UNIT V

Automotive emission control systems:

Automotive emission control systems: Automotive emission
controls, controlling crankcase emissions, controlling evaporative
emissions, Cleaning the exhaust gas, Controlling the air-fuel mixture,
Controlling the combustion process, Exhaust gas recirculation,
Treating the exhaust gas, Catalytic converter, Emission standards-
Euro I, II, III and IV norms, Bharat Stage II, III norms.
Boosting system for IC engine: Superchargers, Turbochargers,
Turbocharger lag.
Introduction
Pollutants are produced by the incomplete burning of the air-fuel mixture in the
combustion chamber. The major pollutants emitted from the exhaust due to
incomplete combustion are:

• Carbon monoxide (CO)

• Hydrocarbons (HC)
• Oxides of nitrogen (NO).

Other products produced are acetylene, aldehydes etc. If, however, combustion is
complete- - the only products being expelled from the exhaust would be water
vapour which is harmless, and carbon dioxide, which is an inert gas and, as such it
is not directly harmful to humans.
1. CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) :
It is a colour less gas of about the same density as air. It is a poisonous gas which,
when inhaled, replaces the oxygen in the blood stream so that the body’s
metabolism can not function correctly. Small amounts of CO concentrations, when
breathed in, slow down physical and mental activity and produces headaches, while
large concentration will kill.

2. HYDROCARBONS (HC):
Hydrocarbons, derived from unburnt fuel emitted, by exhausts, engine crankcase
fumes and vapour escaping from the carburettor are also harmful to health.

3. OXIDES OF NITROGEN (NO):

Oxides of N2 generally occur mainly in the form of NO and NO2 . These are
generally formed at high temperature. Hence high temperature and availability of 02
are the main reason for the formation of N0 and NO2. Oxides of nitrogen and other
obnoxious substances are produced in very small quantities and, in certain
environments, can cause pollution, while prolonged exposure is dangerous to health.
4. SMOKE OR PARTICULATE
Solid particles are usually formed by dehydrogenation, polymerisation and
agglomeration. In the combustion process of different hydrocarbons, acetylene (C
process of different hydrocarbons, acetylene (C2H2)is formed as intermediate
product. These acetylene molecules after simultaneous polymerisation dehydration
polymerisation dehydration dehydration produce carbon particles, which are the main
constituent produce carbon particles, which are the main constituent of the particulate.

5. ALDEHYDES: Due to very slow chemical reaction during delay period in the
diesel engines, aldehydes are formed as intermediate products. In some parts of the
spray the aldehydes will be left after the initial reactions. These aldehydes may be
oxidised in the later part of the cycle, if the mixture temperature is high, and if there is
sufficient oxygen. At heavy loads, due to lack of oxygen, an increase in aldehyde
emission in the exhaust is observed.
Emission sources in a gasoline fuelled car
Emission sources in a diesel engine powered Vehicle
The Unreasonable
Interaction with
Environment

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 Engine Emissions Vs Combustion Strategy

• Principal Engine Emissions

• SI Engines : CO, HC and NOx
• CI Engines : CO, HC, NOx and PM

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 Emission norms for passenger cars ( Petrol)
Norms CO( g/km) HC+ NOx)(g/km)
1991Norms 14.3-27.1 2.0(Only HC)
1996 Norms 8.68-12.40 3.00-4.36
1998Norms 4.34-6.20 1.50-2.18
stage 2.72 0.97
2000 norms

Bharat stage-II 2.2 0.5

Bharat Stage-III 2.3 0.35(combined)
Bharat Stage-IV 1.0 0.18(combined)
 Emission Norms for 2/3 Wheelers ( Petrol)
Norms CO ( g/km) HC+ NOx (g/km)

1991 norms 12-30 8-12 (only HC)

1996 norms 4.5 3.6

stage 2.0 2.0

2000 norms

Bharat stage-II 1.6 1.5

Bharat Stage-III 1.0 1.0

 Emission norms for Heavy diesel vehicles:

Norms CO HC Nox PM
(g/kwhr) (g/kwhr) (g/kwhr) (g/kwhr)
1991 Norms 14 3.5 18 -
1996 Norms 11.2 2.4 14.4 -
stage 2000 Norms 4.5 1.1 8.0 0.36
Bharat stage-II 4.0 1.1 7.0 0.15
Bharat Stage-III 2.1 1.6 5.0 0.10
Bharat Stage-IV 1.5 0.96 3.5 0.02
Analysis of HC Emissions
1. Controlling method of Crank case emissions- Positive
Crankcase Ventilation System

Crank case blow by

2. EVAPORATIVE EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEM
3. Cleaning the exhaust gas,
Controlling the air-fuel
The air/fuel ratio of aircraft engines using mechanical fuel
injectors is traditionally accomplished by the pilot manually
adjusting a “mixture” control to reduce fuel pressure at the
input side of each fixed orifice injector to thereby reduce the
amount of fuel supplied to each cylinder at a given throttle
setting.
Exhaust gas recirculation
Treating the exhaust gas

Catalytic Combustion System (CCS), Direct Flame Incinerator (DFI), and

Regenerative Thermal Oxidizer (RTO) are well known as combustion
methods to treat exhaust gases.

Direct Flame Incinerator (DFI Catalytic Combustion System (CCS),

Temperature:700~800 degC Temperature:20

0～400 degC

Temperature:750~900 degC
Other Methods
•Active Carbon Adsorption
•Solvent Recovery
•Chemical Washing(Wet Scrubber)
•Biological Deodorization
are represented as non-combustion methods.
CATALYTIC CONVERTER
Boosting system for IC engine: Superchargers, Turbochargers,
Turbocharger lag.
A supercharger is an
air compressor that increases the
pressure or density of air supplied to
an internal combustion engine. This gives
each intake cycle of the engine
more oxygen, letting it burn more fuel and
do more work, thus increasing the power
output.
Types of supercharger[edit]
There are two main types of superchargers defined
according to the method of gas transfer: positive
displacement and dynamic compressors. Positive
displacement blowers and compressors deliver an almost
constant level of pressure increase at all engine speeds
(RPM). Dynamic compressors do not deliver pressure at low
speeds; above a threshold, speed pressure increases
exponentially.[8]
Turbochargers,
A turbocharger is a device fitted to a
vehicle’s engine that is designed to
improve the overall efficiency and
increase performance. This is the
reason why many auto manufacturers
are choosing to turbocharge their
vehicles

A turbo is made up of two halves joined

together by a shaft. On one side, hot
exhaust gasses spin the turbine that is
connected to another turbine which sucks
air in and compresses it into the engine.
This compression is what gives the engine
the extra power and efficiency because as
more air can go in the combustion
chamber, more fuel can be added for more
power.
 The Cylinder & Hydrocarbon Emission Sources

All these collection centers accumulate air fuel mixture during

compression.
They release unburnt HCs during Expansion into Cylinder.
Hydrocarbon Release into Atmosphere Exhaust Process
The first peak is due to blow down and the second peak is due to
vortex roll up and exhaust (vortex reaches exhaust valve at
roughly 290o)

Exhaust
Exhaust valve
valve closes
opens

BC TC
Types of Superchargers

Following are the three types of superchargers:

1.Centrifugal type supercharger.
2.Roots air-blower type supercharger.
3.Vane type supercharger.

1. Centrifugal Type Supercharger

2. Roots air-blower type supercharger.
3. Vane Type Supercharger