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PRACTICAL 1

AIM:Identify basic components of a personal computer. Prepare a list of

various computer peripherals. (e.g., CPU, Monitor, Keyboard, mouse, Speaker,
Web cam, Printer, Scanner, microphone, speakers, modem, projector, etc).
Introduction

❖ CPU: The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the primary

component of a computer that acts as its “control
center.” The CPU, also referred to as the “central” or “main”
processor, is a complex set of electronic circuitry that runs the
machine's operating system and apps.
• computer's CPU calculates and interprets instructions
• while you're surfing the web, creating
documents,
• playing games, or running software
programs.

Types of CPU
• Single-core CPU. It is the oldest type of CPU
which is available and employed in most of
the personal and official computers. ...
• Dual-core CPU. ...
• Quad-core CPU. ...
• Hexa Core processors. ...
• Octa-core processors. ...
• Deca-core processor.

❖Keyboard:
• The keyboard is the most commonly used
input device.
• It is used to provide commands to the
computer.
• The keyboard consists of many keys such as
function keys, numeric keypad, character
keys, and various symbols.
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❖Mouse:
• The mouse is a
component that functions as a pointing
device.
• It is a small plastic
case that fits under your hand.
• Using mouse we
can directly click on the various icons
present on the system and open up
various files and programs.
• In case of laptops, the touchpad is given as a replacement of the
mouse which helps in the movement of the mouse pointer.

❖ Joystick:
• It is a device which comprises a stick which is
attached at an angle to the base so that it
can be moved and controlled.
• Mostly used to control the movement in
video games.
• Apart from a computer system, a joystick is
also used in the cockpit of an aeroplane,
wheelchairs, cranes, trucks, etc. to operate
them well.

❖ Pointer pen:
• A laser pointer
contains a small diode laser that emits
an intense beam of light.
• The use of laser
pointers has become widespread.
• The pointers are
useful tools for educators in the
classroom and at conventions and meetings.

❖ Light pen:
• It is a wand-like looking device which can directly
be moved over the device’s screen
• It is light-sensitive
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• Used in conjunction with computer’s cathode ray tube

❖ OMR:
• Optical Mark reading (OMR)
is a method of entering data into a computer
system.
• Optical Mark Readers reads
pencil or pen marks made in pre-defined positions
on paper forms as responses to questions or tick
list prompts.
• The OMR data entry system
contains the information to convert the presence or absence of
marks into a computer data file.

❖ Barcode Reader:
• It is a kind of an optical scanner.
• It can read bar codes.
• A source of light is passed through a bar code, and its
aspects and details are displayed on the screen.

❖ Game controller:
• A game controller, gaming
controller, or simply controller, is an input device
used with video games or entertainment systems
to provide input to a video game, typically to
control an object or character in the game.

❖ Web came:
• A webcam is a video camera that feeds or
streams an image or video in real time to or
through a computer network, such as the
Internet.
• Webcams are typically small cameras that sit on
a desk, attach to a user's monitor, or are built
into the hardware.
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• Webcams can be used during a video chat session involving two or

more people, with conversations that include live audio and video.
• Webcam software enables users to record a video or stream the
video on the Internet

❖ Scanner:
• This device can scan
images or text and convert it into a digital
signal
• When we place any
piece of a document on a scanner, it
converts it into a digital signal and displays
it on the computer screen

❖ Microphone:
• Using a microphone, sound can be stored in a
device in its digital form
• It converts sound into an electrical signal
• To record or reproduce a sound created using a
microphone, it needs to be connected with an
amplifier

❖ MICR:
• MICR (magnetic ink
character recognition) is a technology used to
verify the legitimacy or originality of paper
documents, especially checks.
• Special ink, which is
sensitive to magnetic fields, is used in the printing
of certain characters on the original documents.
• Information can be encoded
in the magnetic characters.
• The use of MICR can enhance security and minimize the losses
caused by some types of crime.

❖ Monitor:
• The device which displays all the icons,
text, images, etc. over a screen is called
the Monitor
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• When we ask the computer to perform an action, the result of that

action is displayed on the monitor
• Various types of monitors have also been developed over the years

❖ Printer:
• A device which makes a copy of the
pictorial or textual content, usually over a paper is called
a printer
• For example, an author types the
entire book on his/her computer and later gets a print out
of it, which is in the form of paper and is later published
• Multiple types of printers are also
available in the market, which can serve different purposes

❖ Speaker:
• A device through which we can listen
to a sound as an outcome of what we
command a computer to do is called a
speaker
• Speakers are attached with a
computer system and also are a
hardware device which can be
attached separately
• With the advancement in technology, speakers are now available
which are wireless and can be connected using BlueTooth or other
applications

❖ Projector:
• An optical device which
presents an image or moving images onto a
projection screen is called a projector
• Most commonly these
projectors are used in auditoriums and movie
theatres for the display of the videos or lighting
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• If a projector is connected to a computer, then the image/video

displayed on the screen is the same as the one displayed on the
computer screen

❖ Plotter:
• Plotters are used to print graphical
output on paper.
• It interprets computer commands and
makes line drawings onpaper using
multicolored automated pens.
• It is capable of producing graphs,
drawings, charts, maps etc.
• Computer Aided Engineering (CAE)
applications like CAD(Computer Aided
Design) and CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing) are typical usage
areas for plotters.

❖ Headphone:
• They perform the same
function as a speaker, the only difference is the
frequency of sound
• Using speakers, the sound
can be heard over a larger area and using
headphones, the sound is only audible to the
person using them
• Also known as earphones or headset

❖ USB:
• Universal Serial Bus (USB) is an industry standard that establishes
specifications for cables, connectors and protocols for connection,
communication and power supply
(interfacing) between computers,
peripherals and other computers.
• A broad variety of USB hardware exists,
including 14 different connector types,
of which USB-C is the most recent and
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the only one not currently deprecated.

❖ Modem:
• A modem or
broadband modem is a hardware device
that connects a computer or router to a
broadband network.
• For example, a cable
modem and DSL modem are two examples
of these types of Modems.

❖ CD/DVD:
• A CD, or compact disc, is an optical disc that
is used to store sound recordings, music,
photographs, videos, text files, and other
types of information.
• DVD's are similar in size and shape, but use a
higher capacity way to record and can store
more information.

Q-1:Define Computer Hardware, Software and Firmwa

Q-2:List out components available in Laptop.

Q-3: Why CPU fan should be placed in the computer system?

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PRACTICAL 2

AIM: Identify common ports, associated cables, and their connectors. Observe
various connectors, ports back and front side of the computer. Write their purpose and
specifications. (e.g. Power, PS/2 keyboard and mouse, Serial and parallel, USB, VGA,
LAN, Audio & microphone, Firewire, HDMI, games, SATA etc.)

❖ PS/2:

• PS/2 connector is developed by IBM for connecting

mouse and keyboard.
• It was introduced with IBM’s Personal Systems/2 series
of computers and hence the name PS/2 connector.
• PS/2 connectors are color coded as purple for keyboard
and green for mouse.
• PS/2 is a 6-pin DIN connector.

❖ Serial Port:
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• A serial port is an interface through which peripherals

can be connected using a serial protocol which involves
the transmission of data one bit at a time over a single
communication line.
• The most common type of serial port is a D-
Subminiature or a D-sub connector that carry RS-232
signals.

❖ Parallel Port:

• Parallel port is an interface between computer and

peripheral devices like printers with parallel
communication.
• The Centronics port is a 36 pin port that was developed
as an interface for printers and scanners and hence a
parallel port is also called as a Centronics port.
• parallel ports are very common in printers.

❖Audio Ports:

• Audio ports are used to connect speakers or other audio

output devices with the computer.
• The audio signals can be either analogue or digital and
depending on that the port and its corresponding
connector differ.
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❖ VGA Port:

• VGA port is found in many computers, projectors, video

cards and High Definition TVs.
• It is a D-sub connector consisting of 15 pins in 3 rows.

❖ HDMI:

• HDMI is an abbreviation of High Definition Media

Interface.
• HDMI is a digital interface to connect High Definition
and Ultra High Definition devices like Computer
monitors, HDTVs, Blu-Ray players, gaming consoles,
High Definition Cameras etc.
• The HDMI connector consists of 19 pins.

❖ USB:
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• Universal Serial Bus (USB) replaced serial ports, parallel

ports, PS/2 connectors, game ports and power chargers
for portable devices.
• USB port can be used to transfer data, act as an interface
for peripherals and even act as power supply for devices
connected to it.
• There are three kinds of USB ports: Type A, Type B or
mini USB and Micro USB.

❖ RJ-45:

• Ethernet is a networking technology that is used

to connect your computer to Internet and
communicate with other computers or
networking devices.
• RJ-45 connector is an 8 pin.

❖ e-SATA:

• e-SATA is an external Serial AT Attachment

connector that is used as an interface for
connecting external mass storage devices.
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PRACTICAL 3

AIM: Identify major components including motherboards, memory, drives,

peripheral cards and devices, BIOS, and Windows operating system. Observe the
various components on the motherboard, identify it. Also observe their interconnection
and arrangement inside the case. Detach and attach the cables and component in the
PC case and motherboard. Carryout detailed study on all the components and devices
on the given motherboard.

❖ CPU socket:
• A CPU socket is a single connector between a
microprocessor and motherboard.
• A CPU socket is a distinct mount used only for
the CPU on the motherboard to ensure correct
circuit chip insertion.
• It facilitates CPU access and prevents damage
when a unit is inserted or removed.
• A CPU socket is also known as a CPU slot.

❖ Northbridge:
• Northbridge is an Intel chipset that communicates with the computer
processor and controls interaction with memory, the Peripheral Component
Interconnect (PCI) bus, Level 2 cache, and all Accelerated Graphics Port
(AGP) activities.
• Northbridge communicates with the processor using the frontside bus
(FSB).
• North bridge is located towards the north of motherboard.
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❖ Southbridge:
• The southbridge is one of the two chips in the core logic chipset on a
personal computer (PC) motherboard, the other being the northbridge.
• The southbridge typically implements the slower capabilities of the
motherboard in a northbridge/southbridge chipset computer architecture.
• In systems with Intel chipsets, the southbridge is named I/O Controller Hub.

❖ RAM slot:
• A memory slot, memory socket, or RAM
slot allows RAM (computer memory) to
be inserted into the computer.
• Most motherboards have two to four
memory slots, which determine the type
of RAM used with the computer.
• The most common RAM types are SDRAM
and DDR for desktop computers and SODIMM for laptop computers, each
having various types and speeds.

❖ AGP:
• Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) is
a parallel expansion card standard, designed for
attaching a video card to a computer system to
assist in the acceleration of 3D computer
graphics.
• It was originally designed as a
successor to PCI-type connections for video cards.

❖ CMOS battery:
• The CMOS (complementary metal oxide
semiconductor) battery in the computer is used to
store the hardware configuration settings.
• It also keeps a record of the date and time when the
computer is switched off.
• The CMOS battery is inside the computer and
attached to the system board (motherboard).
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❖ PCI:
• Peripheral Component Interconnect, or PCI, is the most common way to
attach add-on controller cards and other devices to a computer
motherboard.
• This type of connector originated in the early 1990s, and is still in use today.
• Presently, there are three main PCI motherboard connectors.

❖ Floppy connector:
• The floppy connection is where the
floppy drive connects to the
computer motherboard.
• In the picture below, is an example
of a motherboard with two IDE
connections and a floppy channel
connector.
• The standard PC floppy drive
connector contains 34-pin holes.

❖ SATA connector:
• The SATA technology itself is a
connecter interface primarily used for computer bus
connections in storage applications.
• The cables are used to connect a mass
storage device to a host bus adapter such as a
motherboard.

❖ BIOS:
• A computer's BIOS (basic input/output) is its
motherboard firmware, the software that
runs at a lower level than the operating
system and tells the computer what drive to
boot from, how much RAM you have, and
controls other vital details like CPU
frequency.
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❖ Ports:
• A port is a physical docking point
using which an external device can be connected to
the computer.
• It can also be programmatic docking
point through which information flows from a
program to the computer or over the Internet.
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PRACTICAL - 4

AIM: Observe the different types of motherboards, form factors and write the
difference between the desktop motherboard and laptop motherboard, all in
one desktop motherboard, server motherboard. (e.g Full size AT, baby AT,
ATX, LPX, NLX etc.)

Motherboard:

• The motherboard is a thin printed circuit board (PCB) which links all
different components inside your computer.
• Motherboard is also known by a different components names like
mainboard, logic board, baseboard, system board, mobo, etc.
• All components that from System are connected to motherboard.

Types of Motherboards:

1. Full size ATX:

• Introduced by Intel.
• 12 x 9.6 inches.
• You can interchange the
connected part.
• Port with extra add on slots.
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2. Micro ATX:
• Introduced by Intel.
• 9.6 x 9.6 inches.
• Reduced Number of I/O Slots.
• Provide more I/O Space at rear and use
integrated I/O Ports.

3. Mini ATX:
• Introduced by A Open.
• 5.9 x 5.9 inches.
• MODT (Mobile on Desktop Technology.)
• CPU – Lower power Requirement.
• Heat Generation & Better Application.

4. Flex ATX:
• Introduced by Intel in 1999.
• 9.0 x 7.5 inches.
• Can’t have more than three expansion slots.
• Smaller than Micro – ATX.

5. Baby AT:
• Introduced in 1985 by IBM.
• 8.5 x 13 inches.
• First PC Motherboard to build in
socket for I/O ports.
• Used in 386,486 and Early Pentium
PC’s.

6. LPX:
• Low Profile Extended.
• Introduced by Western Digital.
• 9 x 13 inches
• I/O Ports are Present at the Back of
the System.
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• This Designed Adopted by Modern AT Motherboard.

7. VDC:
• Manufacture by SUPERMICRO.
• Support HDMI 2.0
• Support 12V DC Power input.

NLX NOTHERBORD:

• (NewLow-Profile EXtended motherboard) A low-profile PC

motherboard from Intel for slimline cases, introduced in 1987.

Unlike boards for desktop and tower cases that hold the
expansion cards perpendicular to the board, cards plug
into a riser card on the NLX and are parallel with the board
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Difference between Desktop Motherboard, Laptop

Motherboard and Server Motherboard:

Desktop Laptop Server Motherboard

Motherboard
For desktop computer
motherboards, upgrading is
very easy. For the ones
who build their own
computers, one can
upgrade the components of
the parts of the desktop
computer and even the
motherboard.
Motherboard
In the laptop motherboard,
it is not that powerful as
the desktop motherboards.
Having less space, the user
cannot upgrade any
component or parts of the
laptop motherboard except
the RAM.
Server motherboards have
dual sockets, so two CPUs
can be installed. Some
server motherboards have
more than two sockets.
Upgrading is very easy.

The desktop computer’s The customization of the The customization of the

motherboard is easy to motherboard for laptops is server motherboard is
customize because of extra possible. But one cannot possible.
space. upgrade the motherboard.

In desktop motherboard, in laptop motherboard, in server motherboard,

expansion slot available. they don’t have an expansion slot available.
expansion slot.

Desktop motherboards are Laptop motherboards are Server Motherboard are

bigger and spacious. custom made and are bigger.
Leading to a lot of thinner and smaller than
expansion slots and is very the Desktop motherboard.
powerful.

Exercise:
Q-1:What is form factor ? Define it for motherboard

Q-2:Differentiate between Integrated and Non-Integrated motherboard.