118723, 552 PM POF|s viewer Chapter 4 Motion in a Plane © Introduction Introduction © Scalars and Vectors ‘We come across many examples of objects moving tn a plane or in space, in our daily lives. To develop a better understanding of these situations, and (o interconnect the various related quantities, we undertake the discussion of motion in a plane. We will start with ‘© Addition and Subtraction of Vectors. Their knowledge |s very important in our study. We will learn Vectors “Graphical Methods (0 define displacement, velocity and acceleration in a plane using. vectors. We will discuss projectile motion, and uniform circular motion * Multiplication of Vectors by Real Numbers = Resolution of Vectors fs special cases of motion in a plane, «Vector Addition - Analytica! BUt before that we need to have the knowledge of vectors. Method (¢ Motion in a Plane © Motion in a Plane with SCALARS AND VECTORS Constant Acceleration Scalars + Relative Velocity tn Two Th#80 are physical quanties which need only a magnitude and an appropiate ‘Fararieiine unit for their complete specifications. For example mass, body temperature, tenergy needed fo perform some task etc. All hese are scalar quantiles as + Projectile Motion they do nol have any dlrecton associated with them, Such quantles.can be ‘ded or subtracted using the sles of imple algebra, However we have take Uniform Circular Motion Cara ofatew things whe doing so. These are © Some Important Defiritions (Only similar quantities can be added or subtracted ie, the quantities hhoving sare uni © Formulae Chart For example, if the mass of an empty box Is 5 kg, and it is filed © Quick Recap with 10 kg of grains, then the total mass of the box now becomes 5 kg + 10 kg = 15 kg. 1 does not make any sense whon we talk of adding mass of the box 1o the total volume of the box. (@, The quantities having different units can only be divided or multiplied with ‘each other. ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Puse Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph. 011-47823456 ios: teachmint comitielstudymaterilcias-1thiphysics/aakashmationinaplanepdifadc3138-bec-seab-b39a-23960495c094 we118723, 552 PM POF|s viewer Motion in a Plane Board & Competitive Exams. Vectors Sometimes, mere knowledge of magnitude and the unit of the quantity is not sufficient to describe it completely. For example. if we want to know the effect produced by applying a 4 N force on a moving toy car, we can get different results. It is so, because If we apply the force in the direction in which the car is moving. it will speed up. But if we apply the same force opposite to the direction of the motion of the car, it will slow down. So we say that force Is a quantity that has both magnitude and direction. Moreover if we want to know the effect produced due to two different forces acting simultaneously on the toy car, we can not get the right result by merely adding their magnitudes algebraically (as in case of scalars). ‘Two forces, having different directions, applied simultaneously on the ear, might produce an effect in a third direction. The resultant of the two forces In this case can be obtained by the triangle law or parallelogram laws of addition, which we will eam in this chapter. ‘The physical quantities like force, which have both magnitude and direction and obey triangle law or parallelogram law of addition, are known as vector quantities. Some other vector quantities are displacement, velocity, acceleration, momentum etc. to Represent a Vector ? In books a vector is elther represented by a bold face type of its symbol, or by an arrow placed on its symbol. For example. displacement S can be either represented by Sor by S Graphically, a vector is represented by a line segment, with an arrow at one of its ends. The length of the line segment is proportional to the magnitude of the vector and the arrow head tells. the direction of the vector. tHooa gr For example, for a vector S. as shown in the figure, length of the line segment gives an idea about the magnitude of 5 , while the arrow head shows its direction. Here, we can also write 5 — PQ The magnitude of a vector S is often called its absolute value and is denoted as | S| or simply S. Position and Displacement Vectors Position vector : It is used to describe the position of an object in space. For this we have to choose a reference frame. Suppose the abject is maving ina plane. We can represent that plane by x-y plane with its origin at O. Position vector of the object is the vector joining the origin to the point where the object ‘origin to the point. Lot an object be located at point P in space, then the position vector of point P is the line OP having an ‘arrow at point P. Iti usually denoted by 7 18 directed from yy So OP ~7 ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. Regd. Office : Aakesh Tower, 8, Pusa Road, Now Delhi-110005, Ph. 011-47623456 ios: teachmint comitielstudymaterilcias-1thiphysics/aakashmationinaplanepdifadc3138-bec-seab-b39a-23960495c094 ara118723, 552 PM POF|s viewer Board & Competitive Exams. Motion in a Plane 157 Displacement vector : When an object is displaced from its position at point P to a new position at point P” (say), thon the vector PP” having its tall at P and head at P’ is called the displacement vector of the object ‘corresponding to its motion from F to P’. Displacement vector of object for any two points does not dapand ‘on the path followed by the object /.e., even if the object goes from point P to P” through path -1 or through path - 2 instead of path - 3 (see figure). Its displacement remains the same and is shown by the vector PP” Path-1 “The magnitude of the displacement vector /¢., | PP” | is elther less than or equal to the length of the actual path followed by the object between the two points. Equality of vectors : Two vectors having same direction and equal magnitude are sald to be equal ‘vectors. This is the nocossary and sufficient condition for any two vectors to be equal. ad 6 Vectors Pand@ shown in the figure are equal vectors as they have same direction and magnitude. if we shit any of these vectors paraliel to itself, and make it overlap withthe other, the two vectors wall compietaly coincide with each other. IW two vectors B and @ are equal, we can write P = @ Note: if'a vector is moved parallel to itself, represents a vector equal to itself Le., the same vector. ‘Such vector which can be frooly moved parallol to thomsolves are called free vectors. They do not havo fixed locations. ‘+ However in some cases location or the line of application of a vector is important. Such vectors are called localised vectors. ‘+ Inthis. chaptor we deal with free vectors uniess stated otherwise. MULTIPLICATION OF VECTORS BY REAL NUMBERS When a vector A is multiplied by a real number n, the quantity obtained is a vector A whose magnitude is {fimes that of the original vector. [7A |= 0 A|. Its direction might be the same or opposite to that of the original vector depending upon whether 7: ts positive ornegative. © tris. postive number, nd and A heve the same direction. aA. je, — (i) Hfnisa negative number, nA and A have opposite directions. ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dethi-110006, Ph. 011-47623458, ios: teachmint comitielstudymaterilcias-1thiphysics/aakashmationinaplanepdifadc3138-bec-seab-b39a-23960495c094 ama118723, 552 PM POF|s viewer Motion in a Plane Board & Competitive Exams. (ii) If nis zero, the magnitude of nA is also zero. Such a vector, whose magnitude is zero is called a zero ‘vector or a null vector and is denoted by 6 oA-6 Since the magnitude of a null vectors zero, ts direction eannotbe specified () ttn ts a scalar quantity rather than just being a pure number, then the dimension of nA is the product of dimensions of n and A. For example, in gives the mass of a body and A be its acceleration, then the vector ni willhave dimensions of force. ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF VECTORS-GRAPHICAL METHOD Head to tall method : Simple laws of algebra cannot be applied to add vectors. = a 0 ‘Suppose A and B be two vectors as shown in the figure (i). To obtain A +B , we shift 5 parallel to itself'so that its tail coincides with the head of A. The ine segment joining the tail of A to the head of & represents A + Band its direction is as shown in the figure (i. JRE ar He a w Itinstead of B, we shit A paraltel to itsaif such that the tail of A coincides with the head of B, the vector obtained by joining the tailof B to thehead of A gives B+ A a x (ity Htwe compare A+ B and B + A from figures (i) and (ii), we find the two vectors are equal ie. A+B=B +A It shows that vector addition of two vectors Is commutative. In @ similar manner it can also be proved that vector addition is associative 10., A+(B+C)=(A+B)+6 ‘The above method of adding vectors is known as head to tall method or triangle law of addition because the two vectors and their resultant form three sides of a triangle, a ‘Note : When you write R= A +B, then itis true that Fis greater than A and B but when you are writing =A + B the meaning becomes entirely diferent. Here RA & B will form a triangle and their magnitudes are the three skies of the trangle. As the magnitude of now can be any side of the triangle the magnitude of R need not always be greater then A (magnitude of A) or Btmagnitude of B) ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. Regd. Omice : Askash Tower, 8, Puss Road, New Delhi-110008, Ph 011-47625486 ios: teachmint comitielstudymaterilcias-1thiphysics/aakashmationinaplanepdifadc3138-bec-seab-b39a-23960495c094 ara118723, 552 PM POF|s viewer Board & Competitive Exams. Motion in a Plane 159, Parallelogram Method : This method is equivalent to the triangle method of vector addition. In this method any one of the vectors is shifted parallel to itself such that its tail coincides with the tail of the ‘other vector as shown below. Let the point of coincidence be named O. If we draw the parallelogram whose sides are represented by A and 6. Then A+ is given by the diagonal of this parallelogram which passes through O. ‘Thus, the tall of vector ® coincides with the tail of A and B in this case. If we find the sum of these vectors Using triangle method as shown below, we obtain the same resultant Le., R= A+B. That is why the two mothods are equivalent to each other. Subtraction of Vectors ‘Subtraction of Vectors : The subtraction of a vactor B from another vector A is actually the vector sum of the vectors A and - 6 ‘Thus A-B=A+(-5) — —Bis a vector equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to vector 8. Compare the vectors A~ Band A+ 6 shown inthe figure ahead. Wa vectoris subtracted from itself /.e., Als added to - A, tho resultant is a zoro vector. A+CA)-6 Physically it implies that if a body goes from one point to another point and again comes back to the initial point in a given interval, then. its net displacement is zero during that interval Properties of null vector WM A+O=A © 626 (ii) OA=6 fil=0 ‘As a null vectorhas zero magnitude, ts direction can not be spected ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. Regd. Oftice : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Deihi-110006, Ph. O11-47622458 ios: teachmint comitielstudymaterilcias-1thiphysics/aakashmationinaplanepdifadc3138-bec-seab-b39a-23960495c094 sa118029, 652 PM PDF js viewer 160 Motion in a Plano Board & Competitive Exams. Example 1: A man swims across @ river with speed of v,, perpendicular fo the flow direction of river. If the water ows with a speed v,, with what resultant velocity does the man eross the river? Solution : The directions of 7,, and 7,, are shown in the figure. Using the triangle method, the resultant veloci is given by third side of AAOC, taken in opposite order. oc on AE = AG +E i - VAG +OG? —_[Using Pythagoras theorem) =aod The direction 0 that the resultant makes with the Vm, is Wel Try Yourself 1. Ahydrogen balloon is fying eastward with speed 12 m s-*. When wind starts blowing from north to south with speed 5 m s-, what is the resultant velocity of balloon? 2 Aman rows across a river with velocity 8 km h-'. If his resultant velocity is 10 km h-* then what is the speed of river water? Mint : Viayae = Zrnutant —Vinan] hllps:wawteachmint comiilelstudymaterialciass-tIthiphysicsiaakashmoloninaplanepdtladc3138-Sbec-Aeab-b333-23360435¢204 ara118723, 552 PM POF|s viewer Board & Com; Exams. Motion in a Plane 161 2 0620 4. sin’ 3 29 — 1+e0820 costo = 1408 sin20 = 2sin0 cos sin(A * B) = sinA cosB + cosA sind: sin(A — B) = sinA cosB — cosA sinB: 6, cos(A + 8) = cos cosB — sind sinB: 7. 608(A— B) = cosA cosB + sinA sinB wana ante norton sitll 8 RESOLUTION OF VECTORS. “The process of spilling up of @ vector inlo two oF more vectors is known as the resolulion of @ vector. Let us start wth the components in a plane. Suppose we want to resolve a vector F along any two directions, say 7and iti, which le in a plane containing FAs shown in figure () ma a Figure (i) Figure (i) ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. Regd. Office : Askash Tower. 8. Pusa Road, New Deihi-110006, Ph. O11-47623456 ios: teachmint comitielstudymaterilcias-1thiphysics/aakashmationinaplanepdifadc3138-bec-seab-b39a-23960495c094 wa118723, 552 PM 162 POF|s viewer Motion in a Plano Board & Competitive Exams. Now if we draw a straight line parallel to 7 trom the tai of Band another straight tne parallel to 77 from the head of P,, and mark their intersection point as N (Say), then we obtain an arrangement 2s shown in figure (i). GA is a vector parallel to i, and NS is a vector parallel to fi Then ON =i and NS= jini Where i and y are the real numbers denoting the magnitude of OWN and NS respectively. By applying triangle method of vector addition in figure (ii) We get #=ON «NS = F-asim (Or we say A and i are the components of vector F along the directions 7 and i. . In other words 37 and jum ‘are component vactors of P. The combined affect of these component vectors Is same as that produced by B alone. Unit vector : A vector having unit magnitude and pointing in a particular direction Is called a unit vector. The unit vector corresponding to a vector F is represented as . is the vector whose direction 's the came as that of F, but whose magnitude Is unity. As we know, the length of the vector is proportional to its magnitude, the length of ® shown in figure here represents a unit length. beg B is obtained by dividing the vector F by its magnitude, thus DD Unit vectors along the Cartesian co-ordinates x, y and z are respectively denoted as j, J and k. These are important when we study vectors Using analytical method. ‘Note : A.unit vector has no unit and dimensions. It is used to specity @ direction only. we see that any vector can be represented by the multiplication of its magnitude with a unit vector along its direction. A=1A\A Moreover any vector parallel to x-axis of Cartesian co-ordinate system can be denoted as A [A(t shows theta unl vector does nthave ary dienaion or uni Similary for vectors parallel to y-axis and z-axis we can write ¥=I¥l) E-1z1k Here i, j and & are the unit vectors along the co-ordinate axes x, y and 2 respectively. These are shown in the figure below, Wil=1i1=1k ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid, Regd. Ofce : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph, 011-47623456 ios: teachmint comitielstudymaterilcias-1thiphysics/aakashmationinaplanepdifadc3138-bec-seab-b39a-23960495c094 ara118723, 552 PM POF|s viewer Board & Competitive Exams. Motion in a Plane 163 Rectangular Components : It is convenient to resolve a general vector along tha axes of a rectangular coordinate system using unit vectors along the axes, namely i, j and k Let tie in ary plane making an angle 0 with x-axis as shown in figure (il) Figure (ily It we draw pemendicular lines from the head of F at the co-ordinate axes, we obtain two perpendicular vectors B, and, along the x and y axes respectively. According to the parallelogram law of vector addition, P=PL +8, Py and Py can be expressed in terms of the unit vectors along x-axis and y-axis respectively. where P, =|, |. Ply So equation () can be rewriten as Ban J+h] “ P, and P, ara the rectangular components of F along the corresponding axes. Or wo say and, are the component vectors of B along x-axis and y-axis respectively, If we observe AOAB in figure (ii) above, we see that oa cosa ~ 4 = OA= 0800s 0 08-P-=1F| = P,= Peso (ty oa-P ino = AB Simiiany, sino = 23 = AB = OBsino P= Psino wy Equation (i) thus becomes. P = Posi + Psinoj ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. Regd. Office = Askash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Deihi-110006, Ph. o11-47623456, ios: teachmint comitielstudymaterilcias-1thiphysics/aakashmationinaplanepdifadc3138-bec-seab-b39a-23960495c094 ara118723, 552 PM 164 POF|s viewer Motion in a Plane Board & Competitive Exams. By squaring and adding the values of P, and P, 3 +P} = P? (cos? 0+ sin? 0) = plspp=p? Av) PB, = oe tant Ee 0= tan Avi) From this discussion we conclude that If we are given the corresponding rectangular components of a vector F, we can find its magnitude and its orientation in the co-ordinate system using equation (v) and (vi). Ifwe are given the magnitude of P and the angle 0, we can find its rectangular components using equation (ii) and (uy, So a vector can be elther specified by Its magnitude and its orientation @ in the x-y plane; or by its rectangular components along the corresponding co-ordinate axes. {A similar discussion can be carried out for the description of a vector in three dimensions. Let a vector B makes angle c, fi and y with the x. y and z axes respectively. This is shown in the above figure. Now with the help of corresponding unit vectors, we can write: Pa-Ri+R)+Rk Such that P, = Peosa P, = Poosts P, = Poosy Now in the x-z plane, pz, = P2 +P? i) ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. Regd. Ofce : Aakash Tower, B, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph, 011-47623456 ios: teachmint comitielstudymaterilcias-1thiphysics/aakashmationinaplanepdifadc3138-bec-seab-b39a-23960495c094 sora118723, 552 PM POF|s viewer Board & Competitive Exams. ‘And in the plane containing Px, and Py Motion in a Plane 165, We got, pt api +p? and P, 1 = plaptsezsr? {using equation (vi) oe P= PSE Example 2: A vector Jying in x-y plane has 8 magnitude 3, and makes an angle 30° with the x-axis. Find ts ‘components afong the two axes. Solution: Let the vector be A. . Then |A}=3,0 = 30° A, =Acos0 oy = 3 cos30" A, = Asino % . = 3x8 = 3sina0" 2 a a aa aig ‘Thus, the two rectangular components are A, = 243 and A, = 2 Example 3: A boy walks 4 m east and thon 3m south. Find the resultant displacement of tho boy. Solution : This can be easily done using triangle method of vector addition. Inthe figure shown 7B = displacement along east BE = displacement along south Then resultant displacement is given by the third side of ABC North AG = AB+ BC 1G | - Jap? vac? = 69 Sm Let AE make angle 0 with east direction. ‘Then tano = 3 a rut) Thus, the boy is acta dieplaced by 8 m at an angi tan*(3 4 sa oo ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Osihi-110006, Ph. O11-47623458 ios: teachmint comitielstudymaterilcias-1thiphysics/aakashmationinaplanepdifadc3138-bec-seab-b39a-23960495c094 wwe118029, 652 PM PDF js viewer 166 Motion in a Plano Board & Competitive Exams. Example 4: The x and y components of @ vector B have numerical values 5 and 6 respectively. Find the vector P Solution: Let P be as shown in the figure, then according to the given information + emf) Thus B having magnitude J6¥ tes in xy plano at an angie tan-"( S) to te x-anis Try Yourself a 3. Aector of magnitude 10 has its rectangular components as 8 and 6 along x and y axes. Find the angles it make with these axes. 4. One of the rectangular components of a force of 40 N is 20 N. Find the angle it makes with this component. 5. Two perpendicular forces of magnitudes 10 N and § N act ata point. Find their resuitant. 6 The x and y components of a vector are 4/3 mand 4 m respectively. What angle does the vector make with positive xis? 7. vector of magnitude 13 makes an angle 65.37° with the x-axis. What is its component slong positive y-axis? 8. What is the resultant of unit vectors Janak? [Hint : 1=1% 4] VECTOR ADDITION — ANALYTICAL METHOD Let there be two vectors P and @ in xy plane, such that BaPi+P,] and G= Q,1+0,7 ‘Then the two vectors can be added using analytical method as follows B+G=(P,i+P,7)+(Q,1+Q,)) ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph, 011-47623458 hllps:wawteachmint comiilelstudymaterialciass-tIthiphysicsiaakashmoloninaplanepdtladc3138-Sbec-Aeab-b333-23360435¢204 vara118723, 552 PM POF|s viewer Board & Competitive Exams. Motion in a Plane 167 Since addition of vectors is commutative and associative, the component vectors in the above expression can be rearranged as follows. Ps O1 (P+ OV +(P, +O,)7 Wis because the magnitudes of parallel vectors can be added algebraically. 1 +Q, 7+, } Rectangular components of R. ‘The same procedure can be used to add vectors expressed in three dimensions. Law of Cosines Let the two vectors F and @ be inclined at angle 0 with each other. Then, the resuitant of thelr vector aston can be obtained by using parallelogram method as shown below Here, 7B =F +G From B, draw a line perpendicular to AC which meets it at E when extended. Now in SABE AB? = AE? + BE? [Pythagoras theorem] = ABI = (AC + CEP + BE “ From BCE, we can have CE = CBcos0 = Qcosd [CB = Q, opposite sides of a parallelogram} ‘Also BE = CBsino = sine ‘Substituting these values in equation ()) above, AB? = (P+ Qcoso¥ + Q¥sin?o > AB = F2 + G? + 2PQCos0 = AB=P*+Q?+2PQcos8 < Law of cosines This gives the magnitude of the resultant of P+G, The relation given is known as law of cosines ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Oeihi-110005, Ph. O11-47623455 ios: teachmint comitielstudymaterilcias-1thiphysics/aakashmationinaplanepdifadc3138-bec-seab-b39a-23960495c094 sara118723, 552 PM POF|s viewer 168 Motion in a Pla Board & Competitive Exams, ‘The direction of AB can be found as follows. Let AB make an angle « with P, then in AABE in previous. AB = (PPG? + 2PQ * 6030" = 1] = B= iP ror => AB=P+Q Thus when we have to add two parallel vectors, the resultant magnitude Is simply the algebraic sum of their ‘magnitudes. ‘2 When = 90° a B= (Po? = AB = P+ ie 3. Wien o 80°, i the two vectors P and & are in opposite directions, then AB = (P? +@? -2PQ = AB=/(P-aF Thus, the AB = |P— Qh So the resultant magnitude is simply the algebraic difference of the magnitudes of P and G. 4. We [P| =[3 AB - PP +|PF +2)PF e080 \{2P?(1+ 0080) ~ p"(2e0="()) (1+cos0=2008" 8) o =2P cos cos S ios: teachmint comitielstudymaterilcias-1thiphysics/aakashmationinaplanepdifadc3138-bec-seab-b39a-23960495c094 aire118723, 552 PM POF|s viewer Board & Competitive Exams. Motion in a Plane 169 @ Tee vector only a vector of same type can be added and the resultant is a vector of the same type. For example, to a displacement only a displacement and not velocity can be added and resultant will be a displacement and not any other physical quantity. @) As R= JPP+G?+2PQc080, A will be maximum when cos0=max=1 fe. 0 = 0. In other words the vectors are like or parallel and Rng = +6. Gi) The resuttant will be minimum if cose = min =~ 1, 40, 0 anti-paraliol and Rng = P-@ 180°, In other words vectors aro (Ifthe vector B and @ are orthogonal or normal to each other Le. 0 = 90°, then R= \P*+ OF (> eos80" = 0). () From above points itis evident that the resultant of two vectors can have any value from (P— ©) to (P + Q) depending on the angle between them and magnitude of resultant decreases as 0 increases from 0° to 180°. (AS Riu, = PQ, 50 the resultant of two vectors of unequal magnitude can never be zero. We can also conclude that the minimum number of unequal vectors whose sum can be zero Is three. (i) Let B4G4AR=0 he, R=—P+G). This in turn implies that in case of three vectors. the resutant may be zero and it will be only when one vector is equal to the negative of the sum of the remaining two vectors. /.¢., vectors are coptanar. (vil) From the above discussion it is also clear that the resultant of three non-coplanar vectors can ever be zero of minimum number of non-coplanar vectors whose sum can be zero Is four. Law of Sines Let us again consider two vectors Pand @ inclined at angle 0 to each other, then their resultant F can be iven by the third side of the triangle taken in opposite order as shown, Draw BE perpendicular to AC, and CD perpendicular to AB. Applying simple trigonometry In ABE and ACBE, we get BE = CBsind > BE = Qsino “A And BE = ABsina BE = Reina i) From (I) and (i), Qsino = Reine OLR > e"as «iy sina ~ sind ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dethi-110006, Ph. 011-47623456, ios: teachmint comitielstudymaterilcias-1thiphysics/aakashmationinaplanepdifadc3138-bec-seab-b39a-23960495c094 asia118723, 552 PM POF|s viewer 170. Motion in a Piano Board & Competitive Exams. Simiarty applying simple trigonometry in AAGD and ACAD, we have 6D = AC sina = cD= Prin and CD = CBsinp + = Oaing ‘Again comparing the two, Psinet = Qing Pla ‘ain ~ sing one Comparing equations (iii) and ('v), we get eP_a_R Sinfi~ Sina ~ Sino This relation is known as the law of sines, B-G-F+(-a) |P-G|= JP? +|a}* + 2|PIjQ\cos(180-0) ~ MPF jo -2p jojeose Qsino tanp- 20 Le P-Qoose "FI-B) Example 5: Find the resultant of two vectors P = 31 +2] and O. Solution: Let R=P+@ = (31+2))+(2i+3]) R-si+57 This gives the resultant vector. Magnitude of [|= /25525 = 5/2 Orientation of R, o=tan*(8) = 45° wath xaxis ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Puss Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph. 011-47623456 ios: teachmint comitielstudymaterilcias-1thiphysics/aakashmationinaplanepdifadc3138-bec-seab-b39a-23960495c094 sara11829,582 PM POF vier Board & Competiive Exams. ation ina Plane 474 Example @: x and y components of @ vector P have numerical values 5 and @ respectively and that of ‘Solution : B+ have magnitudes 10 and 9, find the magnitude of ©. According to the question P=8i+6] and B+G=101+97 = G=(10)+9))-(F) = (10)+9))+(-B) = 10] +9)-si-6 = (10-59 +(0-6)) = G=5i+3) oF 16 1= Ve = V25+9 101 =V34 Angle that @ makes with positive x-axis, 6 = tar-(3) Example 7 : ‘Solution : ‘Two forces of magnitudes 3 N and 4 N act together on an object making an angle 60° with each other. Find the resuttant force acting on the object. Here |B|=3N, [|= 4Nand@ = 60° Let R=F +d Using law of cosines R= VP? +O? + 2PQco660° = Bt +4? e2x3xax4 = Brats 2xdxaxd > R= Let B make angle « with B Using law of sines. eh anil sin6O*~ sina 4x J3 = °atx2 sina = 2a er var) ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. Regd. Office : Askash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dethi-110006, Ph. 011-47623456 ios: teachmint comitielstudymaterilcias-1thiphysics/aakashmationinaplanepdifadc3138-bec-seab-b39a-23960495c094 win118723, 552 PM 172. Motion in a Plane POF|s viewer Board & Competitive Exams. 10. 1. 12, 13, 14. A particle lies in space at point (2, 3, 4). Find the magnitude of its position vector. Find the sum of the vectors 107 +6] and 47 - 2). ‘Three vectors are given below B=1+2]+ B= 2144) + 6K andé~31+6) +9%. Find the components of the vector 8 +5—& Rain is falling at the speed of 25/3 m/s vertically. The wind blows west to east at a speed of 25 mvs. Find the velocity of rain as experienced by @ person standing on the ground. “Two vectors having magnitude 12 and 13 are inclined at an angle 45* to each other. Find their resultant vector. ‘A resultant of two vectors makes 30° with one vector and 45° with the other. Find the two Vectors if the resultant has the magnitude 15. [Mint : Law of sines. BERR inf ~ Bina ~ sino . by geometry 0 =a+B 1. The vector quantity among the following is (1) Mass @) Tme @) Distance (4) Displacement 2. A+B can also be written as AB @ B-A @) BA 4) B.A 3. Which of the following represents a unit vector? Al A ” am A 1A &. a) 141 os at 4. A-vector is added to an equal and opposite vector of similar nature, forms (1) Unie vector (2) Position vector @) Null vector (@) Displacoment vector 5. Unit vector does not have any (1) Direction (2) Magnitude @) Unie (4) All of these ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pus Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph. 011-47623456 ios: teachmint comitielstudymaterilcias-1thiphysics/aakashmationinaplanepdifadc3138-bec-seab-b39a-23960495c094 sara118723, 552 PM POF|s viewer Soard & Competitive Exams. Motion in a Plane 173, 6. The magnitude of 7+] ie M2 @o @ v2 @e 7. Avector mutiplied by the number 0, results into mo @a @ 6 OA 8. I Bs Ga, then which of the folowing is necessary tue? B66 @ 5-6 @) G-o0 9 WP+G-B-G, then B=6 @ G-6 3) |Bi=4 @ [Gi=1 10. The maximum number of rectangular components in which a vector can be resolved in a plane, is (1) Infinite @) Fow ) Two (4) One MOTION IN A PLANE ‘We come across countless examples in our daily ives where objects do not move in a straight line, rather in a plane. We can take help of vectors to study such motions. Let us start with the displacement of an object moving in a plane. Position Vector and Displacement Let an abject moving along the curved line, (see figure) be at position P, at time f, and at position P, at time {, Its positions at P, and P, can be specified by the position vectors and f respectively xd + ya) wl +yal From triangle law of vector addition, it can be shown that TAF 's a vector along displacement of the object) o FRA Rh Let BA = a7 SAF = Oni tya])- Oa +95] aad + yh = (x2 + (2 WV) A? shows the displacement vector of the object corresponding to its motion from P, to P, during the time, interval {t,~ {,). The components of Af are ax=%-% AY =¥2—-M ‘These are graphically shown in the above figure, ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. Regd. Office : Askash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Deihi-110006, Ph. 011-47629458, ios: teachmint comitielstudymaterilcias-1thiphysics/aakashmationinaplanepdifadc3138-bec-seab-b39a-23960495c094 sara118723, 552 PM POF|s viewer 4174 Motion in a Plane Board & Competitive Exams. Velocity ‘Average velocity : Average velocity 7 of an object is the ratio of its displacement and the corresponding time interval Fe AE YG at” ar! ‘ar since # = 52, me drocton of average voc ethos a tat of ‘Tho Instantaneous velocity or simply the velocity Is the limiting value of the average velocity whan the time. Interval approaches zero, ai) ® w i) Let an object move along the curved line shown, and Is at point P at me ¢. R undergoes a displacement 4 trom point P to P, in the time interval At, and a displacement of Af from P to P, in the time interval Af, Such that At, > Af. The average velocties 7, and; , during respective time intervals, are parallel to 4f, and Af, respectively as shown in figures (i) and (ji). AS we go on decreasing the time interval till At» 0, ar too approaches zero as shown In figure (il) above. The direction of velocity is along the tangent to me path. Rectangular Components of Velocity : From equation (i) on previous page we have, 7 = v,i+¥v,] Hare v, = and, = & ar th rectangular component of Insantaneus vloly Physcalyv, dances speed onan stones, and dnote he speed song pase ‘The magnitude of 7, then can be given as |v/|~ ji +vF and its direction w.rt. x-axis is given by o=tan-(") Thus vy, = vos, v, = vino ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid, Regd. Office : Askash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph, 011-47623456 ios: teachmint comitielstudymaterilcias-1thiphysics/aakashmationinaplanepdifadc3138-bec-seab-b39a-23960495c094 aire118723, 552 PM POF|s viewer Board & Competitive Exams. Motion in a Plane 175 Acceleration ‘The average acceleration is the ratio of the change in velocity and the corresponding time interval. If the velocity of an object changes from V7 to ¥* in time Interval Af, then the everage acceleration of the object is given by the relation at av 2 SF Lwhere av 1 From the above relation, we can see that 3 is along the direction of AV. The direction of Av is different from that of 7’ and as long as the object moves along a curve and net along @ straight line. OF we say that for the motion along @ curve, the direction of average acceleration Is different from that of the velocity of the object. They may have any angle between 0° and 180° between them. Instantaneous Acceleration : The instantaneous acceleration 4, or simply the acceleration of an object Is the limiting value of its average acceleration as the time interval approaches zero. tim & = tim SY MG? = My ar = tm a+ av) = el at at i) Direction of Instantaneous Acceleration : Let us again consider the curved motion of an object in a plane ‘during different intervals of time. Let the object be displaced from point P to P, along the curve shown, in a time interval f,. By comparing the directions of velocities at the two points [tangential at P and P,] and finding the direction of av using triangle law of vector addition, we can find the direction of 3 as shown in ()) Below. ‘i pS % *y —— ae Ri Loma “aS Eyer 0 2 @ Similarly proceeding for the motion from P to P, during time interval Aly such that Aly < Afy, we can again find the direction of tha corresponding @.. which would be parallel to that of Av, (shown in figure (i). ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. Rogd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Osihi-110006, Ph. o11-47623458 ios: teachmint comitielstudymaterilcias-1thiphysics/aakashmationinaplanepdifadc3138-bec-seab-b39a-23960495c094 aura118723, 552 PM POF|s viewer 176 Motion in a Plano Board & Competitive Exams. Similarly decreasing the time interval, as At —> 0, the average acceleration J becomes the instantaneous acceleration & , see figure (ii). It may make any angle between O° and 180° with 7 Rectangular Components of & : From equation (i) we have ‘The direction of 4 can be given by the angle 0 it makes with x-axis. rom ( Magnitude of & is given as la fara Example 8; The position of a particle is exprossed as / = (ati ~2{})m, whore ¢ is timo in socand. Find the velocity of the particle at ¢ = 3 s. Solution: Ff = (4t*# +21) m. pa 78 pare Velocity 7 = 2 = 12 cartys j Lan o = (oni+23 ) At t= 3 s, velocity is given by Yes = (8x99 +2) = (247 +2])ms" Sear? = yea0 = 24.08 ms "he prise ne welt 2408 ms at an anal ta) wih et Note: For above exemote No. 8 ican be seen that y-component of Le. v,= 2 remains constant ‘wih tne while its x-component v, = 8t increases as the tme increases. ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid, Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph, 011-47623456 ios: teachmint comitielstudymaterilcias-1thiphysics/aakashmationinaplanepdifadc3138-bec-seab-b39a-23960495c094 zara118723, 552 PM POF|s viewer Board & Competitive Exams. Motion in a Plane 177 Example 9: The postion of a particle is expressed as 7 = (at*l + 2i))m. where { is lime in second. Find the ‘acceleration of the particle. Solution: a= 2¥ pT eae e+e) 54 ey .7 2 = 1G 00+ 75,2) i +0) =8ims* Hence the particle has a constant acceleration of magnitude 8 m/s? in positive x-direction. 15. The velocity of an object is given by ¥ = (61°7 + 12]) m/s. Find its acceleration at t= 2 8. 16. The velocity (in m/s) of an object changes from 5 second. Find the magnitude of average acceleration. 101 +4] + 2h to V2 =4142)+3k In 17. The position of an object is given by 7 = (oti +41°]) m. Find ts velocity at time t= 1 s. 18. The position of an object changes from 7 = (2/+]) mto71 = (47+3])m in 2 s, Find its average: velocity. MOTION IN A PLANE WITH CONSTANT ACCELERATION ‘A body is said to be moving with uniform acceleration if its velocity vector suffers the same change in equal interval of time, however small. For this case the average acceleration of the object is same as its Instantaneous acceleration aver a given time interval. ‘The motion in a plane with uniform acceleration can be treated as two separate simultaneous one-dimensional ‘motions with constant acceleration along two perpendicular directions. This can be shown as follows, Let a constant acceleration & act on an object moving in a plane. This acceleration changes its velocity from % atime t=0 to ¥ attime t= t. Then aetni t=0 > b-mem o ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. Rlogd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dethi-110006, Ph. O11-47623458, ios: teachmint comitielstudymaterilcias-1thiphysics/aakashmationinaplanepdifadc3138-bec-seab-b39a-23960495c094 zara118723, 552 PM POF|s viewer 178 Motion in a Plane Board & Competitive Exams. ‘As we have studied in the last chapter, that for an object having constant acceleration, average velocity is given eee Oo) From the definition of average velocity during the time interval At ~0, itcan be expressed as where 7 and 79 are the position vectors of the particie al time = f and t= 0 respectively. [From equation (i)} =e F ae(eogee [From equation (9) Faris dae Writing in component form = ai vy} = xh + yo) + 0,1 +¥0, Dt + Yaad +a, DP Rearranging ae Ley : = ei (netdne lie (esretdet ‘Comparing two sides =p +Vogt + ti =¥o +Moyt +4, ¢ Y=Yo+Voyt +59, ‘Thus we see that the motions in x and y-directions can be treated independently from each other. This result simplifies our study of motion in a plane. ‘Asimilar result can be obtained for the three-dimensional motion of an object. So for this case, we gat a set of three equations as follows. enone det = 2 ve tet 222) + Vvoet+ taf ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. Regd. Ofico : Ankash Tower, 8, Puss Road, New Delh-110005, Ph. 011-47623486 ios: teachmint comitielstudymaterilcias-1thiphysics/aakashmationinaplanepdifadc3138-bec-seab-b39a-23960495c094 aire118029, 652 PM PDF js viewer Board & Com; Exams. Motion in a Plane 179 Example 10 : An object has a volocity v= (Zi-+4]) mis at tine t= 0 &. i undergoes @ constant acceleration -3]) mis* for 4 s. Then @ Find the co-ordinates of the abject if it is at origin at t = 0. (@ Find the magnitude of its velocity at the end of 4 s. ) Here original position of the abject xel + yo] = 01+0). Initial velocity Vo = vo, +¥q,] = 21+ 4] a-ef+9,J-i-3) And t= 48 Let the final co-ordinates of the object be (x. y). Then according to the equation (il) derived in previous section, Jatt= 02x44 Mya? Ham t Vogt + Bayt? =O Dads Lay 16 and Y= Yo +Voyl + Lat? = O04 4xd + 24-B)x4? y= ‘Therefore the object lies at (16, —8) at f= 4. (i)_Using equation, Wave +at = ¥=(2i+4))+0-3)x4 = @ivajyetai ~12]) = (244s (412) = ¥=67-8]: Velocity at the end of 4 s Wh Vee? = 10m 5" Its diraction with x-axis, 0 = tant Try Yourself 48. The velocity of an object at t = 0 is Vg--4] m/s. It moves in a plane with constant & =(3/+8}) m/s”. What is its velocity after 1 8? 20. An object starts from rest, and moves under the acceleration & given by 7 = 7144). What i Is intial position? V7. tts position after 3 8 Is ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. Regd. Office : Askash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Deihi-110006, Ph. 011-47623458, hllps:wawteachmint comiilelstudymaterialciass-tIthiphysicsiaakashmoloninaplanepdtladc3138-Sbec-Aeab-b333-23360435¢204118029, 652 PM PDF js viewer 180 Motion in a Plane Board & Competitive Exams. RELATIVE VELOCITY IN TWO DIMENSIONS The concept of relative velocity has been discussed in the last chapter, particularly for straightline motion. The ‘same result can be extended for the motion in two or three dimensions. Let two objects A and B be moving ina plane with velocities V4 and¥7g measured with respect to ground or some other common frame of reference. The relative velocity of A w.rt Bis given by Yan = Tao 0) Similarly relative velocity of Bw.rt Ais given by Van "Ve — Va allt Comparing (i) and (i), wa get and Ian |=[Yar Letus understand it learty with the help of following examples. Example 11 : A train moves northwards with speed 80 kun fr’, while a car moves towards east with 2 speed of 60 km hr. What is the velocity of the train w.rt. the diver of the car? Solution: Lotus choose the x.y co-ordinates as given below, Then the velocity of train and car are V7, =80j,7- = 607 Velocity of train wet. the driver of the car Vre =¥p—Ve Ve = 80] -60i = 80) +(-60y Wr l= WE = J6400+ 3600 [ye |= 100 kmh Direction of Vre in terms of angle © which it makes with x-axis. So to the car driver, the train appears to move with speed 100 m s~* in tne direction tan *(“) north of west. ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. Regd. Office : Askash Tower, 8, Puss Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph, 011-47623458 hllps:wawteachmint comiilelstudymaterialciass-tIthiphysicsiaakashmoloninaplanepdtladc3138-Sbec-Aeab-b333-23360435¢204 aire118029, 652 PM PDF js viewer Board & Competitive Exams. Motion in a Plane 181 Example 12 ; A man swims across a river with speed of 5 km Ir (in stil water), while @ boat goes upstream Solution : with speed 12 km Ir" (In stl water). How fast and in which direction does the man appear to 90 fo the boatman? Given that the speed of flowing water is 2 km ht. ‘Speed of flowing water, vy = 2 kmh! Speed of boat instil water, vy = 12 km h-" Boat goes upstream, So the net speed of boat with respect to a person standing on ground is 13, |=12-2 = 10 km ht ‘According to the choice of x-y axes as shown in figure, Vy, = =107 ‘Similarly the velocty of man in stil water vq. = “The not volocity of man in flowing WatOr Vay Vee = 2145) According to the definition of relative velocity, ‘The velocity of man wer. the boatman Magnitude of Vg = (12 +5 = aa F 25 3 km ht Direction of Ypg, 0 = tan (= Ves =A ra vag = = 0-tan'(3) wa potve ae ‘Thus, to the boatman, the man appears to swim at a speed 13 km ht in a direction making angle tan.) wnt. Try Yourself 24. Rain is felling vertically with a speed of 35 m “1. A women rides a bicycle with a speed of 12 ms" in east to west direction. In which direction should she hold her umbrella? % (Hine: Be Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dsihi-110005, Ph. O11-47623458 hllps:wawteachmint comiilelstudymaterialciass-tIthiphysicsiaakashmoloninaplanepdtladc3138-Sbec-Aeab-b333-23360435¢204 anna118723, 552 PM POF|s viewer 182 Motion in a Plano Board & Competitive Exams. 22. A chip ie steaming towards east with a speed of 8 mis. A women runs across the deck at a ‘speed of 6 ms towards north. What is the velocity of the women relative to the sea? 23, boat steams in a river wit velocty 27+] with respective to the ground. The river water flows with a velocity -Si-4] with respect to the ground. What isthe relative velocly of boat wrt ter water? [Hint : aw = 9a, ~Ael 24. A bus appears to move northwards at a speed of 20V3 km h-1, to a man driving his car eastwards with speed 20 km h-'. Find the velocity of the bus w.r.t. ground. UHINE : Ven = Coa + Phun wet car] 41. The displacement of a particle from a point having positon vector 2/ +47 to another point having position vector Sit te (1) 3 units 2) 3V2 units @) 5 units (4) 55 units 42. Three forces given by vectors 2/+2).2/-2) and -47 are acting together on a point object at rest, The object moves along tho direction (1) xis (2) waxis @) zaxis (@) Object does not move 13. A body moves 6 m north, 8 m east and 10 m vertically upwards, the resuitant displacoment of body from its intial position is (1) 1042 m @ 10m 10 3" (4) 20m 14. A particle has an initial velocity of 3/+4] and an acceleration of 0.4] + 0.3). The magnitude of its velocity after 10 sis (D742 units 2) 7 units © 85 units (4) 10 units 18. The position vector of an object at any time ¢ is given by 311+ 6t] +k. Its velocity along y-axis has the magnitude 6¢ @6 @o “9 16. A body lying initially at point (3, 7) starts moving with a constant acceleration of 47. Its position after 3 s is given by the co-ordinates 7.3) @) (7. 18) @ 21.7) 4&7) ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph, 011-47623458 ios: teachmint comitielstudymaterilcias-1thiphysics/aakashmationinaplanepdifadc3138-bec-seab-b39a-23960495c094 air118723, 552 PM POF|s viewer Board & Competitive Exarns. Motion in a Plane 183, 17. The initial position of an object at rest is given by 3/8]. It moves with constant acceleration and reaches to the position 2) +4] after 4 s. What is its acceleration? 44,3 ji 37 @ 2 @ 8-3 18. 23+ 4] and %» ~3i-7/. Velocity of B as observed by A is O) si-33 @ 7-14 @ F417 @) aia} 19. A.bus appears to go with a speed of 25 kmihr to a car driver, driving at the rate 7 km/hr northwards. If the bus actually travels in east direction, its speed is (1) 24 km @) 23 km (@) 28 km (4) 30 kev 20. A displacement vector of magnitude 4 makes an angle 30° with the x-axis. Its rectangular components in xy plane are (1) 23,2 o 32 PROJECTILE MOTION "AS we have discussed the ways to simplify the study of two-dimensional motion by treating itas two independent straight line mations along two perpendicular directions, we apply it to analyse the motion of a projectile. A projectile is any body which once thrown or projected into space with some initial velocity moves thereafter Under the influence of gravity and air resistance alone. For example, a football thrawn in air, an arrow shot from, its bow, a bullet fired from a rifle ete, ‘We can consider the motion of a projectile as the combination of two ane-dimensional motions along horizontal ‘and vertical directions. Let a stone be thrown in air, with some initial velocity vg . from the ground. Let x-axis les along the horizontal along which the projectile moves. And the y-axis lies along the vertical direction. Then wd + Voy) If ¥o makes an angle 0 with the x-axis, then Yox=¥o2080 [Horizontal speed at the time of release] Yoy=Vo8ind —_—_—(Vertical speed at the time of release] ‘This is shown in the figure given below. We have chosen the point of projection as origin, ity ta penta 9, jects aie) ah ascot erties Prt 8: Rage Oe: Aa Tee Pe Rd, Ne 110008, Ph: OF AreESASS ios: teachmint comitielstudymaterilcias-1thiphysics/aakashmationinaplanepdifadc3138-bec-seab-b39a-23960495c094 aire118723, 552 PM POF|s viewer 184 Motion in a Plane Board & Competitive Exams. In our study, we neglect the effect of air resistance on the motion of the projectile. In other words we ‘assume the alr resistance to be negligible so that the motion of the stone is. almost similar to what itwould have been if thrown in vacuum, This assumption simplifies our study as we have to consider the acceleration due to ‘gravity only, that influences the velocity of the projectile. Equation of Path of a Projectile Lotus divide our study in Wo parts: (Along hortzontal :As there is no horizontal force acting on the stone. its horizontal velocity 7, remains constant throughout its motion and is equal to its initial horizontal velocity = Va = Vos =¥ecos0 Ifo take the time at which the stone is projected as f= 0, then itsherizontal displacement at any time tis x vjcosot 0 (li) Along vertical : The stone moves under a constant acceleration i. ‘The velocty iy ofthe stone attime tis given by acceleration due to gravity @ = -gj. Vy Voy at WM at = wsysino-gt (i) lis vertical displacement y in this time is given by Y= ¥otvosinat + Sov? ~y, alge YF =v9sinot - Sat Substituting yoo sinol = ¥=(tan0)x (wy Equation of trajectory of a projectile. For given values of v, and 0, the coefficients of x and x? in the abave equation are constants. Equation (iv) is the equation of trajectory of the projectile. For any given value of x (horizontal displacement of the Projectile) we can find the corresponding vertical displacement y of the projectile using this equation, Equation (v}i6 ofthe form y= ax bit where, a= tana and © = = 2 are constants, aFeos?o ‘This Is the equation of a parabola. ‘Thus a projectile traverses a parabolic path as shown in the figure. ‘A.careful study of this parabolic trajectory shows that at the highest, point ofits trajectory, the total velocity of the projectile is along horizontal direction only. The magnitude of this velocity Is vo, Itmeans, vertical component v,, of volocty iszore at this point. ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid, Regd. Omice : Aakash Tower, B, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph 011-47623456 ios: teachmint comitielstudymaterilcias-1thiphysics/aakashmationinaplanepdifadc3138-bec-seab-b39a-23960495c094 soir118723, 552 PM POF|s viewer Board & Competitive Exams. Motion in a Plane 185, ‘Time of Flight Time of Maximum Height The tll Un for oh the prjte erin oh aed ts re of ght Ln, the ne a tio te Projectile reaches point P (see given above) after being projected from point O. The time of flight is usually. esr Tota; conterne sauston Oi sbovece, y= esse Leet From point Oto point P, the vertical displacement of the projectile is zero ie... y= 0. O= vo snot, - 3977? ye Besine @ ‘This gives the value of time of flight. ‘Atteratively, consider the equation v= (vesind) = gt Atthe highest pointy: 0=yh0-ot vp sino o This is the time taken by the projectile to reach the maximum height. Let it be denoted by f,, From the symmetry of the parabolic path (sae figure), we can see that the projectile takes the same time f,, to go from highest point to the ground. = t Thus time of fight 7; ~ 2g — 2000 @ Maximum Height of a Projectile A projectile takes time t,, ~ Yo5in® to reach the highest point after being projected. Using this in equation (i) oftast section. ye ‘This is the maximum height attained by the projectile. Horizontal Range of a Projectile ‘The maximum horizontal distance travelled by the projectile during its flights called the horizontal range of the projectile. This is the distance OP as shown in the above figure. It is denoted by F- R canbe calculated by using equation for horizontal displacement which is, x= (vycosoyt ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. Regd. Office = Askash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Deihi-110006, Ph. at1-47623456 ios: teachmint comitielstudymaterilcias-1thiphysics/aakashmationinaplanepdifadc3138-bec-seab-b39a-23960495c094 ara118029, 652 PM PDF js viewer 186 Motion in a Plane Board & Competitive Exams. When x=R, t =T; 2 Rebvpconoy MoaNO) _ 2Gtsnoe090) pa tesn20 [+ 2 sino cos0 = sin(20)) Note: () For @ given value of vy R Is maximum for sin20 = 1 or for 0 = 45%, We have v2 = Ras =g ‘So a projectile will go upto the maximum horizontal afstance, if it is projected at 45° with the horizontal (i) If the elevations of two projectiles, projected with same speed from a point, exceed © fall short of 45° by equal amounts, their horizontal ranges are equal. Its so because for angles 45° + « and 45° ~ «, respective values of 20 are 90° + 2 and 90° — 2c. ‘sin{90° + 2a) = sint90" - 2a) sin(90" + 2a) _ vi sin(90°—2a) ‘Note that (45° + a) + (45*— a) = 90°. Hence the two angles are complementary to each other. It was Galileo who first stated the principle of physical independence of the horizontal and vertical ‘motion of a projectie in his book "Dialogue on the great world system” in 1632. Example 13 : The initial speed of an arrow shot from a bow. at an elevation of 30°, is 15.m s-1. Find its velocity whon it hits the ground back. Solution; Hore vy = 15 m 5”, angle of projection, 0p = 30° Thorefore va, = Vo 6090, = 15 c09(30") 1508 et 1883 ms ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. Regd. Office : Aukash Tower, 8, Puss Road. New Delhi-110005, Ph. 011-47623456 hllps:wawteachmint comiilelstudymaterialciass-tIthiphysicsiaakashmoloninaplanepdtladc3138-Sbec-Aeab-b333-23360435¢204 sara118723, 552 PM POF|s viewer Board & Competitive Exams. Motion in a Plano 187 And vp, = ¥osindg 15 = Ems Horizontal component of velocity remains constant throughout the flight /<., Ai) v, = -vesino, 415 yom Thus, total velocity v = vi evE veismst Lot the final velocity make an angle 0 with the positive x-ax orton '(%) 30° ‘Thus, the arrow touches the ground with the same speed with which it is projected and also at the same angle 30° but in negative diraction, as shown in the figure, Note: This result is true for all the projectiles, and for al the pairs of points, lying et same ‘horizontal level, on their trajectories. See the figure, ios: teachmint comitielstudymaterilcias-1thiphysics/aakashmationinaplanepdifadc3138-bec-seab-b39a-23960495c094 sara118029, 652 PM PDF js viewer 188 Motion in a Plane Board & Competitive Exams. Example 14 : A ball is thrown with @ speed of 20 m s“ at an elevation angle 45°, Find its time of flight and the horizontal range [lake g = 10m 57] Solution: Here ve = 20 ms", 0, = 45" 2v0sin® __40 7, = 2vesin® _ Time of fight Oe = 22s Horizontal range when 0 = 45° is given by Panu = 2 = $00 «40m Example 15 : A projectile has a range of 40 m and reaches a maximum height of 10 m. Find the angle at which the projectile is fired. Solution : R802 40m n= Yesin® Oo 10m 20 Dividing the two, we got 2isin 205) _ 4 sin? 0 43in0, cos) infos = tano, = 0, = 45" Example 16 : A stone is thrown with a speed of 10 m =~ at an angle of projection 60°. Find its height above the [point of projection when It is at a horizontal distance of 3 m from the thrower? [Take g = 10 m sf ‘Solution : Considering the equation of trajectory, 7 e-—_, 2 YANO Tree agh Hore y= 20" voz 10m ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. Regd. Omice : Askaah Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph. 011-47623486 hllps:wawteachmint comiilelstudymaterialciass-tIthiphysicsiaakashmoloninaplanepdtladc3138-Sbec-Aeab-b333-23360435¢204 aire118723, 552 PM POF|s viewer Board & Competitive Exams. Motion in a Plane 189 10 =ttaneoys-—__9_¢a ’ 7 2(100c0s" 60° i * ° sae} _ 15-9, ~ 5 = 3396 m Try Yourself 25. Find the velocity of a projectile at the highest point, if it is projected with a speed 15 ms, In the direction 45" above horizontal. [take g = 10 m 2] 26. A cricket ball is thrown at a speed of 28 m st in a direction 30° above the horizontal. Calculate its maximum height. 27. A bullet fred at an angle of 60° with the vertical hits the levelled ground al a distance of 200 m. Find the distance at which the bullet will hit the ground when fired at angle of 30° (with same speed) [Hint : 60° + 30° = 90°) 28. An object is projected with velocity Jy = 15) +20]. Considering x along horizontal axis: and along vertical axis, Find Its velocity after 2 ». [Take g = 10 ms 29. A player kicks a ball at an angle of 37° to the horizontal with an initial speed of 15 ms". Find its ume of fight 30. Find the ratio of maximum horizontal range and the maximum height attained by the projectile le, for 0, = 45" Example 17 : Discuss the motion of @ body when projected horizontally from 8 height. ‘Solution : | S h t= > —r—— () Range ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Deihi-110005, Ph, O11-47623455 ios: teachmint comitielstudymaterilcias-1thiphysics/aakashmationinaplanepdifadc3138-bec-seab-b39a-23960495c094 asia118029, 652 PM PDF js viewer 190 Motion in a Plane Board & Competitive Exams. Example 18 : A body is thrown horizontally from the top of tower and strikes the ground after three seconds lat an angie of 45° with the horizontal. Then find The height of the tower (The speed of projection of the body Solution: —{i)_Let H be the height of the tower PH as The time of fight, 7; = = 44.1 (ii) Let the speed of projection be v,, ‘Then for horizontal projection y = -ot Af = 7 =38, =-98%3 =-24mst ‘The angle which the final velocity makes with the horizontal 48° (Given) Try Yourself 31. From the top of a 490 m high iff, a boy throws a stone horizontally with an initial speed of 15 m ©. What is the time taken by the stone to reach the ground? 32. In the above problem, find the speed with which the stone hits the ground, ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph. 011-47623456 hllps:wawteachmint comiilelstudymaterialciass-tIthiphysicsiaakashmoloninaplanepdtladc3138-Sbec-Aeab-b333-23360435¢204 air118723, 552 PM POF|s viewer Board & Competitive Exams. Motion ina Plane 191 21. At the topmost point of a trajectory, its velocity and acceleration are at an angle of Mo @ 4 (@) 90° (@) 180" 22. The horizontal ranges described by two projectiles, projected at angles (45° @) and (45* + 6) from the same Point and same velocity are in the ratio (254 at @ 2:3 @ 1:2 23. A cricket ball of mass m is hitted at the angle 45° to the horizontal with velocity v. Its kinetic energy at the topmost point is mo @ pme o% @ Fe 24. The path of a projectile is (1) Circular @) Parabolic @) Linear (4) Hyperbolic. 25. Which of the following is not a projectila? (1) An aircraft taking off (2) A bullet fred from a rifle (@) A ball thrown nerizontally from @ root (4) A football kicked by a player 28. Ia stone projected from ground, takes 4 s to reach the topmost point of its trajectory, then time of fight is 4s @es @2s @ 10s 27. The maximum height attained by a ball projected with speed 20 ms at an angle 45° with the horizontal Is [lake g = 10 me] (1) 40m (2) 20m @) 10m (4) 30m 28. The time of fight of an object projected with speed 20 ms-" at an angle 30° with the horizontal, is Mis @Q4s @2s5 @ 6s 29. At the topmost point of its path. a projectile has acceleration of magnitude ao Qe @ @% OB 30. At what angle of elevation, should a projectile be projected with velocity 20 ms“, so as to reach a maximum height of 10m? Qo @) 90" @ 4 @ 6 ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. Regd. OMtice : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Deihi-110006, Ph. 011-47623458 ios: teachmint comitielstudymaterilcias-1thiphysics/aakashmationinaplanepdifadc3138-bec-seab-b39a-23960495c094 anita118723, 552 PM POF|s viewer 192 Motion in a Plane Board & Competitive Exams. UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION Have you ever noticed the motion of the tip of a minute hand. If you notice, it goes round a circular path at a uniform rate. That means it takes equal time to cover equal distances, however small, along the circular path. ‘Such kind of motion in which an object goes along a circular path at a constant speed is called uniform circular motion, Thus an object in uniform circular motion has a constant speed at every point of its path, A variable velocity. as the speed is always in different * ¥ directions at every point. ‘An acceleration that changes its direction. " Let us find the magnitude and the direction of this ® acceleration, ” Expression for Centripetal Acceleration Consider a particle moving on a circular path of radius r and centre O, with uniform speed v, as shown inthe figure following. Let the particle is at point Pat time f, and at Q at time + At. Let and be the velocity vectors at Pand @ rected along the tangents at Pand Qrespectvaly. To find the change in velocity, take an extemal point A. Draw vectors ABand AG such thet AB=V, and AG = V3. Draw the vector 3G to cose the triangle, a8 shown. According to the tiangle method of vector edition BBC - AC = BC-AC-AB = BE=v;-v-00 ‘This is the change in velocity during this time interval a By definition, the average acceleration is given by Since the path is circular, V; is perpendicular to 7, and sos Vj to. Therefore, Av tools perpendicularto AF ‘and hence d is also perpendicular to af. ‘As Al-+0, the average acceleration becomes the instantaneous acceleration and A also approaches zero, In this limit, as AB = AC, so “ABC= ACB = 90°. Thus Av and hence @ is perpendicular to velocity vector Vj. But since V; is directed along tangent at point P, so acceleration contre of the elrel seeking’ ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road. New Delhi-110005, Ph. 011-47623486 acts along the radius towards the ‘That is why this acceleration is called centripetal acceleration which means ‘centre ios: teachmint comitielstudymaterilcias-1thiphysics/aakashmationinaplanepdifadc3138-bec-seab-b39a-23960495c094 air118029, 652 PM PDF js viewer Board & Competitive Exams. Motion in a Plane 193, Magnitude of dam cgi ol aa = tim 17 Val ny Se ® Now APOQ and ABAC in the above figure are similar by SAS similarity. Pa _ ac Hence. Gp” AaB ar _ aw [i ] + a Byam =v => avatar ‘Substituting in equation (i) above 11 = Jim ¥ oe er at v wn OF =a at a." a ae [v wnt--] au cps sr sc oan ign) ati secs bec hanes crbuSomnncs al iekaconearac ~~ Angular Displacement and Angular speed ‘Wen the patticie goes from P'to @ in last figure, radius OP tums through an angle AU. Here AO is known as the angular displacement of the particle. So the angle swept out by the radius vector, when a particle moves along a circular path Is called its angular displacement 48. the angular displacement 40 takes a time Af tooccur, then the angular speed wis given as A thorough analysis of centripetal acceleration was first published in 1673 by the Dutch scientist, ‘Christian Huygens (1629-1695) but it was probably known to Newton also some years earlier. Hence, «is the rate of change of angular displacement. ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. Regd. Office : Aakash Tower. 8. Pusa Road, New Deihi-110006, Ph. O11-47623456, hllps:wawteachmint comiilelstudymaterialciass-tIthiphysicsiaakashmoloninaplanepdtladc3138-Sbec-Aeab-b333-23360435¢204 air118723, 552 PM POF|s viewer 194 Motion in a Plane Board & Competitive Exams. I the particle covers distance As along the circumference during time Av, then Also A8=rA0 [See figure] ue at Hence, |v or wa% ‘Substituting v= na in the expression for centripetal acceleration, we get Time Period and Frequency The time taken by an object, moving along a ciccular path, to complete one revolution is called its time period. Itis usually denoted by T. vet r er = 2nv aps or =(2mve a= 4n2y2r ‘Those are few important expressions useful in studying uniform circular motion. Example 19 : An object revolves uniformly in a circle of diameter 0.80 m and completes 100 revolutions per ‘minute. Find its time period and angular speed. Solution: Diamotor = 0.80 m Radius r= 0.4 m Given that frequency, v= 100 revolutions per minute. = 22 archon por esc ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. Regd. Ofice : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph, 011-47623456 ios: teachmint comitielstudymaterilcias-1thiphysics/aakashmationinaplanepdifadc3138-bec-seab-b39a-23960495c094 air118029, 652 PM PDF js viewer Mation ina Plane 195, 2m _ 263.14 rT 06 = 10.466 rads radis. Example 20 ; Calculate the angular speed of a flywheel making 420 revolutions per minute. Solution : Given, w= 420 revolutions per into 0 a arama iT ea pa Shins onguar nese ae = 22257 7 w= 44 ra Example 21 : A boy whirls @ stone ted to @ thread, such thal the stone moves uniformly in a circle. What must. be the length of the thread if the stone completes 42 rounds in a minute with a uniform speed of 22ms'? Solution : Here length of the thread forms the radius of the circular path in which the stone moves. ‘Given frequency of revolution v= 42 reviminute Calculate the angular speed of the hour hand of a clock. Solution The hour hand completes one round in 12 hours. One round makes an angular displacement 2r hllps:wawteachmint comiilelstudymaterialciass-tIthiphysicsiaakashmoloninaplanepdtladc3138-Sbec-Aeab-b333-23360435¢204 anita118723, 552 PM POF|s viewer 196 Motion in a Plane ‘Board & Competitive Exams. 39. An insect trapped in a circular groove of radius 12 cm moves along the groove steadily and completes 7 revolutions in 100 s. What is the angular speed and the linear speed of the motion? 34. What is the magnitude of the centripetal acceleration in above problem? 35. A mark on the rim of a rotating circular wheel of 0.50 m radius is moving with a speed of 10 ms-'. Find its angular speed. 36. Find the angular speed of the minute hand of a clock. 37. A dust particle lying at the rim of a wheel has an angular speed of 22 rad/s. Find its time period, 38. fan object completes 49 revolutions in a minute around a circular path with a speed 7 ms-*. Find the radius of the path, ‘A particle goes uniformly in circular motion with an angular speed rad s-*. What is its time period? 40, The angular dislacament of an cbect having sno crear mation te rad in every 2 8 Find reancy of rvokion. 31. The angle between velocity vector and acceleration vector in uniform circutar motion is. Mo @) 180" @) 9 (4) 45 32. Two cydiists cycle along circular tracks of radii R, and R, at uniform rates. If both of them take same time to complete one revolution, then their angular speeds ara in the ratio, () RR, @ RR, @ 14 (4) RR 1 33. Angular speed of a uniformly circulating body with time period Tis 2n ( ar ae @ xr OF 34. An object moving ina circular path at constant speed has constant 1) Energy (2) Velocity (@) Acceleration (4) Displacement 35. Speed of an object moving in circular path of radius 10 m with angular speed 2 rads is () 10m @ sms @ 20 ms (4) 90 ms 36. A body performing uniform circular motion completed 140 revolution in a second. Its angular speed is (1) 880 rads @) 440 rads @) 220 rads (4) 240 rads ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid, Regd. Omice : Aakash Tower, B, Pus Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph, 011-47623456 ios: teachmint comitielstudymaterilcias-1thiphysics/aakashmationinaplanepdifadc3138-bec-seab-b39a-23960495c094 aaa118723, 552 PM POF|s viewer Board & Competitive Exams. Motion in a Plane 197 37. Centripetal acceleration of a cyclist completing 7 rounds in a minute along a circular track of radius § m with a constant speed, is (4) 2.7 mis? (@) 4 mis? @) 3.78 mis? (4) 6 mis? 38. If the frequency of an object in uniform circular motion is doubled, its acceleration becomes: (1) Two times 2) Four tmes (©) Hat (4) One fourth 39. Abody is moving on a circle of radius 80 m with a speed 20 rvs which is decreasing at the rate 5 m/s* at an instant. ‘The angle made by its acceleration with its velocity is (1) 45° @) 90 @ 138 ae 40. The distance of a particle moving on a circle of radius 12 m measured from a fixed point on the circle and measured along the circle is given by s = 2P (in meters). The ratio of its tangential to centripetal acceleration at t= 25 is, mas @ 1:2 @ 24 351 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION 1. Time taken to travel distance x downstream x “veu 2. Time taken to travel distance x upstream x ‘Time interval for round tip. At te ten 3. Concept of direction on a horizontal plane Location of point P can be written as 5 malong 30° N of E ce 5 malong 60° E of N Location of point Q can be written as 10 m along northwest. ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. Regd. Office : Askash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph. 011-47629458 ios: teachmint comitielstudymaterilcias-1thiphysics/aakashmationinaplanepdifadc3138-bec-seab-b39a-23960495c094 aaira118723, 552 PM POF|s viewer 1198 Motion in a Plane Board & Competitive Exams. 4. Useful triangle 3 ware? ait ware t 4 <| wnsvet sexy 4cm cased i A d ware = 3 mar = 4 5. Application of Resolving Vectors into Components In this section we will discuss some applications of resolving a vectors into components, (Consider a ring constrained to move horizontally by smooth rod as shown in the figure and Is pulled with the help of an inextensible string, Let the speed of the ring Is Ve in horizontal direction. Therefore velocity of the ring along the string 1S Vi 080. This must be equal to V as the length of string is constant Lo., va c080 =v] i) Consider a rod of length AB sliding down a smooth wall as shown in the figure and the velocity of end A is vq in horizontal direction as shawn in the figure and we want to find the speed of end B. At th instant, the rod makes angle @ with horizontal, the components of velocity of A and B along the rod are v,cosi and vgsin0. AS the length of the rod is constant [va sin0 = vq 080] ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road. New Delhi 110005, Ph 011-47623456 ios: teachmint comitielstudymaterilcias-1thiphysics/aakashmationinaplanepdifadc3138-bec-seab-b39a-23960495c094 arta118723, 552 PM POF|s viewer Board & Competitive Exams. Motion in a Plane 199 (ii) Consider n persons are standing at the vertices of a regular n sided polygon of side a. Each person starts moving towards the person standing at the adjacent comer with same speed v. (A) The persons will meet at the centre of the polygon after time (8) In this time each person will cover a distance of d = vt ES) Ceset; —tiean equlatora tangle, put n . 2s “aap t voveon(2) vee Coed: Whine quar, puin= : ynean(y as A Wate nexagen, put n= 6 —_s aia aoe v-veos| = = 6. Projectile Motion ‘Some additional results (Fora givan horizontal range with a given speed of projection, there are two directions of projaction, which are equally inclined to the direction of maximum projection (0 = 45"), So, these two angles of projection are 45° + a and 45° = ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. Regd. Office : Askash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Deihi-110006, Ph. O11-47623456 ios: teachmint comitielstudymaterilcias-1thiphysics/aakashmationinaplanepdifadc3138-bec-seab-b39a-23960495c094 asia118723, 552 PM POF|s viewer 200 Motion in a Plane Board & Competitive Exams. In this case ratio of their maximum heights is given by Fits tar 0 and = 4 Ratio of their times of flight = =tane y (W)Change in momentum of the projectile during its complete joumey is Ap = -2musing] Wi) Radius of curvature at the point of projection, when direction of motion (or velocity) is « with the horizontal. in po weoste_¥ Is PU'goos’a geosa* where v is instantaneous velocity and u is initial velocity. At the highest point, p ~ ““& (Ww) A point on the trajectory of @ projectile projected at angle 0 with horizontal subtends angle « and fi at the point of projection and point of landing, then (minimum) tan0 = tana: + tan ‘Scalars : The quantities having magnitude and appropriate units are scalars. Distance, mass, time, speed, temperature are all scalars. Vector : The quantities having both magnitude and direction along with an appropriate unit, and ‘obey triangle law of addition are called vectors. ‘* Equal vectors: Two vectors having same direction and equal magnitude are called equal vectors. Equality of vectors is denoted as A= 5 © Null vector : A vector having zero magnitude is called a null vector. It has no specific direction. It is denoted by 6. + Unit vector : A vector having unit magnitude and used to specify a particular direction is called ‘unit vector. It has no unit. It is denoted by for A etc. ‘Resolution of vectors : The process of spitting up of @ vector into two or more vectors is known a8 the resolution of a vector. © Relative velocity : When two objects move with velocities 7, and 7, wrt. a common reference: point, the relative velocity of A w.rt. B is glVeN 85 Van =Va—Vo © Projectile : A projectile is any body which once thrown or projected into space with some initial ‘velocity moves thereafter under the influence of gravity alone. For example, a football thrown in air, an arrow shot from its bow, a bullet fired from a rife etc. Here we neglect the air resistance. ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph. 011-47623486 ios: teachmint comitielstudymaterilcias-1thiphysics/aakashmationinaplanepdifadc3138-bec-seab-b39a-23960495c094 aaira118723, 552 PM POF|s viewer Board & Competitive Exams. Motion in a Plano 201 ‘= Time of flight : The total time for which projectile remains in fight is called its time of flight. ¢ Horizontal range : The horizontal distance travelled by a projectile during Its fight is called its horizontal range. © Uniform circular motion : Motion in which an object goes along a circular path at a constant speed is called uniform circular motion. +) Contripetat cceteation : The eccteaion of an object moving a ute cetarmoon : i caledcantipta acostraton, ae =". tie akvay directed toward the ance ‘+ Angular Displacement (0) : The angle swept out by the radius vector, when a particle moves ‘along @ crcular path, is called its angular displacement. Angular speed (0): The rae of change of anguiar ceplacement, = 22 © Time period : Time taken to complete one revolution. © Frequency : Number of revolutions completed in a unit time, 6. Law of cosines. If A= R-VPP+Q7+2PQco80 0 = angie between B and 7. Direction of RE _ Qcos0 PrQsino 8 Lawot sines 1 R=B+G then z JP pug RL ‘sin sina sino = Askash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Puss Road, New Dethi-110008, Ph. 011-47623456 angle between Rand B ios: teachmint comitielstudymaterilcias-1thiphysics/aakashmationinaplanepdifadc3138-bec-seab-b39a-23960495c094 arta118723, 552 PM POF|s viewer 202 Motion in a Piano Board & Competitive Exams. 9. Displacement of an object from position F to 7” AP aR 7 = (x x9 + -y)) 10. Average velocity in time interval At 414. Position of an object at time 4, if itis initially at f. having initial velocity vy and moving with constant acceleration @, is Ste lant Fam rogte lav cae) 1, e wary tat + Jae == Y, + Yoyt + Layt?| In component form YA Yo + Voyt + Za,t7& | Jae +Vett Far tVast+ 15. Veloaty 7 of an object at time f fs initial velocity Is V, and it moves with constant acceleration & . Vav+at In component form Ve Vou * Of Vy o Moy t Of Vp" Vap* af 16. Equation of trajectory of a projectile 5 = angle of projection vq = velocity of projection vg sin? 0, EA 18. Time of fight T, Fase 17. Maximum height fy, ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. Regd. Ofice : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph. 011-47623456 ios: teachmint comitielstudymaterilcias-1thiphysics/aakashmationinaplanepdifadc3138-bec-seab-b39a-23960495c094 aire118723, 552 PM POF|s viewer Board & Competitive Exams. Motion in a Plane 203 vasin20 49. Horizontal range R 20. Centipetal acceleration 9, = = uFR = 4h where v= Speed of the object, R= Radius of the circular path 1. Scalar quantities are described by magnitude and a unit only while vector quantities have both magnitude and direction along with a unit. 2. Vectors obey triangle law of vector addition or equivalently parallelogram law of vector addition. 3. Vector addition is commutative. As (B+ C)= (As B)4E 7. Avvector can be split (or resolved) into two or more vectors called components of the vector. ‘The components of a vector F along the direction af two vectors Tand 7 lying in a plane containing B can be given by B= al + bi, where a and b are real numbers. afi) and b(7) are components of F slong / and mi itis Convenient to resolve a general vector along the axes of a rectangular co-ordinate system Using Unit vector along the axes, namely 7, j and k,a8 fellows P= Pi +7] +P, K A vector F can be specified by two methods. ( By its magnitude | B | and its orientation 0 with x-axis in x-y plane. ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. Rlogd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa load, New Deihi-110005, Pn. O11-47623455, ios: teachmint comitielstudymaterilcias-1thiphysics/aakashmationinaplanepdifadc3138-bec-seab-b39a-23960495c094 aire118723, 552 PM POF|s viewer 204 Motion in a Plane Board & Competitive Exams. 10. 1" (i) By iis rectangular components along the corresponding co-ordinale axes fe. P, and P, P, = Peost P, = Paina P- oP and F=P,1+2,) Two vectors F and @ can be added as follows Ber i+e] G-0,1+0,7 al P+G=(P,+Q,9+(7, +O, 2 R= P,+Q, R= P,+Q, Displacement of an object from position r to r’can be shown by the vector a=? where 7 and? are respective position vectors. {fan object shows @ displacement A7 during a time interval Af, then @ tts average velocity 7 = 27 ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. Regd. Ofice : Askash Tower, 8, Puss Road, New Delhi-110008, Ph 011-47623486 ios: teachmint comitielstudymaterilcias-1thiphysics/aakashmationinaplanepdifadc3138-bec-seab-b39a-23960495c094 sara19123, 5:52PM PDFs viewer Board & Competitve Exams. Motion in a Plane 205 12. For an object moving in a plane with constant acceleration &, If itis at position rg at {= 0, then its position 7 at time t is given by where J, = initial velocity Its velocity at time tis Va iv, +8¢ In component form tog am tests day Hence, motion in a plane can be treated as superposition of two separate simultaneous one- dimensional motions along two perpendicular directions. 13. Projectile : A projectile is any body which once thrown or projected into space with some initial velocity moves thereafter under the influence of gravity alone. For example, a football thrown in air, an arrow shot from its bow, a bullet fired from a rifle etc. If an object is projected with initial velocity vy making an angle 0g with x-axes and if we assume its initial position to coincide with the origin of the co-ordinate system, then its horizontal and vertical position and velocities, af time f are respectively given by (vqc0s09)t ont y =velsine, 2 Yau = Yo CO5%g vy = vgsind, — gt Path followed by a projectile is called its trajectory. It is parabolic. oe _, 2{¥,. C0805) Equation of trajectory y = (tan0, )x ~ Maximum height attained by the projectile Hua = 2v, sind, g Velocity and acceleration are perpendicular to each other at highest point of the trajectory of a projectile. ‘And the time for which the projectile is in flight is called time of fight 7; ésin20, o Horizontal range ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. Regd. Office = Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Deihi-110006, Ph. 011-47623456 ios: teachmint comitielstudymaterilcias-1thiphysics/aakashmationinaplanepdifadc3138-bec-seab-b39a-23960495c094 sr118029, 652 PM PDF js viewer 206 Motion in a Plane Board & Competitive Exams. 14. Uniform circular motion : Motion in which an object goes along a circular path at a constant speed is called uniform circular motion. 15. Centripetal acceleration : The acceleration of an abject moving in uniform circular motion Pe ae ae towards the centre. 16. Angular speed (.) : The rate of change of angular displacement 17. Time period : Time taken to complete one revolution by an object. 18, Frequency : Number of revolutions completed in unit time is called frequency. gaa ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. Regd. Oice : Askash Tower, 8, Pusa Road. New Delh-110005, Ph 011-47625456 hllps:wawteachmint comiilelstudymaterialciass-tIthiphysicsiaakashmoloninaplanepdtladc3138-Sbec-Aeab-b333-23360435¢204 sara118723, 552 PM POF|s viewer Be rscignment (SET - 1) School/Board Examinations Students are required to solve and write the solutions in their exercise book. For referring solutions to the assignment (Set-1), please visit our Library at the Centre or log on to our website: www.aakash.ac.in ios: teachmint comitielstudymaterilcias-1thiphysics/aakashmationinaplanepdifadc3138-bec-seab-b39a-23960495c094 sar118723, 552 PM POF|s viewer 208 Motion in a Plane Board & Competitive Exams. SECTION -A School/Board Exam. Type Questions Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Which ofthe followingis a scalar quantity? Momentum, Acceleration, Wark, Force. Name two vector quantities Can thrae vectors of diferent magnitudes be combined to give a zero resultant? W|A+B|=|A—B|, what is the angle between A and? ‘What is the average value of acceleration of an object in uniform circular motion in one complete revolution? Electric current has both magnitude and direction, so sit a vector? Can the sum of two vectors be a scalar? Noonan ‘What is the magnitude of 74.77 ee What is the direction of A+& for parallel vectors A and& 7 10. When can the sum of two vectors be minimum and maximum? ‘Short Answer Type Questions : 11. Two vectors having magnitudes A and /3 A are perpendicular to each other. What is the angle between their resultant and A? 12, Find the angle of the vector A=37+6j-& with y-axis. 13. A boy sitting in a train moving with constant velocity, throws a bell vertically upwards. How does the ball appear to move to an observer, (i) inside the train, (i) outside the train. 14. Rain is falling vertically with speed 20 m/s. A man runs with speed of 10 m/s towards east. In which direction should he hold his umbrella? 45. Are the two vectors (2 kg) (4 ms, towards east) and 2(4 mvs, towards eas!) same? 18. WAsB=S and [G|>1AlandiB!. Does that mean |G|>|A| +151? 117. Show graphically that subtraction of two vectors #3 not commutatve. 18. A projectile is fired with kinetic energy 4 kJ. If its range is maximum, whal is its K.E. at the highest point of ts pat? 19. For a given velocity in projectile motion, name the quantities related ta a projectile which have maximum values when the maximum height attained by the projectile is the largest. 20. Give a few examples of motion in two dimensions. 21. Find the angle of projection at which the horizontal range and maximum height of a projectile are equal. ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. Regd. Office : Askash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph. 011-47623486 ios: teachmint comitielstudymaterilcias-1thiphysics/aakashmationinaplanepdifadc3138-bec-seab-b39a-23960495c094 air118723, 552 PM POF|s viewer Board & Competitive Exams. Motion in a Plane 209 22. Why is centripetal acceleration called so? Is it a constant vector? 23. What do you mean by resolution of a vector and components of a vector? 24. Find components of vector addition of 21+4]-k and 31-2) +2k 25. If the position of particle at time fis given by f = 2f7/ +61] +8k. 7 has the unit m. Find the component of velocity along z-axis al time (= 4 s, 28. An object is projected at an angle 30”. If its horizontal velocity is 50 km/h, what is its vertical velocity? 27. Whats the relative velocity of a man swimming downstream with speed 12 knvh (in still water) with respect to a child running towards the river with speed 4 kmh in direction perpendicular to water flow? Speed of water flow = 4 kenih, 28. What do you mean by angular speed in uniform circular motion? How is it related to time period and centripetal acceleration? 29. A cyclist going round a circular path with constant speed 10 km/h completes 42 revolutions in 30 minutes. Find its centripetal acceleration. 30. Find time of fight of an object projected at angle 30° with speed 60 mis. (take g = 10 m/s?] Long Answer Type Questions : 31. State and prove the law of cosines. 32. Define a unit vector. Explain how can we express a vector using unit vectors along coordinate axes. Find unit vector along the vector 6] +8) + 10k. 33, Explain how can we resolve @ vector into two components lying in ite plane. g ()_ Derive expression for the horizontal range of a projectile, 2 (The maximum range of a projectile is times the actual range for a given velocity of projection. What is the angle of projection for the actual range? 35. Can the resultant of three non parallel, coplanar forces of magnitudes 4 N, 8 N and 3 N acting on a particle be zero? Explain 36. (i) Show that a projectile follows a parabolic path. (i). Find the horizontal distances travelled by a projectile projected at an angle 30° with horizontal with speed 15 mvs, at the time it is at height 2.5 m above the point of projection. [take g = 10 ms] 37. Prove the commutative and associalive properties of vector addition. How do we specify the position of an object using vectors? 38. The position of an object is described by the vector 7 = ¢?] +2] -tk at any time t. Find its position, velocity and acceleration at time f= 6s. Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Deihi-110005, Ph. 011-47629458 ios: teachmint comitielstudymaterilcias-1thiphysics/aakashmationinaplanepdifadc3138-bec-seab-b39a-23960495c094118723, 552 PM POF|s viewer 210 Motion in a Plane Board & Competitive Exams. 39. if A= 2) ~j and B=/ ~2]. find the scalar magnitude and directions of OA @ 6 and (il) A+B 40. Show that a Iwo-dimensional uniformly accelerated motion is. a combination of two one-dimensional motions: ‘along perpendicular directions. 41. Define the following, © Relative velocity (@) Average velocity (il) Average acceleration (&) Centripetal accsteration 42. (@ Using graphical method, find the angle between (i+ }) and (i -]). (W)_ Express the unit vector along above mentioned vectors. 43. The coiling of a long hall is 30 m high. What is the maximum horizontal distance that ball thrown with a speed 45 ms-’ can go without hitting the ceiling of the wall? (take g = 10 m/s] 44. A body of mass 10 kg revolves in a circle of diameter 0.8 m completing 420 revolutions in a minute. Caloulate its © Angular speed (@ Linear speed (ii) Time period and (&) Centripetal acceleration 45, A bird is fying with velocity 57+6] wrt. wind. Wind blows along y-axis with velocity v. I bird is inialy at A, ‘and after sometime reaches B as shown, Find v, and also find the velocity of bird with respect to ground 8 [307 al SECTION - B Model Test Paper Name two vector quantities. 2. Pick out the scalar quantity among the following : relative velocity, viscous drag, current, work, momentum. Ian object having uniform circular motion undergoes an angular displacement A0, what is the angle between Its initial and final velocity vectors? Give an example of null vector. ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delh-110005, Ph, 011-47623456 ios: teachmint comitielstudymaterilcias-1thiphysics/aakashmationinaplanepdifadc3138-bec-seab-b39a-23960495c094 serra118723, 552 PM POF|s viewer Board & Competitive Exams. Motion in a Plano 214 5. Add the vectors 2/ +3 ~jand-3i -2j 6. Ifa projectile is projected at 55°, with same speed? _at what other angle can it be projected to obtain the same range if projected When can A+ be equal to A-B? What is the time pariod of an object completing 40 revolutions in a minute? 9. Keeping the angle of projection same, how does the horizontal range of a projectile vary, when its initial velocity is doubled? 10. Give two methods to specify a vector in a plane. 11. Find @ unit vector parallel to the vector 3/.+7]+4k. 12. Find the resultant of two forces of magnitude 12 N and 7 N acting simultaneously on a body at angle 60* with each other. 13. ‘Show that the horizontal range of a projectile is maximum when projected at angle 45°, for given vy. 14. The angle between velocities V4 and ¥g is 60°. Find Yjgif |v, |=16and |vg|=4 15. How would a projectile motion be affected if air rasistance becomes too large to be neglected? 16. Find the magnitude of change in momentum of an oblique projectile during its whole joumey if velocity and angle of projection are v, and 0, respectively. 17. Find the magnitude of change in velocity for the uniform circular motion shown below. 18, Define the following terms. (Uniform circular mation () Angular displacement (08) Frequency of rotation 19. Give one example of each ofthe folowing (A vector without unit (i) A vector not naving any speciic direction (ii) A vector which is not constant 20. ‘Show that parallelogram method and triangle method of vector addition are equivalent 21. Find the velocity of an abject after 3 s if ts position at f= 0 is given as 7 = 34i+ 267) ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. Regd. Offos : Askash Tower, 8, Puss Road, New Deihi-110008, Ph, 011-47620456 ios: teachmint comitielstudymaterilcias-1thiphysics/aakashmationinaplanepdifadc3138-bec-seab-b39a-23960495c094 srr118723, 552 PM POF|s viewer 212 Motion in a Piane Board & Competitive Exams. 22. State and prove the law of sines. 23. What do you mean by relative velocity? A boat goes in a river with speed 15 kmin (in still water) while a man crosses it with speed 8 km/h (in still water). The speed of water flow is 4 kwh and the boat goes downstream. How fast and in which direction does the man swim according to a man in boat? gaa ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd, Regd. Ofice : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph. 011-47623456 ios: teachmint comitielstudymaterilcias-1thiphysics/aakashmationinaplanepdifadc3138-bec-seab-b39a-23960495c094 serra118723, 552 PM POF|s viewer J. Assignment (SET - 2) NEET & AIIMS (Competitive Entrance Exam.) fade3198-Sbec-teab-b3a-20950425:394 sara118723, 552 PM POF|s voor 214 Motion in a Plane Board & Competitive Exams. 8. Two forces of magnitude & N and 15 N respectively Secs A: fact at a point. tho resultant force ie. 17 N. tho Objective Type Questions 7 laieielaaiaie 1. Which of the following is a vector? oi er (1) Current @) Tre oar (@) Acceleration 4) Volume (4) 30" 2. The change in a vector may occur due to 9. A partite ts moving in a okele of radius r having (1) Rotation of frame of reference 2) Translation of frame of reference: @) Rotation of vector (4) Both (1) & (3) 3. Which one of the following pair cannot be the rectangular components of force vector of 10 N? (1) 6N&BN @) 7N& J5IN @) 6/ZN&2/7N 4) ONBIN 4. The resultant of two vectors at an angle 150° is 10 units and is perpendicular to one vector. The 19. magnitude of the smaller vector is (1) 10 units, @) 10/3 units: ©) 1042 unite 4) 58 units 5. Two vectors, each of magnitude A have a resultant 11 of same magnitude A. The angle between the two vectors is () 30° 2) eo @) 120" (4) 150" 6. Let 0 be the angle between vectors A and B Which of the following figures correctly represents 45 the angle 07 x B&B, oy c@ \ e z ® owe) a a 13, 7. & Is avector of magnitude 2.7 units due east What fs the magnitude and directon of vector 4 A? (1) 4units due east — (2) 4 units due west @) 2.7 units due east (4) 10.8 units due east centre at O, with a constant speed v. The magnitude of change in velocity in moving from A, to Bis (av @o @ av wy ‘Two forces of 10 N and 6 N act upon a body. The direction of the forces are unknown. The resultant force on the body may be () 15N @ aN @) 17N @ 2N The vector GA where O is origin is given by OA = 21 +2]. Now tis rotated by 45° anticlockwise about O. What will be the new vector? () 2427 @ 27 @ 27 (4) 227 A car moves towards north at a speed of 54 krvh for 1h. Then it moves eastward with same speed {for same duration. The average speed and velocity of car for complete journey is 15 (1) 54m, 0. 2) 15 mis, 7 ms 54 a) 0,0 4) 0, 5% ken @ w oF If the sum of two unit vectors is also a unit vector. then magnitude of their difference and angie between the two given unit vectors is (1) 3,60" @) 3,120" (@) V2, 60° (4) ¥2,120° ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid, Regd. Omice : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph. 011-47623456 ios: teachmint comitielstudymaterilcias-1thiphysics/aakashmationinaplanepdifadc3138-bec-seab-b39a-23960495c094 air118723, 552 PM Board & Competitive Exams. 14. A particle projected from origin moves in x-y plane with a velocity v = 31+6x). where 7 and J are the unit vectors along x and y axis. Find the equation of path followed by the particle 1 OM yae @ yz 4 @ y=28 @ y=t 15. Ram moves in east direction at speed of 6 mis and Shyam moves 30° east of north at a speed Of 6 mis. The magnitude of their relative velocity is () 3 mmis 2 6 mvs @) 6V3 mvs (4) 62 mvs 16. A train is running at a constant speed of 90 km/h on a straight track. A person standing at the top of 12 bogey moves in the direction of motion of the train Such that he covers 1 meters on the train each second. The speed of the person with respect to ground is () 28 mvs @ 91 km (8) 26 kev (4) 28 ms 17. Figure shows two ships moving in xy plane with velocities V, and Vj. The ships move such that B Va atways remains north of A. The ratio 7 is equal to (1) cos0 @) seco () coseca 18. Four porsons P, Q, R and are initially at the four comers of a square of side d. Each parson now moves with a constant speed v in such a way that P always moves directly towards Q, Q towards R, R towards S. and S towards P. The four persons will meet after time @ sino o a a? o) (4) They will never moot gle dle 19. 20. a 22. 23, 24, POF|s viewer Motion in a Plane 215, ‘A person, reaches a point directly opposite on the other bank of a flowing river, while swimming at a speed of 5 m/s al an angie of 120° with the flow. The speed of the flow must be 4) 25 ows @) Sms @) 4 ms (4) 1.8 ms ‘Abody of mass 1 kg is projected from ground at an ‘angle 30° with horizontal on a level ground ata speed 50 mis. The magnitude of change in momentum of the body during ts fight is (g= 10 mls?) (1) 50 kg met @) 100 kg mst @) 25 kg met (@) Zor ‘A car with a vertical windshield moves in a rain storm at a speed of 40 kmihr. The rain drops fall vertically with constant speed of 20 mvs. The angle at which rain drops strike the windshield is 5 2 (1) tan 5 @) tan? @) torr @ tot Two projectiles ae projected at angles (+) and (3-0) win ne norzonta wnere 0-<%, withsame speed. The ratio of horizontal ranges described by them is () tan: 4 (2) 1: tanto @1 @) V3 A shell is fired vertically upwards with a velocity v, from a trolley moving horizontally with velocity v, ‘A person on the ground observes the motion of the shell 28 a parabola, wnose horzontal range Is 4») ive ae a 7 9 Ea Bove o % w ‘The position coordinates of a projectile projactod from ground on a certain planet (with no atmosphera) are given by y = (4f — 22m and x = (31) metre, where {Is In second and point of projection is taken as origin. The angle of projection Of projectile with vertical Is «30° aw @) 45" (a) 60° ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8 Pusa Road, New Dethi-110006, Ph. 011-47623458, ios: teachmint comitielstudymaterilcias-1thiphysics/aakashmationinaplanepdifadc3138-bec-seab-b39a-23960495c094 eur118723, 552 PM 216 25. 26. 27. 28. 30. ios: teachmint comitielstudymaterilcias-1thiphysics/aakashmationinaplanepdifadc3138-bec-seab-b39a-23960495c094 Motion in a Plane A particle is projected from ground with speed 80 ry 8 at an angle 30° with horizontal from ground. The magnitude of average velocity of particle in time interval t= 2s to f= 6s is [Take g = 10 mvs" (1) 40V2 mis. (2) 40 mvs (8) Zero (4) 403 mis A stone projected from ground with certain speed at an angle 0 with horizontal attains maximum height /,. When it is projected with same speed at an angle 0 with vertical attains height h,. The horizontal range of projectile is ty Behe © 2m @) 4 fhii2 @) nyt ‘Two objects are thrown up at angles of 45° and 60" respeetively, with the horizontal. if both objects attain same vertical height, then the ratio of magnitude of velocities with which these are et of o & For an object projected from ground with speed u horizontal range is two times the maximum height attained by it. The honzontal range of object is 2u? au? o> Q ag Su au? oe Or The valocty athe maximum height of projectia 3 umes its initial velocity of projection (u), ts range on the horizontal plane is Sut au? Su” ue or “a ‘A projectia is thrown into space so as to have a maximum possible horizontal range of 400 metres. Taking tho point of projection as the origin, the co-ordinates of the point where the velocity of the Projectile is minimum are POF|s viewer Board & Competitive Exams. (1) (400, 100) (@) (200, 100) (@) (400, 200) (4) (200, 200) 31. If the time of fight of a bullet over a horizontal range 32, 33, 38. Ai Menage eh feos (97? nf 282 ow (te) oo (2 (2 om (22) wan (8) Inthe graph shown in gure, which quantity associated ‘witn projectile motion is plotted along y-axis? t axis = (1) Kinetic energy @ Momentum (8) Horizontal velocity (4) None of these ‘The equation of a projectile is y = ax — bx2. Its horizontal range is >’ 2 OF 2 Bate we Figure shows a projectile thrown with speed u = 20 mvs at an angle 30° with horizontal from the top of @ building 40 m high. Then the horizontal range of projectile is (1) 203 m @) 40/3 m 8) 40m (@) 20m When a particle is projected at some angle to thy horizontal, it has a range R and time of fight t, the same particle is projected with the same speed at some other angle to have the same range, its time of flight is f,, then 444-2 g @) tte @ ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid, Regd. Omice : Aakash Tower, B, Pusa Fload, New Delhi-110005, Ph, 011-47623456 R (ay tt ® z ara118723, 552 PM Board & Com; Exams. 36. A projectile is thrown with velocity v at an angle 0 with horizontal. When the projectile is at a height equal to half of the maximum height, the vertical Sipe ech cc & ( venoxs — g@ vane ‘ane w vane 37._ In the given figure for a projectile me Bex, 2K [22 =| 24% tone o »-[zrg fnew r-[e] 38, Two paper screens A and B are separated by distance 100 m. A bullet penetrates A and B, at points P and respectively, where Q is 10 cm below P. If bullet Is travelling Rorzontally at the time of hitting A, the velocity of bullet at A 1s nearly (1) 100 mvs (2) 200 mvs @) 600 ms (@) 700 ms 39. A car is going round a circle of radius Ry with Constant speed. Another car is going round a circle of radius Fi with constant speed. It both of them take same time to complate the circles, the ratio of their angular speeds and linear speeds will be Ry Ry Ry @ 17h Ra 40. A body revolves with constant speed v in a circular path of radius r. The magnitude of its average acceleration during motion between two points in diametrically opposite direction is R OR (1) Zoro a> ~ a o = o> a a2. 43, 48. a7. POF|s viewer Motion in a Plane 217 ‘An object of mass m moves with constant speed in a circular path of radius R under the action of a force of constant magnitude F. The kinetic energy of object is, der 2 QR © 2 @ jFR ‘The angular speed of earth around its own axis is (9 gag" ® sagas © sigs" gna A particle moves in a circle of radius 25 em at wo revolutions per second. The acceleration of the particle is (in rvs?) oe (2) ert (3) 42 (4) 22 A particle is revolving in a clcular path of radius 25 m with constant angular speed 12 revimin. Then the angular acceleration of particle is. (1) 29? rads? (2) 41? radis? (9) 7 raais? (4) Zoro ‘Two particles are moving in circular paths of radi and r, with same angular speeds. Then the ratio of their Centripetal acceleration masa Dna 8) AK (8) Bi? ‘A particle P is moving in a circle of radius r with uniform speed v. Cis the centre of the circle and AB is diameter. The angular valooty of P about A fand C is in the ratio ma: @ 254 @) 122 @) 154 ‘A.car is moving at a speed of 40 m/s on a circular track of radius 400 m. This speed is increasing at the rate of 3 m/s®, The acceleration of car is () 4m? (2) 7 mis? @) 5 mis? (4) 3 mis? ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. Regd. OMice : Askash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Deihi-110008, Ph. O11-47623456 ios: teachmint comitielstudymaterilcias-1thiphysics/aakashmationinaplanepdifadc3138-bec-seab-b39a-23960495c094 ear