LED efficiency

LEDs are semiconductor devices that emit light via the recombination of electrons and holes within the
active region (a sequence of specially designed layers) of the device. Most of these recombination events
are termed “radiative” because they result in the production of a photon of light.
The wavelength of the emitted light is determined by the bandgap of the active region - a wider bandgap
results in higher energy emission, which equates to a shorter wavelength.
In turn, the bandgap is determined by the chemical composition and sequence of the semiconductor
layers within the active region.
**********
External Quantum Efficiency (EQE)
The ratio of the number of photons emitted from the LED to the number of electrons passing through the
device - in other words, how efficiently the device coverts electrons to photons and allows them to
escape.
EQE = [Injection efficiency] x [Internal quantum efficiency] x [Extraction efficiency]
Injection Efficiency
In order that they can undergo electron-hole recombination to produce photons, the electrons
passing through the device have to be injected into the active region. Injection efficiency is the
proportion of electrons passing through the device that are injected into the active region
Internal Quantum Efficiency (IQE - also termed Radiative Efficiency)
Not all electron-hole recombinations are radiative. IQE is the proportion of all electron-hole
recombinations in the active region that are radiative, producing photons.
Extraction Efficiency (also termed Optical Efficiency)
Once the photons are produced within the semiconductor device, they have to escape from the
crystal in order to produce a light-emitting effect. Extraction efficiency is the proportion of
photons generated in the active region that escape from the device.
How to solve try and error power distribution of LED
Use table function in calculator

1. Write the equation that (Eph-Eg)exp(-(Eph-Eg)/KT)-P=0 //Eph is the unknown variable

2. Start value=Eg, End value=1.5 (assumption. Because Eph value is usually between 1.4 and 1.5)
Step = 0.001
3. In this step f(x) will changes two times, first time is the value of Eph1, then Eph2.
If the f(x) on calculator decreased then increased (f(x1)=-ve,f(x2)=+ve), take start value=x1, end value=x2
and repeat step 2 until five point precision, then x2 will be the value of Eph1.
Repeat the same operation for Eph2.