Assifnument No.1. | Bacterial cell wall structure Eo i[the bacterial cell call is _cormplex_, meshlike —T structure that in most bacterial is essential — for maintanonce of cell shape and structural | totegrity 4) Historically the cell coal! has been of intense esearch interest due to ts necessity For most bacteria and ab: ce From the eukaryotic realm. | positioning tt as an deal target for some om || our most powerful an biote: #] In addition, bacterial cell wall Fragments can | hove imrounostimulatory and cytotoxic proper land thus play important role in pathogenesis and | disease. |) Composttfon + i] The cet! wall consists of || pepticloglycon [ee], a mesh of polysaccharide || strands [composed of a poly -[N- a cetylgiucos amin | [ale NAc] N= acetylmuramic acid] [MVveNAC] backbone] || crossed linked Via short peptde bridges attached to the MVrNAC residues. i] PG is synthesized on the external Face of the cytoplasm) synthesis steps include cytoplasmic gene? Of lipid linked disacchrice - pentapeptide precursor lipid U translocation of lipid IE to outside oF cell wy Flippases; and Finally assembly of cell eat.69 penicillin - binding proteins [PP] and shape, | | slongaton , Division and sporylation [sds] protein. | ii] The assembly process can be Further sub- di ed | into polymerization of the Gi/e NAC- ™MurdlAe- | pentapeptide Via glucosyltransFerace react? ealy |[eatolyzed by glass A PGPs ond sed proteins, and _ I crosslinking oF peptide Sidestems into Qa tght e meshwork by glass A and @ PGPs and LD- manner, transpephdases tm anol Tuei] Fully - understood i iv] Tn addition, the PG mesh con be decorated [with seco ndory cell “wall polymers, such ag wall teichaic acids TPolyol phosphate polymers] or capsule Polyssachoride that are covalently attached to PG. ||\IIn_+he case of mycobacterig, layers of polysaccharid and long-chain lipids are added to the P&@. layer, | making the cell wall Structure even more complex. | While the cell wa! must be rigid enough to || maintain high intracellular Pressure and withstand | environmental pressure Gnd withstand environmental assaults it aleo needs to be Flexible enough to | allow For cellular expansion. 6] Th addition te synthesis FuncHone the cet! wall is thus also constonHy broken down furned over and remodeled. While the cell wall must be regid enough +e maintain) high intracellular pressures and aitharorel 7 enviro t | ‘ronmental assults it also needs +0 i Enough +0 allow for cellular escpansion. TI I 1a] This is accom plished by a poorly understood | rermartcable grouP of enzymes that collectively > or | ty oF PG. structures can cleave or modify a varie | 30 called autolysins. For eccamele. are qa functooolly diverse group of enzymes that cut P& crosslinks — |Tendopeptidases] peptide sidestems Lamidases , the sugar back bone [Muramida - acetyltra nsferases. | carboxypeptidoses] oF i-ses, lytic tranggiu cos y !ases] PG Taecorate” MurNAc back - bone etructures with acety!” lysozyme resistance. residues , imparting fncreased a] L-0.- transpeptidases or chestrate D-amino acids Mah] exchange reactions that can replace terminal O-Ala residues that en reptece with variety of aiternative AAS; this can be exploited to label PG with Fluorescent compounds many oF these - Sysiem FulPill important function such as daughter cel] seperahon sacculus expansion during growth anserton of macromolecular trans- envelop proterd é 7 ‘i i por eS — leaesula —4—y | oPo Ze “ee Jacmi Giteplarnse jos ribosomesGrace) Ala I 2. O- fsa - Gly \ 3. tye 4-N /Ho Ss: D-Ala Teichoic acid. -2. |) Structure on | Sensi d composition of gram positive celr wall - - a Jan electron micrographs , Fhe gram positive cell dense wall 20-0 9M fntercoanecting resall appears as q broad, thick and eonsistiog of numerous layers ot peptidogiycon . é [3] chemically ao to 907. Of Gram- Positive bacteria | 4 is thought that the peptcdoglycon ig laid down 70 cables oF several eross - linked giycon strands” approximately Sonm wide « These cables nen ae rther wall se ve are | themselves become cross linked | For fu —_isl J Interwoven in the cell wall oF graro - posit ) | teichoic acids and lipoteichoic acids - LJ Teichoic acids extend through and beyond the | rest oF the cell wall and are polyal cohols com posed || oF (polymers of glycerol zi phosphate and the sugar | alcohol re ribilal and are polyalconols com posed [Lof polymers oF glycerol » covalently bound to the | || Pephidoglycon. Teichoic acids covalently bound +o | cytoplasmic membrane lipids are called lipotercho: acids: mace Outer surface of the pepticlogiycon ig studded | with surface proteins that differ with the strain | and species ‘OF bacterium . @ The periplasm is the gelatinous material bet? | the strain ang the cytoplasmic membrane. eey | Ponction of the Gram - positive cell wall | components lq] The peptidoglycon in Giram - positive cell wall | prevents osmatc lysis. : ; |] The teichoic acids probably help make the cell | ewoll stronger. : |B] The surface proteins io the bacterial depending on strain and species carry out 9 variety of activities . a] Some surface proteins serve as adhesins. Aclhesine enable the bacterium to adhere inhmately to host cells and other surface tn order to colonize those cells and resist Flushidg b] Some surface protetn function as enzymes - peptid oglycon a) The periplasm contains enzymes for nutrients breakdown. Examples of gram- positive bacteria + (1) clastridium (ii) Actinomyces cri) Mycobacterium Civ) Noecardig Cv) Streptococci (vi) Staphylococci , etc.Prosphe ledr | Ales waa j>| rom ~ negative £ 5 cen wall structure and bi Soe Pesition a a rar mee M Negative b 7 a — -T acteria are sv a i Peptdoglycon cell “peanees ey io Ib wall. Which itself ts surrounded 3 Wal Soo Sey Membrane containing Ipopolysaccharid Tras oe he outer membrane. The poring Functon _ lee noels for the entry and exist of solutes | Forough the outer membrane of gram negative |leell watt is studded with surface prokins that e S _lLaiffer with stain and species of bacterium “slthe periplasm 7s the gelatinous material bet? | the outer membrane. This periplasmic space 15 [about iSam .wide and contains a variety of hydralytie enzymes FOr nutrients breakdowo “| periplasmic binding proteins for transpert via the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) sysiem, and | chemoreceptors “For chematoxis. a] Many bacteria tVdlved in infeckon have the oe ability to co-opt. the Functong of host cells for bacterium's own benePits. This is done by || the | that enable way oF bacttrial secretion systems the bacterial to directly inject bacterial effector molecules into the cytoplasm of the host cell tm order to alter tts cellulor machinery of cellular communication oo & benefit oF the bacteria.Ig} Examples of = “Cree higella Species. E Z ae | cist) HOemophilus influenza eC) Aleisserig influenzae. (Vv) Eschorichia coli WE ee ci) Salmoneliq Species. MO SaTmere vi) Pseudomones Gl Qlavig ip GOemaiey } —— J ee Ceomoncs aerue Teemarets [Pephideglyce