structure (columns,
joints) are protected from undesirable mode of failure. Columns the
Lba should be stronger than beams.

Depending on the selected level of ductility, the design of ultimate column

moment, Muk will be computed by different ways. In SKSNI 1991, the value
of Muk can be computed by a set of clear procedure either in the limited or
full ductility structure. In full ductility structure, the ultimate column moment
Muk is computed based on the beam’s moment capacity (Mcap) that possi-
bility occur in an intensive cyclic dynamic loading.
It should be noted that the beam’s capacity moment is not necessarily
occur simultaneously at the same time. However, in the SKSNI 1991, a
conservative assumption in the determination of ultimate column moment
Muk is taken i.e by assuming the beam’s moment capacities are occur at
the same time. This assumption is only occur/valid when a very large
intensity of cyclic dynamic loads applied on the structure.

Lbi H 'ka
M u ,ka
M kap ,i
L 'bi M u ,ka
H ka
M kap,i M u ,kac

M kap,a M u ,kbc
Lba M u ,kb
L'bi M kap,i
M kap ,a
L 'ba L'bi L'ba
Lbi L'ba Lba
Lba Lbi

Fig 8.6 Beam’s moment capacity at column faces

It is considered the end beams positive and negative moment capacity
occur at the column faces such as shown in Fig. 8.6. With the net beam’s
length for left and right span respectively are L’ba and L’bi and its correspon-
ding center to center beam’s span are Lba and Lbi, the beam moment
capacities at the center of the column Mkapc become,

Lba
M kap,ca  M kap,a 8.1.a)
L'ba

Lbi 8.1.b)
M kap,ci  M kap,i
L'bi

Sum of the beam moment capacities at the center of the column therefore,

 Lba Lbi 
 M kap,c   L' M kap,a  L' M kap,i  8.2)
 ba bi 
The sum of the beam’s moment capacities is transferred into the up and
bottom column’s moment at the center of beam Mu,kac and Mu,kbc by the
distribution coefficient of a and b, therefore,

 Lba Lbi 
M u ,kac   a .0,7  M kap,a  M kap,i  8.3.a)

 Lba Lbi 

 Lba Lbi 
M u ,kbc   b .0,7  M kap,a  M kap,i  8.3.b)

 Lba Lbi 
Where the constant 0,7 is a coefficient to transfer from the capacity level
into ultimate level.
By considering the net column height and gross height of the column,
the up and bottom ultimate column end moments become,

H ka  Lba Lbi 
M u ,ka   a .0,7  M kap,a  M kap,i  8.4.a)
H ka 
 Lba Lbi 
 
H kb  Lba Lbi 
M u ,kb   b .0,7  M kap,a  M kap,i  8.4.b)
H kb 
 Lba Lbi 
Where H’k and Hk respectively are the net and gross column height and a
and b refer to “atas” and “bawah”
The designed column ultimate moments according to Eq. 8.4.a) and Eq.8.4.b)
are column moment according to equivalent static earthquake load. Paulay
and Priestley (1992) clearly discussed that the are significant column ampli-
fication when the building is subjected to an earthquake dynamic loading.
Accordingly, al dynamic magnification allowance d is introduced, therefore,
the designed ultimate column moment at the beam faces becomes,

H ka  Lba Lbi 
M u ,ka   a . 0,7  M kap,a  M kap,i  8.5.a)
H ka 
 Lba Lbi 


H kb  Lba Lbi 
M u ,kb   b . 0,7  M kap,a  M kap,i  8.5.b)
H kb 
 Lba Lbi 
However, SKSNI 1991 stated that the ultimate column moment is no
necessarily grater than the following formula ,
 4  8.7)
M u ,k  1,05  M DL  M LL  .M E 
 K 
When the limited ductility is desired, the SKSNI 1991 gives the ultimate
column moment such as,

M u ,k  1,05 M DL  M LL   d .K .M E  8.8)

Where K is structural factor ( K = 2 for limited ductility structure)

According to RSNI 2000, relationship between the column and the

beam moment nominal capacity is given by the a relationship,
6
 M n,k  5
M n ,b
8.9)
 In spite of this relationship contains doubt ness, also there is no definite
value regarding the coefficient > 6/5. Moreover the dynamic magnifica-
tion d such us considered in SKSNI 1991 is not recognized in the RSNI
2000.

Numerical Example :
It is necessary to collect/set up the beam’s moment capacity such as shown
in Fig. 8.7. The inner left column is used as a case as indicated by joints
A,B and C in Fig.8.7. Two directions of earthquake loading are considered
such as shown in Fig. 8.9.
 35/70 30/60 35/70

-47,71 +33,66 -38,85 +27,68 -47,71 +33,66

35/70 30/60 35/70

-77,84 +49,12 -38,85 +27,68 -91,53 +49,14

35/70 30/60 35/70

35/70 30/60 35/70

-106,27 +64,55 -50,65 +27,68 -106,27 +64,55
35/70 30/60 35/70

-131,54 +70,57 -63,33 +28,23 -133,39 +87,36

40/75 40/60 40/75

-147,50 +87,37 -64,36 +41,14 -147,52 +104,09

C 40/75 C 40/60 40/75

4,00
B 40/75 B 40/60 40/75

-131,54 +70,57 -63,33 4,00 70/70 80/80 70/70

+28,23 -133,39 +87,36 80/80
A A

9,25 6,30 8,50 8,50 5,50 7,35

Fig. 8.7 Mkap due to right to left EQ loading Fig. 8.8 Element preliminary dimensions
 If the beam moment capacities framing at joints A, B are considered then
those beam’s moment capacity are in the following figure.
Mu,ka Mu,ka 76,76 62,40
41,14 87,37
C C C C

147,50 64,36
Mu,kb Mu,kb 76,76 62,40

Mu,ka Mu,ka 64,87 55,25

70,67
B 28,23 B B B

131,54 Mu,kb 63,33 55,25

Mu,kb 64,87
Str. An. RSNI
A 59,64 A A A

Fig. 8.9 Joint moments for 2-EQ directions Fig. 8.10 Muk from 2-EQ directions
 a. Left to right EQ b. Right left EQ
1) Joint C 1) Joint C
3,25  9,25 6,3  3,25  9,25 6,3 
M u ,ka  0,5.1,3. 0,7  147,5  41,14  M u ,ka  0,5.1,3. 0,7  87,37  64,36 
4  8,5 5,5  4  8,5 5,5 
 76,76 tfm  62,40 tfm

M u ,kb  M u ,ka M u ,kb  M u ,ka

2) Joint B 2) Joint B
3,25  9,25 6,3  3,25  9,25 6,3 
M u ,ka  0,5.1,3. 0,7  131,54  28,23  M u ,ka  0,5.1,3. 0,7  70,67  63,33 
4  8,5 5,5  4  8,5 5,5 
 64,87 tfm  55,25 tfm

M u ,kb  M u ,ka M u ,kb  M u ,ka

 62,78
43,69
43,69
43,69
43,69
55,31
55,31
66,37
66,37
76,76
76,76
76,76
76.76
64,87
64,87
Ultimate moment column 101,69
Mu,ka and Mu,kb 9,25 6,30 8,50
Joint B : The maximum moment according to Eq.8.7)
M uka,max 1,05.5,69  0,42  4.65,54  281,68 tm
M ukb,max 1,05.4,68  0,34  4.15,63  70,92 tm

3) Joint A (left to right EQ) 76,76

C C
In joint A there is no framing, accor-
dingly, the column moments are com-
puted based the result oh structural 76,76
analysis or,
64,87
M u ,ka 1,05 4,08  0,34  15,63  21,05 tfm B B

64,87 21,05
M u ,kb  1,052,06  0,115  104,2  111,69 tfm
111,69
A A

Fig. 8.11 Muk from structural analysis