PLEASE STUDY THE TEXT AND WRITE THE SUMMARY

TEST NO 1 (DUE TIME, Monday 02/01/2023: 15:00 PM)

Please collect and hand them to me at gd I lantai 4, room I.4.12

By Sonny Mumbunan and Edward Davey

A 5-Step Plan to Protect and Restore Indonesia's Forests

The most recent global survey of tree cover released by Global Forest Watch
revealed a worrying panorama: The world lost 3.6 million hectares (8.9 million acres)
of old-growth rainforest in 2018, an area the size of Belgium. But one country stood
out as a success story: Indonesia reported a notable reduction in forest loss for the
second year in a row. While absolute forest loss remains high (340,000
hectares/840,000 acres in 2018), the direction of travel appears unmistakable.
Indonesia's success is in part due to the robust measures President Jokowi's
government has put in place, including temporary bans on further expansion of oil
palm plantations into forests and peat lands.

Indonesia has some of the world's most intact and diverse tropical rainforests,
many of global significance. The forests of Papua and West Papua, for example, are
home to the iconic "birds of paradise," alongside a myriad of other species. These
forests provide a sustainable livelihood and cultural identity to the indigenous peoples
of the region. Indonesia's forests and peat lands also store enormous quantities of
carbon, making them critical to the world's efforts to combat climate change.

The Government of Indonesia's Low Carbon Development Initiative (LCDI) –

led by Professor Dr. Bambang Brodjonegoro at Bappenas, the National Planning
Ministry – recently found that the country could reduce its greenhouse gas emissions
43% by 2030, while still growing its gross domestic product 6% per year until 2045.
Indonesia cannot reach this low-carbon future without a commitment to its forests:
Forest loss and land use change account for as much as 55% of the country's
greenhouse gas emissions. To achieve the ambitious scenario laid out by the LCDI,
Indonesia needs to restore 1 million hectares of degraded land to forest every year
until 2024.

The LCDI sets out five paths by which the forests of Indonesia might be
protected and restored over time:

1. Extend Indonesia's forest and peat land moratorium.

2. Resolve land use conflicts.

3. Use new financial models for conservation and restoration.

4. Improve agricultural value chains and reduce food loss and waste.

5. Scale up nutrition and food security efforts.

 Indonesia has an excellent opportunity to build on its considerable progress in
reducing deforestation, restoring degraded forests and delivering a more sustainable
food and land use system. In so doing, the country can be a notable example of
leadership to the world. The Food and Land Use Coalition, a global initiative to
transform the world's food and land use systems, already recognizes Indonesia as a
pioneer country. And as a result of the LCDI, these five recommendations are
expected to inform the government's food and land use policy as part of the
forthcoming national and sub-national development planning process. With further
commitment and action on these five steps, there is still a bright future for Indonesia's
forests – and for all Indonesia's people who depend on them.

Source:https://www.thejakartapost.com

TEXT NO 2
DUE TIME NEXT MONDAY (IN CLASS)

DRUG TOXICITY

By: L.G. Budanova

In the context of pharmacology, toxicity occurs when a person

has accumulated too much of a drug in his bloodstream, leading to
adverse effects within the body. Drug toxicity is the critical or lethal
reaction to an erroneous dosage of a medication. It may occur due to
human error or intentional overdose in the case of suicide or homicide.
The effects of the medication are more pronounced at toxic levels, and
side effects may be severe. The reasons for toxicity vary depending on
the mixture of drugs. Toxicity may result when the dose is too high, or it
may result when the liver or kidneys are unable to remove the drug from
the bloodstream. Many commonly prescribed medications can
accumulate in the bloodstream and result in toxicity. Symptoms of drug
toxicity depends on the drug taken. Treatment for drug toxicity also
depends on the drug taken and the blood level of the drug.
All drugs have both primary intended effects and secondary
unintended effects, the latter known as side effects or adverse effects.
Although side effects can be neutral or even beneficial, side effects are
typically undesirable. Adverse effects can range in severity from nuisance
to life threatening. These effects make many patients unwilling to take
drugs on a regular basis, and this lack of compliance represents a major
practical limitation of pharmacotherapy.
Drug toxicity, also called adverse drug reaction (ADR) or adverse
drug event (ADE), is defined as the "manifestations of the adverse effects
of drugs administered therapeutically or in the course of diagnostic
techniques. It does not include accidental or intentional poisoning..." The
meaning of this expression differs from the meaning of "side effect", as
this last expression might also imply that the effects can be beneficial.
 

Source: English in Pharmacy: A Guide for Pharmacy Students:  the textbook for

applicants for higher education / L. G. Budanova, S. V. Zhurkina, I. V. Kolyada –
Kharkiv: NUPh,

2018. – 363 p.