CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity. The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one
of the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of race, religion, political
belief, economic or social condition. The health of all peoples is fundamental to the attainment of
peace and security and is dependent on the fullest co-operation of individuals and States. (World
Health Organization, 2017)
A disease is a particular abnormal condition, a disorder of structure or function that
affects part or all of an organism. The causal study of disease is called pathology. Disease is often
constructed as a medical condition associated with specific symptoms as signs. Blood pressure is
the force exerted by the blood against the walls of blood vessels, and the magnitude of this force
depends on the cardiac output and the resistance of the blood vessels. The blood flowing inside
vessels exerts a force against the walls - this is blood pressure. Hypertension is having a blood
pressure higher than 140 over 90 mmHg, a definition shared by all the medical guidelines. (Dada,
2017)
Universally, hypertension is a major public health problem. It is a threat to the health of
people and a major contributor to morbility and mortality in the subsahara Africa especially
Nigeria. It is number one risk factor for stroke, heart failure and scheme heart disease. The
increasing prevalence of hypertension in developing countries is of great concern. According to a
report from the world health organization (WHO 2020). There was an estimate of 1.3 billion
people with hypertension in the year 2020. 65% lived in developing world with the number
predicted to grow to 1.5 billion by 2025. (World Health Organization, 2020)
This means the systolic reading (the pressure as the heart pumps blood around the body)
is over 140 mmHg (millimeters of mercury) or the diastolic reading (as the heart relaxes and
refills with blood) is over 90 mmHg. While this threshold has been set to define hypertension, it
is for clinical convenience and because achieving targets below this level brings benefits for
patients. But rather than being marked by a particular cut-off point, the medical expert

1
committees on the condition actually see high blood pressure as having a continuous relationship
to cardiovascular health. (Winecoff, 2019)
Hypertension can be classified, either (primary or secondary) essential hypertension.
Indicated that and specified medical cause can be found to explain patient condition. Secondary
hypertension indicate that the high blood pressure is a result of another it affect individual older
than 40 years, hypertension is considered to be present when a person’s systolic blood pressure is
consistently 140mmHg or greater and diastolic blood pressure 80 (common written as
140/80mmHg). One is possible candidate for hypertension. (Winecoff, 2019)
Almost everybody is at risk of developing HBP without a healthy lifestyle habit. Most
adult due to ignorance of risk factors and prevalence measure of hypertension engage in
unhealthy lifestyle such as excessive consumption of alcohol, sedentary lifestyle, and cigarette
smoking, obesity, reduced intake of fruit and vegetables, stress and consumption of food rich in
choleststrol. This unhealthy lifestyles practice have increased the prevalence of hypertension in
world including Nigeria.
It cannot be overstressed that hypertension is very hard to detect without regular blood
pressure checks and the symptoms associated with it often might not be present. Furthermore, the
symptoms are shared with many other kinds of medical conditions so it is difficult to know for
certain that they are a sign of high blood pressure or another health issue. Headaches, shortness of
breath, pains in the chest, exhaustion, nausea, change in skin colour, tingling sound in the ear and
confusion are a classic example of a common complaint that might be a hypertension symptom or
have a totally difference cause. A good rule to follow to check your blood pressure if you have
any doubts. (Emson, 2017).
Hypertension is the commonest communicable diseases in Nigeria with over 4.3 million
classified as being hypertensive. Hypertension is managed using lifestyle modification and
antihypertensive medications. Hypertension is usually treated to achieve a blood pressure of
below 140/90 mmHg to 160/100 mmHg. According to one 2016 review, reduction of the blood
pressure by 5 mmHg can decrease the risk of stroke by 34%, of ischaemic heart disease by 21%,
and reduce the likelihood of dementia, heart failure, and mortality from cardiovascular disease
(Wisconson and Petals, 2019). This study assessed the prevalence and prevention of hypertension

2
in Nigeria and made appropriate recommendations for the improvement in the prevention of
hypertension in Nigerian Army Cantonment in Lagos State.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Almost everybody is at risk of developing HBP without a healthy lifestyle habit. Most
adult due to ignorance of risk factors and prevalence measure of hypertension engage in
unhealthy lifestyle such as excessive consumption of alcohol, sedentary lifestyle, and cigarette
smoking, obesity, reduced intake of fruit and vegetables, stress and consumption of food rich in
choleststrol. This unhealthy lifestyles practice have increased the prevalence of hypertension in
world including Nigeria.
One of the major problems faced by hypertensive patients include modified lifestyle,
placement on drugs and this study tends to make more research on the causes, the prevention
and treatment of hypertension in human.
Therefore this study tends to assess the assessed the prevalence and prevention of
hypertension in Nigeria using Nigerian Army Cantonment in Lagos State as it study location

1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This research study is limited to assessing the prevalence and prevention of hypertension
(A case study of Nigerian Army Cantonment, Mammy Market in Lagos State)

1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Finding from this research projects will serve as a means of creating awareness among
people of the study area on the prevalence and prevention of hypertension. This will in return
drastically reduce the number suffering from high blood pressure.
Individuals: this will educate individuals or community on how to unhealthy food and drinks,
and also on how to exercise the body daily to remain healthy
Health officers: from the outcome of this research, health officers will see the need to intensify
their effort in health educating people on the causes and effect of hypertension
The finding of this research work will also give for more useful research work and health
development of in Nigerian army as a whole.

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 The result of this research project could also be a great advantage to the various non-
government organization such as DCCT research group, UNICEF, WHO and some government
organization like Federal and State Ministry of health including PHC of the Local level for
effective prevention and management of hypertension.
This research study will be of great importance to library and college as it will serve as
archive for students and researcher to easily access thereby promoting learning and education and
will also serve as reference purpose to future researchers that wishes to investigate more on the
subject matter or related subjects.

1.5 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY

Even though several studies has been carried out, relative to this topic, in some part of the
Nigeria and to the best knowledge of the researcher, no such study has been conducted in
Nigerian army cantonment, mammy market in Lagos State. Base on that, the research wish to
assess the prevalence and prevention of hypertension (A case study of Nigerian Army
Cantonment, Mammy Market in Lagos State)

1.6 BROAD OBJECTIVE

The broad objective of this study is to assess the prevalence and prevention of
hypertension (A case study of Nigerian Army Cantonment, Mammy Market in Lagos State)

1.6 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE

 To find out if hypertension is prevalent in the study area.
 To investigate the causes and public health effect of hypertension
 To identify how hypertension can be control or prevented.

1.7 RESEARCH QUESTION

1. Is hypertension prevalent in the study area?
2. What are the cause and public health effect of hypertension?
3. How can hypertension be control or prevented?

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1.8 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS
1. Prevention: measures to prevent diseases or injuries rather than curing them or treating
their symptoms
2. Causes: a person or thing that acts, happens, or exists in such a way that some specific
thing happens as a result; the producer of an effect: You have been the cause of much
anxiety.
3. Diseases: A disease is a particular abnormal condition, a disorder of structure or function
that affects part or all of an organism. The causal study of disease is called pathology.
Disease is often construed as a medical condition associated with specific symptoms and
signs.
4. Health: health is a state of complete physical, mental, social and spiritual wellbeing of an
individual and not merely in the absence of diseases or infirmity.
5. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors: one kind of medication used to
treat high blood pressure by preventing the body from making the chemical angiotensin
II. This chemical causes blood vessels to narrow, which can raise blood pressure. ACE
inhibitors allow the vessels to expand, which lowers blood pressure. These drugs are also
used to treat congestive heart failure, to protect the kidneys in people with diabetes, and to
treat people who have had a heart attack.
6. Atherosclerosis: the build-up of fatty deposits within the arteries, eventually may cause a
blockage of blood flow or stiffening of the artery walls.
7. Balloon Angioplasty: a procedure in which a small balloon at the tip of the catheter (see
cardiac catheterization) is inflated while in an artery to stretch a narrowed artery opening
and allow for increase blood flow.
8. Beta-Blockers: one kind of medication used to treat high blood pressure, chest pain, and
irregular heartbeat and to help protect a person from heart disease. Beta-blockers work by
blocking the effects of adrenaline in various parts of the body. Beta-blockers relieve stress
on the heart so that it requires less blood and oxygen. As a result, the heart doesn't have to
work as hard and blood pressure is lowered.
9. Calcium Channel Blockers: one kind of high blood pressure drug that slows the
movement of calcium into the cells of the heart and the walls of the arteries (blood vessels

5
 that carry blood from the heart to the tissues). This relaxes the arteries and reduces the
pressure in the blood vessels and makes it easier for the heart to pump blood.
10. Cardiac Catheterization: a procedure in which a catheter (a small flexible tube) is
inserted into a large artery and guided to the coronary arteries in the heart to determine
pressure and blood flow in the heart.
11. Carotid Artery: an artery in the neck that supplies blood to the brain. They are located
on both the right and left sides of the neck.
12. Carotid Endarterectomy: the surgical removal of plaque within the carotid artery.
13. Computed Tomography (CT) Scan: a test that uses X-rays to create a cross-sectional
image of selected body sections of a person.
14. Congestive Heart Failure: the inability of the heart to adequately pump blood. This can
be caused by a number of problems, including untreated high blood pressure, heart
attacks, or infections.
15. Control: to determine the behavior or cause of an action by taking into account the
extraneous factors that might affect the general population
16. Corticosteroids: natural hormones, or a group of drugs that are similar to the natural
hormones, produced by the adrenal glands. There are two main types: glucocorticoids,
which have anti-inflammatory effects, and mineralocorticoids, which are necessary for
salt and water balance.
17. Cyclosporine: a drug that organ transplant patients take to suppress the immune system
in order to prevent their bodies from rejecting the transplant.
18. DASH Diet: The DASH diet, which stands for the Dietary Approaches to Stop
Hypertension, calls for a certain number of servings daily from various food groups,
including more daily servings of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods.
19. Diastolic Blood Pressure: the pressure of blood against the walls of the arteries when the
heart relaxes between beats. It is the "bottom" number when referring to a specific blood
pressure. For example, if your blood pressure is 120 over 80 or 120/80, the diastolic
measurement is 80.
20. Diuretics: Diuretics act on the kidneys to remove excess salt and fluid from the blood.
This increases the flow of urine and the need to urinate, which reduces the amount of

6
 water in the body. This can help lower blood pressure and can be used to treat high blood
pressure and heart failure.
21. Echocardiogram: a test that uses a device to bounce sound waves off the heart to create
an image of the heart. The ultrasound image details the blood flow in the heart's chambers
and evaluates heart chamber size and how the heart valves are functioning.
22. Electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG): a diagnostic test that measures the electrical
activity, rate, and rhythm of the heartbeat via electrodes attached to the arms, legs, and
chest
23. Environment: Environment is everything that is around us. It can be living or non-living
things. It includes physical, chemical and other natural forces. 
24. Essential Hypertension: high blood pressure that does not have an apparent cause, but is
associated with such conditions such as obesity, smoking, and/or diet. The vast majority
(95%) of people with high blood pressure have essential hypertension -- also known as
primary hypertension.
25. Health: Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not
merely the absence of disease or infirmity
26. Hypertension: this is also known as high blood pressure.
27. Mortality: known as death rate.
28. Morbidity: degree of sickness.
29. Prevalence: the fact or condition of being prevalent; commonness.

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 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 THE PREVALENCE OF HYPERTENSION IN NIGERIA
In 2016, high systolic blood pressure was reported by the Global Burden of Disease Risk
Factors Collaborators as a leading cause of global disease burden in both men and women. In
sub-Saharan Africa, emerging epidemiological data suggest that hypertension has become a
major public health challenge
Wide variation in prevalence, awareness and treatment of hypertension are reported
within and between countries of the region. Various factors ranging from non-standardization of
survey methods, use of varying thresholds for diagnosis of hypertension and non-report of age
standardized prevalence rates make pooling of the data generated from various studies practically
impossible. The overall result is dearth of evidence to inform robust health policies targeted at
control of hypertension epidemic in the region. (World Health Organization, 2020)
Nigeria is the most populous country in sub-Saharan Africa and as such her health indices
contributes substantially towards defining that of the entire sub-region. The available nationwide
data on the epidemiology of hypertension in Nigeria was based on the Non-communicable
disease survey published in 1997. This data is not only obsolete and no longer reliable as the
threshold for the diagnosis of hypertension was a blood pressure of 160/95 mmHg as against the
acceptable current threshold of 140/90 mmHg. Furthermore, that report did not include data on
awareness, treatment and control of hypertension across various regions of Nigeria. Although
pockets of regional surveys on hypertension have been conducted in various parts of Nigeria in
the past decade, these studies when pooled together to derive national estimates are prone to
errors as methodologies and sampling techniques vary widely across them. (World Health
Organization, 2020)
The prevalence of hypertension varies across regions and country income groups. The
WHO African Region has the highest prevalence of hypertension (27%) while the WHO Region
of the Americas has the lowest prevalence of hypertension (18%). The number of adults with
hypertension increased from 594 million in 1975 to 1.13 billion in 2015, with the increase seen
largely in low- and middle-income countries. This increase is due mainly to a rise in hypertension
risk factors in those populations. Estimated crude prevalence of pre-hypertension (120-139/80-89

8
mmHg) in Nigeria was 30.9% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 22.0%-39.7%), and the crude
prevalence of hypertension (≥140/90 mmHg) was 30.6% (95% CI: 27.3%-34.0%). (World Health
Organization, 2020)
Hypertension (HTN) is a leading risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) worldwide.
Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), including Nigeria, appear to be worst hit, with
relatively higher number of cases and limited awareness, treatment, and control rates, against the
trend observed in developed countries. (World Health Organization, 2020)
In Nigeria, HTN is the most frequently diagnosed CVD risk equivalent, with HTN-related
complications accounting for approximately a quarter of emergency admissions in urban
hospitals. The Nigerian population's mean blood pressure is higher than that of populations in
Europe and the United States. In prior work, we reported that one in four adult Nigerians is
hypertensive and that HTN unawareness is a likely contributor to deaths from CVD in the
country. Though numerous prior studies have provided estimates on the prevalence of HTN in
Nigeria, few studies have examined HTN trends over time. These data may be particularly
informative in light of the substantial and more recent demographic shifts occurring in the
Nigerian population. (World Health Organization, 2020)
Our results suggest that between 1995 and 2020, HTN cases in Nigeria increased by over
540% from four million individuals to 28 million individuals. We estimated that the age-adjusted
HTN prevalence in 2020 was 32.5%, a substantially higher number than the 28.0% prevalence
we estimated in 2010 in a prior study. Likely contributors to this high and steady increase in HTN
include population aging, increased urbanization, unhealthy lifestyles, and the absence of
effective nation-wide preventative measures. Our results lend credence to concerns that HTN and
related complications may soon represent the most significant public health and economic threat
in many African countries, overshadowing epidemics such as malaria and other infectious
diseases. (World Health Organization, 2020)

2.2 CONCEPTUALIZING HYPERTENSION

Hypertension is the most common primary diagnosis in the Nigeria, and it is one of the
most common worldwide diseases afflicting humans and is a major risk factor for stroke,
myocardial infarction, vascular disease, and chronic kidney disease. Despite extensive research

9
over the past several decades, the etiology of most cases of adult hypertension is still unknown,
and control of blood pressure is suboptimal in the general population. Due to the associated
morbidity and mortality and cost to society, preventing and treating hypertension is an important
public health challenge. Fortunately, recent advances and trials in hypertension research are
leading to an increased understanding of the pathophysiology of hypertension and the promise for
novel pharmacologic and interventional treatments for this widespread disease. (World Health
Organization, 2020)
High blood pressure, or hypertension, is a condition in which the blood vessels have
persistently raised pressure, increasing the pumping function of the heart and leading to
hardening of the vessels.
Normal adult blood pressure is defined as a systolic blood pressure of 120 mmHg and a
diastolic blood pressure of 80 mmHg. Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure equal
to or above 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure equal to or above 90 mmHg. Normal
levels of both systolic and diastolic blood pressure are particularly important for the efficient
function of vital organs such as the heart, brain and kidney and for overall health and well-being.
(World Health Organization, 2020)
Hypertension is a public health problem and a term use to describe H.B.P. It a condition
that occur as a result of repeatedly elevated blood pressure exceeding 140 over 90. Systolic blood
pressure is the pressure in the arteries as the where diastolic represent pressure as a relation of the
arteries after contraction.
It has been called a silent killer as it is usually without symptoms, hypertension takes a
long time before diagnose thereby causing major health problem as stroke and other
cardiovascular disease. The W.H.O expert committee report 1978, define hypertension as a
systolic pressure equal or greater than as mmHg.
High blood pressure develops if;
1. The wall of the larger arteries lose its elasticity and become rigid.
2. The small blood vessel become narrower.
Resistance hypertension is defined as the failure to reduce B.P to the appropriate level
after taking a three drug regimen. (Krisha Mccoy, 2015).

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Blood pressure levels
High
 Systolic: 140 mmHg or higher
 Diastolic: 90 mmHg or higher
At risk (prehypertension)
 Systolic: 120–139 mmHg
 Diastolic: 80–89 mmHg
Normal
 Systolic: less than 120 mmHg
 Diastolic: less than 80 mmHg

2.2.1 TYPES OF HYPERTENSION

PRIMARY HYPERTENSION: More than 9 in 10 people with high blood pressure have what
is called “primary” or essential hypertension. This means that there is no single cause of it i.e. not
full understand. It is known that some factors to do with your life style can contribute these
include
 Smoking
 Family history
 Obesity (being very overweight)
 Excessive Alcohol intake
 Lack of exercise
 Diet (Jagdish 2018).

SECONDARY HYPERTENSION
High blood pressure occurring as a result to a consequence of another disorder or a side
effect of medication. Such disorder many include renal failure or renovascular disease such as;
 Kidney disease
 Endocrime disease
 Narrowing of the Aorta
 Contraceptive pill

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  Pregnancy, which can cause pre eclampia related information were view to provide
information (Patel et al., 2018).

2.3 VARIOUS CAUSES OF HYPERTENSION

High blood pressure is related to High occurrences of death. This is due to the fact it can
cause life threatening illness like heart attacks, stroke as well as other disability – life years.
A number of risk factors increase the chances of having hypertension.
Age – hypertension is more common in people aged over 60 years, with age, blood pressure can
increase steadily as the arteries become stiffer and narrow due to plaque build-up.
The risk of high blood pressure increase as you age. Through early middle age, or about
age 45, high blood pressure is more common in men, women are more likely to develop high
blood pressure after age 65. (Makala, 2018).
The causes includes;
Being Overweight or Obese: the more you weight the more blood you need to supply oxygen
and nutrient to your tissue. As the volume of blood circulate through your blood vessels
increases, so does the pressure on your artery walls. It is the excessive storage of fat and it is a
major public health problem (Jim Green Jun 19th 2013).
Drug: Certain medications especially NSAIDs (Motrin Ibuproten) and steroid can cause
hypertension. Liconse (Glycyintela Glabra) inhibit the ii-hydroxysteroids hydrogenase enzyme
(catalyse the reaction of cortiso to contisol) which allows cortisol to stimulate the mineral
corticoid receptor (M.R) which will leads to effect similar to hyper aldosteronism which itself is a
cause of hypertension (Jim, 2019).
Not being physical Active: people who are inactive tend to have higher heart rates. The higher
your heart rate, the hander your heart must work with each contraction and stronger the force on
your anteries. Lack of physical activity also increase the risk of being overweight.
To much salt (sodium) in your diet- is not a major cause of H.B.P However, it is a contributing
factors especially among salt sensitive person. Excessive intake of salt account greatly to the
occurrence of H.B.P and cardiovascular disease several studies conducted over the years
recommend reduction of salt intake as the key to prevention and control of high blood pressure.
(Karppenen and Mervala, 2018).

12
Sleep Apnea – Sleep Apnea is a condition that cause oxygen level to decrease during sleep
apnea, resulting in increased blood pressure and stress on the cardiovascular system. Those with
obstructive sleep apnea are linked to amplified risk of hypertension (Jim and Green, 2018).
Using Tobacco – According to poikolainen (2019), there is finish proverd saying alcohol is a
drink for the wise, this means that too much consumption can be toxic to the body. Not only does
smoking or chewing tobacco immediately raise your blood pressure temporarily, but the chemical
into tobacco can damage the lining of your artery walls. This can cause your arteries to narrow,
increasing your blood pressure. Secondhand smoke also can increase your blood pressure. Heavy
drinking can damage the heart (Makala, 2018).
Street – High level of street can leads to a temporary increase in blood pressure, if you try to
release by eating more, using tobacco or drinking alcohol, you may only increase problems with
high blood pressure.
Pregnancy – Although few women of child bearing age have high blood pressure, up to 10%
develop hypertension of pregnancy while generally begins it may herald three complications of
pregnancy, pre-eclampia help syndrome and eclampasia follow-up and control with medications
is therefore often necessary (Makala, 2018).
Existing Health Condition: Cardiovascular disease diabetes chronic kidney disease, and high
chloestrol level can lead to hypertension, especially as people get older (Jim, 2018).
Genetics- Hypertension is one of the most commonly complex disorder, with genetics
habitability averagely 30% data supporting this view emerge from animal studies as well as
population study in human (Karppanen and Marvala, 2018).
More than 50 gene have examined in associated study with hypertension and the number
is constantly growing (Jim, 2019).
Other contributing factors include
 A salt – rich diet associated with processed and fatty foods
 Low vitamin D in the diet
 Low potassium in the diet
 Certain diseases and medications
 Sex
 Ethnicity

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  Kidney disease
 Congenita heart defects
 Problem with your throid
 Adrenal gland problems
 Certain endorcrine tumors

2.4 RISK FACTORS FOR HYPERTENSION

Behavioural and lifestyle-related factors can put people at a higher risk for developing
high blood pressure. These factors include tobacco use, unhealthy diet and excessive use of salt,
physical inactivity, overweight and obesity and harmful use of alcohol.
Blood pressure tends to rise as people get older, thus everyone’s risk for hypertension
increases with age. Hypertension can be hereditary. People can inherit genes that make them
more likely to develop the condition. The risk of high blood pressure increases when hereditary
factors are combined with unhealthy lifestyle choices.

2.4.1 INCIDENCE AND LIFETIME RISK OF HYPERTENSION

Although the prevalence of hypertension is a useful indicator of the burden of disease in
the community, it does not provide information regarding the risk for individuals of developing
hypertension. The individual risk for developing hypertension is best described by incidence or
lifetime cumulative incidence statistics. Limited information is available about the incidence of
hypertension because it requires follow-up of a large population for a prolonged period of time
(Apostolides et al., 2017)
Several longitudinal cohort studies have shown that African Americans have a higher
incidence of hypertension than whites (Apostolides et al., 2017). In the Atherosclerosis Risk in
Communities Study, the 6-year incidence of hypertension was 13.9 percent and 12.6 percent in
white men and women, and 24.9 percent and 30.3 percent in African-American men and women,
ages 45-49 years, respectively. The corresponding incidence of hypertension among participants
ages 50-64 years was 18.0 percent and 17.0 percent in white men and women, and 28.3 percent
and 29.9 percent in African-American men and women, respectively. Other longitudinal cohort

14
studies indicated that the incidence of hypertension in African Americans was an average of two
times higher than in whites (Apostolides et al., 2017).
The lifetime risk for developing hypertension was estimated among 1,298 study
participants who were 55 to 65 years of age and free of hypertension at baseline during 1976-
1998. For 55-year-old participants, the cumulative risk of developing hypertension was
calculated through age 80, while for 65-year-old participants, the risk for developing
hypertension was calculated through age 85. These follow-up time intervals (25 years for 55-
year-olds and 20 years for 65-year-olds) correspond to the current average number of remaining
years of life for white individuals at these two ages in the United States. The lifetime risk for
developing hypertension was 90 percent for both 55- and 65-year-old participants. The lifetime
probability of receiving antihypertensive medication was 60 percent (Vasan et al., 2016).

2.5 PUBLIC HEALTH IMPACT OF HYPERTENSION

Hypertension is an important public health challenge in the Nigeria and other countries
due to its high prevalence and strong association with cardiovascular disease and premature
death. The estimated total number of adults with hypertension in the world in 2000 was 972
million: 333 million in economically developed countries and 639 million in economically
developing countries (Kearney et al., 2017).
Hypertension is not only the most common, but also one of the most important,
modifiable risk factors for coronary heart disease, stroke, congestive heart failure, chronic kidney
disease, and peripheral vascular disease. The positive relationship between blood pressure and the
risk of vascular disease is strong, continuous, graded, consistent, independent, predictive, and
etiologically significant for those with and without a previous history of cardiovascular disease.
Systolic blood pressure is a more important risk factor for cardiovascular disease than diastolic
blood pressure. Hypertension has also been identified as one of the leading preventable risk
factors for all-cause mortality and is ranked third as a cause of disability-adjusted life-years.
Furthermore, randomized controlled trials have demonstrated that antihypertensive drug
treatment reduces vascular disease incidence and mortality among patients with hypertension
(Staessen et al., 2017)

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2.5.1 ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECTS OF HYPERTENSION
It is dangerous to ignore high blood pressure. The longer blood pressure levels stay above
normal, the higher the potential for damage to the heart and blood vessels in major organs such as
the brain and kidneys. If left undiagnosed and uncontrolled, high blood pressure can lead to heart
attack, enlargement of the heart and eventually heart failure. Blood vessels may develop bulges
(aneurysm) and weak spots, making them more likely to rupture or clog. If this happens in the
brain, a stroke may result. High blood pressure can also lead to kidney failure, blindness and
cognitive impairment. (World Health Organization, 2020)
 High blood pressure is a global public health problem. It is one of the major causes of
premature death worldwide, killing nearly 8 million people every year, and the problem is
growing.
 Over 1 billion people are living with high blood pressure. In 2008, the global overall
prevalence of high blood pressure in adults aged 25 and over (including those on
medication for high blood pressure) was around 40%.
 In 2008, among all WHO regions, the prevalence of high blood pressure was highest in
the African Region (46%) and lowest in the Region of the Americas (35%).
 In the Eastern Mediterranean Region, two out of five adults are affected by high blood
pressure.
 Males have a slightly higher prevalence of high blood pressure than females in almost all
countries of the Region. The proportion of affected population ranges widely among
countries of the Region, from 13.7% among adult males in Lebanon to 45.8% among
adult males in Libya
 Ageing populations and rapid urbanization are reported as major contributors to the
increased prevalence of high blood pressure in urban areas.
 Many people with high blood pressure in the Eastern Mediterranean Region remain
undiagnosed, and therefore miss out on treatment that could significantly reduce their risk
of death and disability from heart disease and stroke. (World Health Organization, 2020)
 Approximately 30% of adults in the Region have never had their blood pressure checked.
Among those diagnosed with high blood pressure, 35% do not receive essential treatment.

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2.6 HOW TO PREVENTABLE HYPERTENSION
High blood pressure is largely preventable by adopting lifestyle modifications at early stages.
 Eat a healthy diet consisting of fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains and lean proteins.
 Limiting intake of sodium by reducing the amount of salt added to food. The total daily
intake of salt or sodium chloride from all sources should be no more than 5 gm per day (1
teaspoon).
 Limiting the intake of food high in saturated fats.
 Maintaining a healthy weight. Being overweight can raise blood pressure.
 Be physically active. Physical activity can help lower blood pressure. Adults should
engage in moderate physical activity for at least 30 minutes on most days of the week.
 Do not use tobacco. Smoking injures blood vessels and speeds up the hardening of
arteries.
 Limit alcohol use.
 Regularly check blood pressure. Getting blood pressure checked regularly is important
because high blood pressure often has no symptoms. (World Health Organization, 2020)

2.7 HOW TO CONTROL HYPERTENSION

 Control high blood pressure. Blood pressure can be lowered through lifestyle
modifications and regular use of medications.
 Prevent and manage other medical conditions such as diabetes. About 60% of people who
have diabetes also have high blood pressure. The risk of diabetes can be reduced by eating
a healthy diet, maintaining a healthy weight and being physically active.
 Reduce and manage mental stress through yoga, meditation and other relaxing techniques.
(World Health Organization, 2020)

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 CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 STUDY DESIGN
The researcher adopted a descriptive method in carrying out this research

3.2 STUDY AREA

Historical Background of Ikeja Cantonment
This research was carried out in Alausa Ikeja Local Government Area of Lagos State.
Ikeja is the capital of Lagos State in southwestern Nigeria. Its population, as of the 2006 census,
is 313,196. Ikeja was a well-planned, clean and quiet residential and commercial town with
shopping malls, pharmacies and government reservation areas. The Murtala Muhammed
International Airport is located in Ikeja. Ikeja is also home to Femi Kuti's Africa Shrine
and Lagbaja's Motherland, both venues for live music. Its Ikeja City Mall is the largest mall on
the Lagos State mainland. Ikeja also has its own radio station, broadcasting both in English (Eko
FM) and in Yoruba (Radio Lagos). The inhabitants of Ikeja are Christians, Muslims and
Traditional worshipers.
Alawusa, commonly known as Alausa is a principal district in Ikeja, the state capital
of Lagos State. It is the seat of the Lagos State Secretariat and offices of the Governor and
Deputy-Governor of Lagos State. Alawusa also has a vibrant and growing Central Business
District with several multinational business concerns like Cadbury Nigeria Plc and many others
having their offices located in the area. The local government administrative headquarters of
Ikeja is located within the Ikeja Local Government premises. As of June 2019, the Chairman
(Mayor) of Ikeja's local government is Engr. Mojeed Balogun.
Several airlines have their head offices located in Ikeja. Arik Air's head office is in the
Arik Air Aviation Centre on the grounds of Murtala Muhammed Airport. Aero Contractors has
its head office on the grounds of Murtala Muhammed Airport. Other airlines with Ikeja head
offices include Overland Airways, Air Peace, Associated Aviation, and Dana Air. In
addition, Virgin Atlantic has its Nigerian office in "The Place" in Ikeja. Ikeja is home to a large
computer market, popularly known as Otigba

18
 Ikeja Cantonment is a large Nigerian Armed Forces installation in the northern part of
Lagos. It is situated north of the city centre near the districts of Isolo and Onigbongo. During the
1966 Nigerian counter-coup of July 28-29, 1966, Lt. Col. M. O. Nzefili said there was a reported
massacre at the camp. It became the home of 9 Brigade of the 81 Division of the Nigerian Army.
In January 2002, the camp was being used to store a large quantity of "high calibre bombs", as
well as other sundry explosives. On the afternoon of 27 January, a fire broke out in a street
market being held next to the base, which was also home to the families of soldiers. At around
18:00 the fire apparently spread to the base's main munitions store, causing the 2002 Lagos
armoury explosion.
The estimated population of Ikeja Cantonment is 70,000 people and the social amenities
in the cantonment are well tarred and demarcated roads, water channels, boreholes, electricity
plus standby generator and telephone boots. The cantonment has sporting facilities such as
football field, indoor and outdoor pitch for various sports e.g. badminton, lawn tennis, handball
court, volleyball court and basketball court. Ikeja cantonment has a medical center known as
Abright Medical Reception Service. Also the cantonment has various departments such as
medical unit, education unit, S&T, Amak, infantry, military police unit and intelligence, ATD
(Artillery training director)

3.3 SAMPLE SIZE AND /SAMPLE TECHNIQUES

The researcher made use of 120 male and female members of the study area.

Sampling Technique: The researcher adopted a simple random technique in selecting the sample
size, the researcher chose this method/techniques so as to remove bias

3.4 INSTRUMENT DESIGN

In instrument design, the researcher made use of well-structured questionnaires.

Information was also gotten from the internet’s, textbook, newspaper and B/P measurement
apparatus.

3.4.1 QUESTIONNAIRE

19
 The researcher will design 120 well-structured questionnaires to be administered to the
respondents. The researcher will also make use of B/P measuring apparatus to measure the blood
pressure of all the 120 respondents.

3.5 METHOD OF VALIDITY OF INSTRUMENT

The researcher adopted a face validation method by subjecting her work to her supervisor
scrutiny for his keenly supervision, advice and constructive criticism, all correction were noted
and duly amended.

3.6 ETHICAL CONSIDERATION

The researcher was mindful of the legal implications of the study. Therefore, ethical
issues were religiously trashed by use of cautionary measure.

 It was boldly written on the questionnaire that the respondents should not write their
names, address or number on the questionnaire.
 That the information they supplied will be treated with strict confidentiality
 That the information supplied is purely for academic purpose and for research only
 All references sited were duly acknowledged through the means of references.

3.7 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION

The researcher adopted self-administrative method. The data which forms the basis of the
research was collected through.

3.7.1 STRUCTURED QUESTIONNAIRE

The researcher personally administered 120 well-structured questionnaires to the

respondents which she waited and collected same.

3.2.1 BLOOD PRESSURE OF RESPONDENTS

Blood pressure of the 120 male and female members of the study area were measured
with B/P measuring apparatus by self and their readings were duly recorded

20
3.8 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS
Data collected were analyzed using simple percentage method and were also presented
using frequency distribution tables and figures.
3.9 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
During the course of the research work, the researcher encountered some problems that
hindered her from adding more information as would have,
 Some of the respondents were not willing to answer questions thrown to them because
they were of being victimized.
 Current relevant materials that deal on the subject matter were difficult to come by
 There were other uncontrolled variables such as time factor and financial constraint.

21
 CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION ANALYSIS
This chapter involves the analysis of collected data and interpretation of analysis result
Number of respondent: 120
Number of question in section A: 5
Number of questionnaire: 120
Using simple percentage method for analysis in research is

Percentage: Number of Respondent × 100%

Number of Questionnaire

SECTION A
RESPONDENT BIO-DATA

TABLE 4.1: SEX OF THE RESPONDENTS

Sex No Of Respondent Percentage%

Female 72 60%
Male 48 40%
Total 120 100

Table 4.1 above shows that (72) 60% of the respondents are Female, (48), while 40% of the
respondents are Male.

22
TABLE 4.2: AGE OF THE RESPONDENTS

Age No Of Respondent Percentage%

18-25 29 24%
26-35 28 23%
36-45 37 31%
46 and above 26 23%
Total 120 100

Table 4.2 above shows that (29) 24% of the respondent fall between the age of 18-25 years, (28)
23% of the respondent falls between the age of 26-35years, (37) 31% falls within the age of 36-
45, while (26) 23% of the respondent falls between age 46 and above.

TABLE 4.3: RESPONDENT MARITAL STATUS

Marital status No of Respondent Percentage %

Single 41 34%
Married 58 48%
Divorce/separated 5 4%
Widow/widower 16 13%
Total 120 100

Table 4.3 above, shows that (41) 34% of the respondents are single, (58) 48% of the respondents
are married, (5) 4% were divorced/separated, while (16) 13% of the respondent are widow/
widower.

23
TABLE 4.4: RESPONDENTS DEPARTMENT
Department No Of Respondent Percentage %
Army 11 9%
Environmental health officer 14 12%
Health worker 40 33%
Trader 55 46%
Total 120 100

Table 4.4 above shows that (11) 9% of the respondents are army, (14) 12% of the respondent are
Environmental health officer, (8) 33% of the respondent are Health worker, while (55) 46% of
the respondents are trader.

TABLE 4.5: RESPONDENTS RELIGION

Level Frequency Percentage
Christianity 71 59%
Islam 46 38%
Pegans 3 3%
Total 120 100

From the table 4.5 above, shows that (71) 59% of the respondents are Christians (46) 38% of the
respondent are Muslim, while (3) 3% of the respondent are pegans.

24
TABLE 4.6: RESPONDENT EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
ITEM
No of Respondent Percentage %
(a) FLSC 4 3%
(b) SSCE 54 45%
(c) OND/NCE 48 41%
(d) HND/BSC 12 10%
(e) M.sc/PHD 0 0%
(f) NONE 2 1%
Total 120 100

Table 4.6 above, showing that (4) 3% of the respondent says that they have FSLC, (54) 45% of
the respondent says that they have SSCE, (48) 41% of the respondent says that they have
OND/NCE, (48) 41% of the respondent says that they have HND/BSC, while (2) 1% of the
respondent of the respondent says that they have none.

25
 SECTION B
TABLE 4.7: RESPONDENT KNOWLEDGE ON THE PREVALENCE OF
HYPERTENSION
ITEM
What do you know about hypertension? Frequency Percentage
(a) Is a condition in which the blood
vessels have persistently raised pressure
increasing the pumping function of the
heart and leading to hardening of the
vessels. 74 62%
(b) It is a condition that destroy human
health 17 14%
(c) It is a condition that gives rise to other
disease condition. 29 24%
Total 120 100

Table 4.7 above, showing that (74) 62% of the respondent says yes that hypertension is a
condition in which the blood vessels have persistently raised pressure increasing the pumping
function of the heart and leading to hardening of the vessels., (17) 14% of the respondent says it
is a condition that destroy human health, while (29) 24% says they don’t know

TABLE 4.8: RESPONDENT KNOWLEDGE ON BP RATE

ITEM
what is your BP rate No of Respondent Percentage
(a) 120/70 44 37%
(b) 140/90 41 34%
(c) 150/100 and above 16 13%

26
 (d) I don’t know 19 16%
Total 120 100%

Table 4.8 above, showing that (44) 37% of the respondent responded that their BP rate is 120/70,
(41) 34% of the respondent have 140/90, (16) 13% of the respondent have 150/100, while (19)
16% where of the opinion that they don’t know

TABLE 4.9: RESPONDENT KNOWLEDGE ON THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF

HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE
ITEM
What are the most common cause
of high blood pressure No of Respondent Percentage %
A. Age 39 32%
B. Being overweight or obese 31 26%
C. Drug 13 11%
D. Too much salt (sodium) in the diet 29 24%
E. Not being physical active 8 7%
Total 120 100%

Table 4.9 above, showing that (39) 32% say age is one of the common causes of high blood
pressure, (31) 26% say being overweight or obese is the cause of high blood pressure, (13) 11%
say drug is the cause of high blood pressure, (29) 24% say too much salt (sodium) in the diet,
while (8) 7% say that they don’t know.

27
 FREQUENCY

age being overweight/obese drug

too much salt not being physically active

TABLE 4.10: RESPONDENT KNOWLEDGE ON THE ESTIMATED PERCENTAGE

OF PEOPLE THAT HAVE HYPERTENSION YOUR AREA
ITEM
Do you know the estimated percentage
Of people that have hypertension
your area No of Respondent Percentage %
(a) 10% 7 6%
(b) 30% 13 10%
(c) 50% 15 13%
(d) 70% 27 23%
(e) I don’t know 58 48%
Total 120 100

Table 4.10 above, showing that (7) 6% of the respondent says that 10% is the estimated
percentage of people that have hypertension, (13) 10% of the respondents say 30% is the
estimated percentage of people that have hypertension, (15) 13% of the respondents say 50% is
the estimated percentage of people that have hypertension, (27) 23% of the respondents say 70%
is the estimated percentage of people that have hypertension, while (58) 48% of the respondent
say that they don’t know

28
TABLE 4.11: RESPONDENTS KNOWLEDGE ON THE MOST COMMON HEALTH
EFFECT OF HYPERTENSION
ITEM
What are the most common
health effect of hypertension? No of Respondent Percentage%
(a) Heart attack 65 54%
(b) Enlargement of the heart 7 6%
(c) Heart failure 21 17%
(d) Death 27 23%
Total 120 100%

Table 4.11 above, showing that (65) 54% of the respondent say that heart attack is the most
common effect of hypertension, (7) 6% of the respondent say enlargement of the heart, (21) 17%
of the respondent say heart failure, while (27) 23% of the respondents say death.

FREQUENCY

heart attack enlargement of the heart

heart failure death

TABLE 4.12: RESPONDENT KNOWLEDGE ON COMMON EFFECTS OF

HYPERTENSION
ITEM
What are the common effects of

29
hypertension? No of Respondent Percentage%
(a) Tiredness 14 11%
(b) Headache 56 46%
(c) General weakness 37 31%
(d) Sweating profusely 13 12%
Total 120 100%

Table 4.12 above, showing that (14) 11% of the respondent say tiredness is the most common
signs of hypertension, (56) 46% of the respondent say headache is the most common signs of
hypertension, (37) 31% of the respondent say general weakness is the most common signs of
hypertension, while (13) 12% of the respondent say sweating profusely. is the most common
signs of hypertension.

TABLE 4.13: RESPONDENTS KNOWLEDGE ON HOW HYPERTENSION CAN BE

PREVENTED
ITEM
How can hypertension be prevented No of Respondent Percentage%
(a) Eat a healthy diet consisting of fresh
fruit and vegetables, whole grain
and lean protein 28 23%
(b) Limit intake of sodium by reducing
the amount of salt added to food 32 26%
(c) Limit the intake of food high in saturation 8 6%
(d) Maintain a heavy weight 31 27%
(e) I don’t know 21 18%
Total 120 100%

Table 4.13 above, showing that all the respondent (28) 23% say that eating a healthy diet
consisting of fresh fruit and vegetables, whole grain and lean protein is one of the way of
preventing hypertension, (32) 27% say limiting intake of sodium by reducing the amount of salt
30
added to food, (8) 6% say limiting the intake of food high in saturation maintain a heavy weight,
while (21) 18% say don’t know.

TABLE 4.14: RESPONDENT KNOWLEDGE ON HOW HYPERTENSION BE

CONTROLLED
ITEM
How can hypertension be controlled? No of Respondent Percentage %
(a) Lifestyle modification and regular use
of medication 61 51%
(b) Prevent and manage other medical condition
such as diabetes 12 10%
(c) Reduce and manage mental stress through yoga,
medications and other relaxing techniques 36 30%
(d) I don’t know 11 9%
Total 120 100

Table 4.14 above, showing that (61) 51% of the respondent says that lifestyle modification and
regular use of medication can help control hypertension, (12) 10% choose preventing and
managing other medical condition such a s diabetes, (36) 30% respondent choose reducing and

31
managing mental stress through yoga, medications and other relaxing techniques, while (11) 9%
of the respondent choose that they don’t know.

CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS/ SUMMARY CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS/ SUMMARY
From table 4.10, (27) 23% representing majority of the respondents says 70% is the
estimated percentage of people that have hypertension. This is in line with World Health
Organization, (2020) stating that universally, hypertension is a major public health problem.
According to a report from the world health organization; there was an estimate of 1.3billion
people with hypertension I the year 2020. 65% lived in developing world with the number of
predicted to grow to 1.5 billion by 2025. This has answered my research question 2 which ask “Is
hypertension prevalent in the study area”
From table 4.9, 39 (32%) representing majority of the respondents says age is the most
common cause of high blood pressure. This is in line with Makala, (2013) which stated that
hypertension is none common in people aged over 60 years, with age blood pressure can increase
steadily as the arteries become stiffer and narrow due to plaque buildup. This has answered my
research question 2 which ask “What are the cause of hypertension”

32
 From table 4.11, it was observed that 65 (54%) representing majority of the respondent
say that heart attack is the most common health effect of hypertension. This is in line with World
Health Organization (2020) which stated that the longer blood pressure levels stay above normal,
the higher the potential for damage to the heart and blood vessels in major organs such as the
brain and kidneys. If left undiagnosed and uncontrolled, high blood pressure can lead to heart
attack, enlargement of the heart and eventually heart failure. This has answered my research
question 2 which ask “What are the cause and public health effect of hypertension?”
Table 4.14, it was shown that 61 (51%) representing majority of the respondent says that
lifestyle modification and regular use of medication are how hypertension can be controlled or
prevented. This is in line with World Health Organization, (2020) which stated that high blood
pressure can be lowered through lifestyle modification and regular use of medication. This has
answered my research question 3 which ask “How can hypertension be control or prevented?”

5.2 CONCLUSION
From the summary segment of the research work, the researcher concludes as follows;
1. Hypertension is prevalent in the study area
2. Age is the most common cause of hypertension
3. Heart attack is the most common public health effect of hypertension
4. Lifestyle modification and regular use of medication are ways to control hypertension

5.3 RECOMMENDATION
From the conclusion segment of the study the researcher recommends the following.

1. Individuals should endeavor to eat a healthy diet consisting of fresh fruit and vegetables,
whole grain and lean protein.
2. Individuals should endeavor to go for regular medical check-up on their blood pressure
level
3. Individuals should ensure to limit excessive intake of salt
4. Government/health workers should intensify effort to educate the general public on the
causes, risk, complications, effect and prevention/control of high blood pressure.

33
 5. The government should encourage health workers to organize and carry out awareness
campaigns by providing adequate equipment’s, instruments and facilities that supports the
effective dissemination of information on high blood pressure
6. The government should also site more health centers/facilities for proper diagnosis and
treatment of hypertension.

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blood pressure. DASH Collaborative Research Group.
Appel LJ, Wright JT Jr, Greene T, (2017). Intensive blood-pressure control in hypertensive
chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med.
Bakris G, (2012). Benazepril plus amlodipine or hydrochlorothiazide for hypertension in high-
risk patients. N Engl J Med.
Beckett NS, Peters R, Fletcher A, (2014). Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years of age
or older.
Beiser A, Seshadri S, (2013). Residual lifetime risk for developing hypertension in middle-aged
women and men: The Framingham Heart Study.
Bisognano JD, Bakris G, Nadim M, (2015) Baroreflex activation therapy lowers blood pressure
in patients with resistant hypertension.
Buckalew E, (2013). Prevalence of hypertension in 1,795 subjects with chronic renal disease.

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Calhoun A, Jones D, (2016). Resistant hypertension: diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment: a
scientific statement from the American Heart Association Professional Education Committee
of the Council for High Blood Pressure Research.
Chobanian V, Bakris G, (2014). Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation,
and Treatment of High Blood Pressure.
Emmanuel G, (2013). trends in prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension.
Guiseppe A.C; (2013). Blood pressure control ─ special role of the kidneys and body fluids.
Science.
Jagdish Patel M.D, (2015); effects of blood pressure reduction in mild hypertension. Annals of
internal medicine.

Jim Green Jun 19th 2013; effects of intensive blood pressure lowering on cardiovascular and renal
outcomes; updated systematic review and meta-analysis.

Jagdish Patel, M.P, FA.C. (2017); pharmacotherapy for mild hypertension. The Cochrane
database of systematic reviews.

Karppenen and Mervala in (2017); pharmacotheraphy for hypertension in adults aged 18 to 59

years. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

Kikuya M, (2012). Predicting stroke using 4 ambulatory blood pressure monitoring–derived

blood pressure indices.
Krisha Mccoy (2016); seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection,
evaluation and treatment of high blood pressure.

Lawes C, Vander Hoorn S, Rodgers A; (2017). International Society of Hypertension: Global

burden of blood-pressure-related disease.
Lackland S, Clarke R, (2015). Prospective Studies Collaboration: Blood cholesterol and vascular
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Lifton RP, Gharavi A G, (2015). Molecular mechanisms of human hypertension.
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Hypertension.
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Makala (2017); pharmacological interventions for hypertensive emergencies. The Cochrane
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Martinez D, (2017). Obstructive sleep apnea and resistant hypertension: a case-control study.
Mendis NH, Ogedegbe G, (2011). American Heart Association; American Society of
Hypertension; Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association.
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Engl J Med.
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Poulter, R.A, (2013). New-onset diabetes mellitus less deadly than elevated blood pressure?
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ambulatory and clinic blood pressure measurements in hypertensive kidney disease.
Sundstorm PA, Li S, Chen S, (2015). Hypertension awareness, treatment, and control in chronic
kidney disease.
Schreiber M, (2010). Beta-blockers for hypertension: are they going out of style? Cleve Clin J
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 APPENDIX I
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT HEALTH
TECHNOLOGY
POGIL COLLEGE OF HEALTH TECHNOLOGY,
OKE-MOSU, OKE-ERI, IJEBU-ODE, OGUN STATE
QUESTIONNAIRE

ASSESSING THE PREVALENCE AND PREVENTION OF HYPERTENSION (A CASE

STUDY OF NIGERIAN ARMY CANTONMENT, MAMMY MARKET IN LAGOS
STATE)

Dear Respondents,

37
 I am a final year student of the above named institution, carrying out a research project on
the assessing the prevalence and prevention of hypertension (A case study of Nigerian Army
Cantonment, Mammy Market in Lagos State)

I will appreciate your cooperation in answering this attached questionnaire appropriately

in order to avoid misleading conclusions at the end of the study. I will be grateful if you can
complete the questions as soon as possible to enable the researcher collect it back on the spot.

Any information given will be treated confidentially. Thanks for your cooperation in
making this research a success.

Yours Faithfully,
Osang Endurance

Instruction: Please tick the blank boxes with the appropriate information. Note that the response
comes before the boxes. You are required to answer all according to instructions in each section.

SECTION A
SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS
Please fill the blank boxes with the appropriate answers.
1. Sex of Respondents: Male ( ) Female ( )
2. Age of Respondents: 18-25 years ( ) 26-35 years ( ) 36-45 years ( ) 46 years and
above ( )
3. Marital status: Single ( ) Married ( ) Divorced/Separated ( ) Widow/Widower ( )
4. Occupation: Army ( ) Environmental Health Officers (c) Health Workers
5. Religion: Christianity ( ) Islam ( ) Pegans ( )
6. Educational background: FLSC ( ) SSCE ( ) OND/NCE ( ) HND/BSC ( )
M.Sc/PHD ( ) NONE ( )
SECTION B

1. What do you know about hypertension?

a) Is a condition in which the blood vessels have persistently raised pressure, increasing
the pumping function of the heart and leading to hardening of the vessels
38
 b) It is a condition that destroys human health
c) It is a condition that gives rise to other diseases condition
2. What is your BP rate? (a) 120/70 (b) 140/90 (c) 150/100 and above (d) I don’t know
3. What are the most common causes of high blood pressure?
a) Age
b) Being Overweight or Obese
c) Drug
d) Too much salt (sodium) in your diet
e) Not being physical Active
4. Do you know the percentage of people that are affected with hypertension in your area? a)
10% ( ) b) 30% ( ) c) 50% ( ) d) 70% ( ) (e) I don’t know
5. What are the most common health effect of hypertension?
a) Heart attack
b) Enlargement of the heart
c) Heart failure
d) Death
6. What are the most common signs of hypertension?
a) Tiredness
b) Headache
c) General weakness
d) Profuse sweating
7. What are the most effective ways of preventing hypertension?
a) Eat a healthy diet consisting of fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains and lean
proteins.
b) Limit intake of sodium by reducing the amount of salt added to food.
c) Limit the intake of food high in saturated fats.
d) Maintain a healthy weight.
e) I don’t know
8. The most effective way of controlling hypertension is?
a) Lifestyle modifications and regular use of medications.
b) Prevent and manage other medical conditions such as diabetes.
c) Reduce and manage mental stress through yoga, meditation and other relaxing
techniques
39
d) I don’t know

40