Chapter 26 ofthe smaller tovens an villages from which the rural-urban migrants have come will also be affected, but inthe opposite direction. Whereas the Tange cities have an excess of males in the 20-45 year age range, small owns and villages willbe Aefcient in such people, leaving an excess of females, children and the elderly. Fortunately, women do most ofthe farming work in many {developing nations so food production isnot fected by this imbalance. However, the excess of non-productive people children and the elderly) ‘an eause problems in many areas. ‘Thistrend has changed a ite in recent years. 136 il te that few women migrate tothe cites independently of men because ofthe traditional roles they are expected to play inthe villages and because of the limited job opportunities available to “Jem n the cities. However, it is now becoming ore common for men who have moved to cies to be followed by their wives after few yeas | i ‘The unskilled people who migrate to the cite often have difficulty surviving. Most developing nations donot have socal security aystems or pensions, snd migrants who donat have family inthe city must fend for themselves. Employment is usually Aifical to find for people who possess only farming skills, In some nations the women (andl some men) resort to prostitution to make enough money, but this is eally a lst resoe forthe desperate, Amber of people turn to crimes such ts theft and mugging to obtain the money they need to survive thers resort to begging often using children to do the begging on behalf ofthe adults, ora person. DID YOU KNow?, VIN MoH, Food AND CLOTHING TO ChHLOREN BN’ Ti sas conus THE T0 REMAN OR THE STREETS Youn ssisunce can mace ireneice cv Tove STALSHE GC cts, ‘rons nin Lusaka, Zane wars ofthe rauences of ang money to carr who are Bepohs ‘Changing urban systems with some disability such as bindness, missing limbs or injuries. In most cits inthe developing world, begging is organised with bands of beggars each having their on tersitory thats protected for them by ther leader. Some ual-urban migrants ‘create their own work by doing things such as washing drivers windscreens when they are stopped at trafic lights, performing with tained animals or shining people's shoes, These people are sad to work nthe informal sector. 1 What he direc bt urgent sebetion? Quting sme pce sais, pin hw impor ‘hah gratin inde cores nay 5. Wha hedges eee‘ ft pk tars nd rt tars’? Gaetan of a (Wi he digirence ter ‘in mito aed 5. Why any ua ints ee oe fing cnplagat he ot? 6 He drut migration! he poplin srctr i a citi desig sours, and ra ees of detain count? do uerpoe rab rls suri i he cy? High-income countries Cities in more economically developed countries are sometimes known as post-industrial cies, ‘These cites are experiencing much slower growth than cities in developing counties, and insome ‘cases they are experiencing a decline in population, ‘Therefore the urban dynamicsof developed world cities are quite diferent from cts in developing, world tes (One ofthe greatest impacts tha older cities have hha to cope with isthe introduction of the mator vehicle. The streets of most European cities were planned when the main meansof transport were walking and horses. The narrow streets and ‘ovsting pattems ofthese streets cause problems of congestion and parking forthe large numbers of motor vehicles now found in developed world cites. The large numbers of motor vehicles cause ‘other problems also. One ofthe worst of these is alr pollution, which in turn cases respiratoryI Chapter 26 + 26.10 Narrow, cobblestones arts the cy conte of a, | teen problems fr residents and can hasten the weathering of ald stone buildings. Unlike many developing countries, most developed world governments have imposed strict emission controls ‘on motor vehicles in an efor to adres these problems. | tra psa get tot dept wots ese ord eee "omy ste oe aceyig some ey werent ema ce lin nase eich ip hen erly nel na org ptt tn iter npc ss ihn oot ia ‘According tothe bid-rent theory that was ‘explained in the previous chapter, inner city land shouldbe in high demand and command high prices. Urban decay represents lack of demand for inner city and, perhaps because inner city trai congestion has made the area unattractive for industry or commerce, perhaps because the buildings require expensive upgrading, or pethaps Decause outer areas with more space, cheaper land and good communications have become more Governments and citizens groups in developed world cities often embark on projets o rejuvenate Jnner city areas which are experiencing urban decay. One common low-cost strategy i to convert ‘stoets that ae lined with shops ito pedestrian plazas. This strategy is often opposed at fst by shop keepers who are worried that thelr business ‘Changing urban systerrs 1 - oe will decline. However, business tummover invariably increases as peopl find that shopping in car-free environments much mote enjoyable 25:2 Msthigh se ban development in Sua abl pk iy, Ryan, has aecared ance 2000. Tis elas the 26:9 Ths set n Bak, Azeroan hes been conerte®Chapter 26 Ste ee th Ke concur, srown ty resend risen tuba or Eufoced patways in nse, Bags {B18 Butie’s Whar was onginaly bul asa warehouse onthe bisof tne Thames ver London, fies om been fried being converted ny Nas and esters Genteeation occurs when middle dass residents property developers move into rin dawn inner ‘ay areas with the intention of renovating the old ‘ulldings. The old inner city areas ace attractive for developers because they are fairly inexpensive due to their run-down condition, but they are highly accessible to services and employment in the CBD. ‘Asa result of gentrification, od buildings are usually restore in keeping with ther oniginal character, raising their value considerably and repaying the people who carried out the renovations. Asa consequence ofthe increase in value of properties in gentrfied areas, poorer residents are usualy forced to move away, as they can no longer afford the increased land and property (rental prices. They are usually replaced by young professional people, transforming the demographics of the area Changinig urban systems Another approach is for governments to carry out rogram of urban reneveal in rundown inner city reas. This involves extensive dearance of old buildings, replacing everything with new, purpose- built constructions. One ofthe most spectacular ‘ecamples of urban renewal ha been the London Docklands, In Sydney, Australis a large area ‘occupied by a largely disused ralway goods handling yar at Darling Harbour was completely redeveloped by the New South Wales state government, Although the redevelopmenthas falled to attract as much private sector investment 1s the London Docklands, the project has been sucessful in attracting tourists and busines folk to the convention centre, exhibitor halls, shops and other attractions Other examples of large scale urban renewal Include Potsdamer Platz in Berlin (Germany), Caraltf Bay redevelopment in Cerdit (Wales) and 1a Défense in Pars France). LaDsfense was & run-down area west of the main CBD of Paris. It was redeveloped in the 1980s and 1980s intoa major office and administrative centre with faturistic architecture on a grandacale. Cardi Bay redevelopment covers an ates of 1,100 hectares, Whichis 2% ofthe aea of the Cay of Carli and involves large-scale constrctionof factories, housing. and offices in an area of uiban decay near the old Cardiff docks. A one kilometre coastal barrage was bullt to control the tdes of Cardi Bay so that i is always covered by water to make the 25:6 Potsdamer Pat n Bern Germany) ues ob an ores Gtvace decane twos to maelane onthe sae of ‘re Bes Wal thot duged commnstaet Bain fom captlst est erin dabreen 961 and 988, Ate tne damolon ee. | Wan 80-5, te aes was racevelona ‘Woosh fie bloke terme neraone SSChapter 26 area more attractive - the natural range between high and lovr tides at Cardiff Bay is 12 metres. Construction ofthe barrage also created an additional 13 kilometres of waterfront land suitable for development. The total cost of the Cardi Bay ‘ban renewal scheme was about USSS billion In Washington DC (USA), Christan churches and other charitable organisations have seen the availablity of cheap derelict land as an opportrity tobe grasped. They have bought large areas of cheap land, demolished the old buildings, and used the land to build low cost housing for poor residents ofthe iy especially people from minority ethnic groups. fan extenive ed ight ditt based on he sox ny Urban renewal can be smaller in seal than this and still transform an area of urban decay. In ‘Amsterdam, the largest city inthe Netherlands, the inner city area was experiencing urban decay in the 1960s, The area experienced urbon renewal through the development of an entirely new industry ~sex shops and brothels ~ during the 1960sand afterwards, Today central Amsterdam is an economically vibrant area with a buoyant touritm industry. A similar patter of urban renewal ocurred onthe south bank ofthe Yarra Riverin Melbourne during the 1990s, although this ‘was based on gambling rather than sex. The entre riverbank area was cleared to make way for @ casino, with associated hotel, restaurants and shopping centres, 1 Wy oma ts othe desl el ae er ty Changing urban systems 2 Describe sone scsi pgm i vel ie vc fe hice ata dy etic 4 Ure ee acorn any te. Quoting sei zap ep ay ac projets gt he toner Centrifugal population movements Suburbanisation refers tothe overall movement and resettlement of people from inner city locations to vast new areas of housing further from the CED. ‘To some extent suburbanisation (where residents move outwards) isa balancing process to {gentrification (where residents move inwards), although ithas occurred at a mach larger sale SSubusbanisation began to happen on 8 lange scale Jn wealthier countries after the end of Would Wer {2 1945. For the first ime, ordinary families could ford their own motor vehicles, and these gave people a ew freedom to live away from thelr place ‘of work. Up until that time, workers ha been {dependent on public transportto get to and from work, and so they had t ive cose to bus routs ar railway stations. Private motor vehicles meant people cou live much furtheraway from their work, shops and schools. Consequently, vast new reas around the cites were opened up forthe st time for suburban developmen: In the United States, this led to urban sprave ona lange scale. The government made lv intrest Tans available to families to build their own aa eR ‘res are nevis depenent on priate mato as pe ed> Large rouse an cunea svests eniraceres modern bn developmentn the USA. This example shows # ben area i Seti, Washington ‘omes, and special grants were given to soldiers 2 ving from the war. Theze was a large backlog f acmand for housing because of the effect of the ‘teat Depression between 1929 and 1941, Between 950 and 1970, the main trends in American cities ‘ere the urbanisation ofthe population, and ‘thin cites, the suburbanisation ofthe residents he early suburbs tended to be medium density ‘eas, often built on a grid pattern of stecs, lowever in recent decades, there has been a tend wards larger houses on bigger blocks of lan in ve suburbs. Modem principles of town planning schas curving the streets, building a hierarchical ttovook of streets to minimise trafic flow and anting lots of trees in residential areas are now monly practised ‘companying the movement of people to the "burbs, manufacturing industries (and thus jobs) also moved away from crowded inner city Locations tothe edges of the cities where larger amounts of ‘cheaper land were available. Thes industries were followed by retail outlets, eager to maintain easy accessibility toa sprawling poplation. In ‘American and Australian cities the vast majority of shopping activity now takes places away from the (CBD, The construction of freeways has accelerated the process of suburbanisstion.Inceasingly, major shopping areas are being located al expressway intersections and along the approach rads to ‘expressways, with large car parks being provided: for shoppers to park tei ats, 2621 Lxe ry ae US cen ge ates fos Ages omit ate tar neg tenes oa te cat Whete manfactaring inst and people | relocate avay from an urban centre, | ecentiatonis std ome InAs tis | cred as industries and people located | ota from tatecapital fo cee uch as ‘Albury- Wodonga, BathurstOrangeand Coston ‘Wyong, In face decentralisation can also occur { within anurbanaeeForeampieitan indy | wish septs polio congestion analigh | prices of nner ban are and eocates the suburbs or beyond, then desertion ssa Suburbanisation reduces the population density of turban areas, making it difficult to provide viable publictransport. Therefore, in mostcounties, ‘suburbanisation has only been possible because of the widespread use of private motor vehicles During earlier times when people depended on walking for transport the growth of urban areas vas severely limited by th distance people could —_—__Chapter 26 walk to and from work However the huge growth inthe number of cars in most high income countries from 1950s onwards removed the constraint on urban sprawl. Inthe United States and elsewhere, extensive networks of expressways developed. Although these expressways were designed to speed up people's movement they attracted such inreased numbers of vehicles that ‘movement on many routes actually became slower “The increased use of private motor vehicles also ‘occurred in Europe, though toa lesser degree than inthe United States. Although many European sities had well-developed systems of public ‘transport use of private motor vehicles increased substantially from the 19608 onwards. The Increase! use of ears had a significant impact on the vd use in many cities, as areas have ha to be Changing urban systems Aevoted to providing parking areas forthe cars. This ed many cities in high income counties to restrict the amount of parking space available the hope that making parking difficult would encourage more people t use public transport, and also to restrict the movement of cars into the ity centre. Most European cies also charge for parking space either in parking stations or using Patking meters. Despite tese efforts, trafic ‘congestion isa major problem in many cites, Counter-urbanisation i dso sometimes called Adeurbanisation or reurbasisation. This does nt ‘mean, asthe term might imply thatthe proportion ‘of people in urban ares iedeclining, but means that smaller ane medium sized towns are growing ata faster ate than the lage cities. Counter urbanisation is said to occu when theres 8 26:22 The 25 oral motorway ia 28 ome rood Dat Including Sagepare shown hea to rogulte he habe {irs nthe CBD. Theol Ctges vers sccodngto thee ‘fvenice anne tne of ay, Coa HOV 2+ FREE artng for emma tom the subs 25.2 Tis toay in Houston USA, aust he to 32209 tothe cngeston ans me of dey HOV 2+ tes" means Mah occupany venices 2 a more pop can Worl al reI ‘Chapter 26 Tange metropolitan areas or slowing inthe growth oflarge metropolitan areas, This s accompanied by the growth of smaller urban centres atthe expense ofthe larger ones ‘Counter urbanisation is a strong tren in some pats of Wester Europe. For example, London's Sze as been shrinking slowly for many decades as poople moved into smaller towns that were ‘considered more desirable. To some extent, ‘counter urbanisation is the opposite of rural-ucban mnigeation ae its s movement of people away fom the largest cits. In general suburbanisation and counter: urbanisation have affected different income groups in diferent ways, In the United Sates, younges, wealthier and beter-educated upwardly mobile “sents wha can afford cars have tended to move away from inner city areas into newer areas. An ‘extension ofthis isthe process ofexurbanisation, which occurs when affuent people move from the Gity to rural areas. However, when they do so, they fontnue to maintain an urban way of life either through long distance commuting or technology. on the otherhand, poorer, older and less svantaged people, especialy from minosity ethnic groups cansot afford to move and they get leftbehind. American cies have become increasingly segregated by income and ethnicity 35, a result ofthis proces. This creates problems ‘because entre neighbourhoods are coming to ‘oat of poor people from minority groups who sue ite ability to pay taxes for government services such as education, health, police an fre 182s Homeless peope seep onthe int a " ° 126.28 Their area ofa Par, Bola, has Becene en aea (ben bight ea vesut ofsuburbaneon protection which are needed, Many people in these Jnner ety azeas ae force to slegp on park benches, in docrways of public buildings in underground railway stations or near the warm, street-level exhaust vents from the undergreund trains, As a result of suburbanisation and courter- ‘urbanisation, the inner city areas of many North American and some European ctes have become | ‘very run down, and urban decay sets in. This is @ particular problem in old industialised areas of the ‘United Stats, where people hav: moved away from cities a8 factories have closed and in northern England, as people have migrated ies inthe south, The tax base ofthe cites declines, and s0 local goverment authorities have ess money to maintain the city and provide services. This | encourages sil more people to move away. Buildings have been abandoned, graffiti and ‘vandalism have become endemi: and the eas a,Chapter 26 ‘become afflicted with urban Blight. Once thi happens, land prices plummet and the area becomes ready fr redevelopment, 1 What subunit on? 2 Why has chen spa afi mony ies in th td Se bv 985 at he pres ine? 5 Mats decetatistion? Give some examples of 4, Wat hoe he he fit of mtr sees on the etopment of waa in et dacs? Hos important has pases 5 What scouts ane eit dif fom strong? ‘Any urban centre can be thought ofa a system. “Towns and cts receive inputs from both the physical and human environmen’, Important Inputs from the physical environment include water land and solar energy. Significant inputs from the human environment include food resources such as knovledge and raw material for ‘industry, human-generated energy such as, Changing urban systems lectrity and fuels and investment. An especialy important human input for many cities is people, such as in-migrants who move tothe city from elsewhere for work. ‘Once these inputs reach an uiban atea they undergo a series of complex processes, most of which are planned or intended, but some of which ‘are not. Many ofthe inputs are processed through ‘urban industries — secondaty (manufacturing, tertiary (services) and quaterrary (knowledge ‘based functions). Other inputs are wsed in building ‘urban infrastracture, which means the basie physical and organisational strictures that are needed forthe city ta funtion, There are two types of urban infrastructure, sometimes refered to as grey infrastractre and ‘green infrastructure, Grey infrastructure sletecmines a city’s layout, or urban morphology. Examples of grey infrastrictute are buildings (uch ashomes, factories shops and offices), transport (roads, rallways), water and smitation systems including drainage), and the power grid and {elecommunicatons network (andlines for telephones, cellphone towers fer mobile phones and copper or optical bre lines for information technology). Green infastracure refers to structures that work with nature to bring, ‘Outbuts ‘Ovtmirans Uiban rocesves Groner eacine [parents isons 529 Cites andtouns canbe weed as uban Syston. apts eter cy and underg a eres of xoesses © produce ous. Some ofthese ul