1.

(A) (i) Formal Control in urban areas– Laws in place etc

Informal social control in village- 2 types of social control. Formal (law) and informal
(custom). In villages, the informal social control system plays a more important role.
Customary social practices are given importance. The degree on customs and
governance by customs is more in villages when compared to cities.

Informal social control; [Customs are informal social control. Customary social
practices played a huge role. In villages, the fear of custom is higher than
the fear of law. In contrast, the modern urban citizen is more fearful of the law
than of social practice]

(ii) URBANIZATION
• C.B. Memoria: It is the process by which the urban values get diffused, and the
behavioural patterns are transformed, and this is due to the movement from villages to
cities.
[Urbanization is defined as a process of migration].
Different industries were set up in India. When an industry is set up, it provides work
opportunity. Accordingly, the villagers who lived nearby stopped being
totally dependent on agriculture, and the increase in job opportunities led to
Push factor: The lack of jobs in villages is pushing you.
Pull factor: The availability of options in cities is pulling you.

Push and pull factors are those factors which either forcefully push people into
migration or attract them. A push factor is forceful, and a factor which relates to
the country from which a person migrates. It is generally some problem which
results in people wanting to migrate. Different types of push factors can be seen
further below. A push factor is a flaw or distress that drives a person away from a
certain place. A pull factor is something concerning the country to which a person
migrates. It is generally a benefit that attracts people to a certain place. Push and
pull factors are usually considered as north and south poles on a magnet.
Push Factors
A. Not enough jobs
B. Few opportunities
C. “Primitive” conditions
D. Desertification
E. Famine/drought
F. Political fear/persecution
G. Poor medical care
H. Loss of wealth
I. Natural Disasters
J. Death threats
K. Slavery
L. Pollution
M. Poor housing
N. Landlords
O. Bullying
P. Poor chances of finding courtship

Pull Factors
A. Job opportunities
B. Better living conditions
C. Political and/or religious freedom
D. Enjoyment
E. Education
F. Better medical care
(B) Population Explosion: Migration has caused population explosion beyond the
capacity that the city can accommodate. The cities extend as a result, and
accommodating the population becomes a problem. Derivatives of this problem
include
Housing problems;
Water scarcity;
Drainage system;
Transportation;
Slums increase;
High crime rate.
Page 257 social problems
4(A)
Change in family system due to Legislations and Amendments (Hindu
Succession Act amendment allows women to be rightful owners of the property)

Impact of law –
 Hindu Marriage Act 2005
 Widow Remarriage Act
 Special Marriage Act
 Dowry Prohibition Act
 Married Women Property Act
 Hindu Women Right to Property Succession Act
Patrilineal system was followed with respect to property. With rise in
feminism and women empowerment, laws were amended and made in
favour of women. It has modified the hierarchial system in Hindu
marriage institution.

Ram Ahuja – urban areas in rajasthan – economic activity and sharing of

property

6 (A)

(B) Sanskritisation does not refer to any process of structural change, since caste was
ascribed. This was mainly a process of imitation, between the lower and upper caste.

A majority of sociologists conducted field investigations, including M.N. Srinivas,

who conducted a field study in Karnataka and concluded that persons belonging to
lower castes imitated the lifestyle of Brahmins. He discussed this in his book,
'Religion and Society Among the Groups'. He later amended this position in his book
'Social Change in Modern India', stating that the persons belonging to lower castes
imitated the lifestyle of persons belonging to any upper caste.
"Sanskritisation is the process by which the lower caste or a tribe or other group
changes its customs, rituals, ideologies or way of life in the direction of a high-end,
twice born caste".
Copying of habits of higher social class by lower social class with the goal of
moving up the ladder of social hierarchy.
Twice-born, or Dvija, meant that they were born twice, spiritually. There was rebirth
once a person had read the Vedas, and once the Upanayana Sanskaar was complete.
There are sixteen Shingar. A person is born once when he is physically born, and the
second birth is considered entirely spiritual. M.N. Srinivasa states that the lower
castes imitate any caste which had this Dvija philosophy. All three castes of Vaishya,
Kshatriya and Brahmin were Dvija castes.

He initially said that they solely imitated rituals, but then he went on to state that they
also imitated the ideology. Ideology imitation meant adoption of the varna system,
and way of life changes dressing style, eating practices, among others. He also
amended his definition to include not only the lower castes, but also tribes.