Bab 4 - 2nd Law Thermo

SECOND LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
DJJ20063 THERMODYNAMICS
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CLO 2 : Apply Laws of thermodynamics and it processes (C3,PLO1)
LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
FIRST LAW SECOND LAW
1) A statement conservation of energy 1) A statement direction about the

conservation
No restriction on the direction of the 2) Process occur in a certain direction, not

2) process in any direction
Energy can be neither created nor 3) Heat cannot be transfer from a colder to
3) destroyed. It can only change forms. a hotter body.
4) Natural processes that involve energy

4) In any process in an isolated system, the
transfer must have one direction, and all
total energy remains the same.
natural processes are irreversible.
DEVICE →Turbine, compressor, boiler, 5)
5) predicts that the entropy of an isolated
nozzle, diffuser, heat exchanger, throttle,
system always increases with time.
condenser
6) DEVICE →Heat engine, heat pump,

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7) The process will2 not occur unless it 2

Page
satisfies both the First and Second Law
of Thermodynamics
The Concept Of The
Second Law Of
Thermodynamics

CLO 2 : Apply Laws of thermodynamics and it processes (C3,PLO1)
HEAT ENGINE
❑ Work can be converted to heat directly & completely, but
converting heat to work requires the use of some special
devices ~heat engines
❑ It does this by bringing a working substance from a high
temperature state to a lower temperature state.
❑ Often used is a broader sense to include work-producing
device that do not operate in a thermodynamic cycle.
❑ Involve internal combustion
➢ eg: gas turbine, car engine, diesel engine
❑ Involve external combustion
➢ eg: steam power plant (good example for work
producing device of heat engine)
➢ The combustion takes place outside the engine and
released thermal energy and transferred to the steam
as heat. 4 Page 4
CHARACTERISTICS OF HEAT ENGINE
They receive heat from a high-temperature

1 source (for example solar energy, oil furnace,
nuclear reactor, steam boiler, etc.)
They convert part of this heat to work

2 (usually in the form of a rotating shaft, for
example gas turbine, steam turbine, etc.)
They reject the remaining waste heat to a

3 low-temperature sink (for example the
atmosphere, rivers, condenser, etc.)
4 They operate on a cycle.

5 Page 5
HEAT ENGINE
Qin = amount of heat

supplied to steam in boiler
from high temperature source
(furnace)
Qout = amount of heat

rejected from steam in
condenser to a low-
temperature sink
(atmosphere, river)
Win = amount of work

required to compress water
to boiler pressure
Schematic/block diagram for
Wout = amount of work steam power plant
delivered by steam as it
expands in turbine 6 Page 6
HEAT ENGINE
Click here Thermal efficiency,

to download this  th = the fraction of the heat input that
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to net work output is a measure of the

performance of a heat engine7 Page 7
HEAT ENGINE LIMITATION
❑ Even under ideal conditions, a heat engine must reject some

heat to a low temperature reservoir in order to complete the
cycle.
❑ That is, no heat engine can convert all the heat receives to
useful work.
❑ This limitation on the thermal efficiency of heat engines forms
the basis for Kelvin Planck statement. It expressed as follows:
“ IT IS IMPOSSIBLE FOR ANY DEVICE THAT

OPERATES ON A CYCLE TO RECEIVE HEAT FROM A
SINGLE RESERVOIR AND PRODUCE A NET AMOUNT
OF WORK”
“NO HEAT ENGINE CAN HAVE A THERMAL
EFFICIENCY OF 100 PERCENT”
8 Page 8
CHARACTERISTICS OF HEAT PUMP
1 Reversed heat engine
Transfer heat from low-temperature source to

2 high temperature-sink
3 Required mechanical work to transfer heat
4 Can be used to provide heating and cooling
HEAT PUMP REFRIGERATOR/

AIR CONDITIONAL
maintain the heated space at maintain the refrigerated
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REVERSED HEAT ENGINE
QL = magnitude of heat
removed from
refrigerated space
temperature at TL
QH = magnitude of heat
rejected to the warm
environment at
temperature TH
Wnet = Net work input

to the refrigerator
Schematic/block diagram for
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10 Page 10
HEAT PUMP
Coefficient of Performance , COP:

Efficiency of refrigerator and heat pump
Heat Pump: Refrigerator:
11 Page 11
HEAT PUMP & REFRIGERATOR LIMITATION
❑ Clausius statement expressed as follows:
“ IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO CONSTRUCT A DEVICE THAT

OPERATES IN A CYCLE AND PRODUCES NO EFFECT
OTHER THAN THE TRANSFER OF HEAT FROM A
LOWER TEMPERATURE BODY TO A HIGHER
TEMPERATURE BODY”
❑ It does not imply on that acyclic device that transfer heat from a
cold medium to a warmer medium is impossible to construct.
❑ It simply states that eg; a refrigerator cannot operate unless its
compressor is driven by an external power source such as
electric motor.
❑ The net effect on the surrounding involves the consumption of
some energy in the form of work, in addition to transfer heat
from
For more : Microsoft colder
Powerpoint body to a warmer body and leaves a trace to the
Templates
surroundings 12 Page 12
CARNOT HEAT ENGINE
• A hypothetical heat engine that operates on the reversible Carnot cycle
• For all heat engines (reversible and irreversible), their thermal efficiency
is
• For any reversible heat engine, substitute QL/QH with TL/TH
• No heat engine can have a higher efficiency than a reversible heat

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reservoirs.
Page 13
CARNOT HEAT PUMP & REFRIGERATOR
• A refrigerator or a heat pump operating on the reversed Carnot cycle is
called Carnot Refrigerator or Carnot Heat Pump
• For any reversible or irreversible, COP is:
• These are the highest COP a refrigerator or a heat pump operating

between TL and TH
Page 14
EXAMPLE
Heat is transferred to a heat engine from a furnace at a rate of 80 MW. If the rate
of waste heat rejection to a nearby river is 50 MW, determine the net power
output and the thermal efficiency for the heat engine
The food compartment of a refrigerator is maintained at 4C by removing heat

from it at rate of 360 kJ/min. If the required power input to the refrigerator is 2
kW, determine:
a) The coefficient of performance of the refrigerator
b) Rate of heat rejection to the room that houses the refrigerator
Page 15
EXAMPLE
A Carnot heat engine receives 500 kJ per cycle from a high temperature source at 652C
and rejects heat to a low temperature sink at 30C. Determine:
a) The thermal efficiency of Carnot engine
b) Amount of heat rejected to sink per cycle
A heat pump is to be used to heat a house during the winter and to be maintained at 21C at all
times. The house is estimated to be losing heat at the rate of 135 000 kJ/h when the outside
temperature drops to-5C. Determine the minimum power required to drive the heat pump
Page 16
The Carnot Cycle &
Rankine Cycle
Principle
Topic 5
CLO 1 :Solve problem correctly related thermodynamics and fluid
mechanics with appropriate formula and theories.
CHARACTERISTIC of CARNOT CYCLE
PROCESS 1-2:
(Reversible Adiabatic Expansion)
- isentropic expansion takes place in the
turbine
- W12 = (h1 – h2)
PROCESS 2-3:
(Reversible Isothermal Compression)
- In the condenser, condensation takes place
and the temperature remains constant
- Q23 = (h2 – h3)
PROCESS 3-4:
(Reversible Adiabatic Compression)
- Isentropic compression of the wet steam is
a compressor returns the steam to its initial
state
- W34 = (h4 – h3)
PROCESS 4-1:
(Reversible Isothermal Expansion)
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temperature remains constant. 18 Page 18
- Q41 = (h1 – h4)
CHARACTERISTIC of RANKINE CYCLE
PROCESS 1-2:
(Reversible Adiabatic Expansion)
- isentropic expansion takes place in the
turbine
- W12 = (h1 – h2)
PROCESS 2-3:
(Reversible Isothermal Compression)
- In the condenser, condensation takes place
and the temperature remains constant
- Q23 = (h2 – h3)
PROCESS 3-4:
(Reversible Adiabatic Compression)
- Isentropic compression in pump.
- W34 = (h4 – h3)
- Feed pump work may included
- W34 = vf (P4 – P3)
PROCESS 4-1:
(Reversible Isobaric Expansion)
- here
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(constant pressure) 19 Page 19
- Q41 = (h1 – h4)
CARNOT & RANKINE cycle
PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
CARNOT CYCLE RANKINE CYCLE
20 Page 20
PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
WT
21 Page 21
CARNOT CYCLE RANKINE CYCLE
Theoretical cycle Practical cycle

exhaust steam is completely
Compression of wet steam in a rotary
condensed into water in the condenser
compressor is difficult as the water
and pump into the boiler by boiler feed
tends to separate out.
pump
Ensures
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operation in real condition
ideal condition
Carnot cycle efficiency is always higher than Rankine cycle Page 22

EXAMPLE (Carnot cycle)
A steam power plant operates between a boiler pressure 40 bar and condenser
pressure of 0.1 bar. If the plant operates using Carnot cycle, calculate the cycle
efficiency, work ratio and specific steam consumption.
Refer steam table: P = 40 bar
State 1: saturated vapor;

s1 = 6.070 kJ/kgK
h1 = 2801 kJ/kg
State 4: saturated liquid

s4 = 2.797 kJ/kgK
h4 = 1087 kJ/kg
State 2: saturated mixture → P = 0.1 bar

s1 = s2 = 6.070 kJ/kgK
250.3
Page 23
s3 = s4 = 2.797 kJ/kgK
OR
Page 24
kg/kW hr
Page 25
EXAMPLE (Rankine cycle)
A steam power plant operates between a boiler pressure 60 bar and condenser
pressure of 0.075 bar. Steam at the boiler is at the superheated until the temperature
become 450C. For Rankine cycle, calculate the turbine work, pump work, cycle
efficiency, work ratio and specific steam consumption.
Refer steam table:
State 1: P = 60 bar →superheated steam;

s1 = 6.719 kJ/kgK
h1 = 3301 kJ/kg
State 3: P = 0.075 bar → saturated liquid

h3 = 169 kJ/kg

s1 = s2 = 6.719 kJ/kgK
Page 26
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SECOND LAW OF

Free Powerpoint Templates Page 1

1) A statement conservation of energy 1) A statement direction about the

No restriction on the direction of the 2) Process occur in a certain direction, not

4) Natural processes that involve energy

6) DEVICE →Heat engine, heat pump,

7) The process will2 not occur unless it 2

Free Powerpoint Templates Page 3

They receive heat from a high-temperature

They convert part of this heat to work

They reject the remaining waste heat to a

4 They operate on a cycle.

Qin = amount of heat

Qout = amount of heat

Win = amount of work

Click here Thermal efficiency,

to net work output is a measure of the

❑ Even under ideal conditions, a heat engine must reject some

“ IT IS IMPOSSIBLE FOR ANY DEVICE THAT

1 Reversed heat engine

Transfer heat from low-temperature source to

3 Required mechanical work to transfer heat

4 Can be used to provide heating and cooling

HEAT PUMP REFRIGERATOR/

Wnet = Net work input

Coefficient of Performance , COP:

Heat Pump: Refrigerator:

❑ Clausius statement expressed as follows:

“ IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO CONSTRUCT A DEVICE THAT

• For any reversible heat engine, substitute QL/QH with TL/TH

• No heat engine can have a higher efficiency than a reversible heat

• These are the highest COP a refrigerator or a heat pump operating

The food compartment of a refrigerator is maintained at 4C by removing heat

CARNOT CYCLE RANKINE CYCLE

Theoretical cycle Practical cycle

Carnot cycle efficiency is always higher than Rankine cycle Page 22

Refer steam table: P = 40 bar

State 1: saturated vapor;

State 4: saturated liquid

State 2: saturated mixture → P = 0.1 bar

Refer steam table:

State 1: P = 60 bar →superheated steam;

State 3: P = 0.075 bar → saturated liquid

State 2: saturated mixture → P = 0.075 bar

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