ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY, POLYPHENOL CONTENT AND

ANTIPROLIFERATIVE ACTIVITY OF YELLOW, TROPICAL AND

ANDEAN BERRIES EXTRACTS OBTAINED FROM MIXTURES
OF BLACKBERRY (Rubus glaucus), PASSION FRUIT
(Passiflora edulis and Passiflora ligularis), PINEAPPLE
(Ananas comosus), GUAVA (Psidium guajava l. Radd) AND
PINEAPPLE GUAVA (Acca sellowiana)
Authors: Jk Penaloza, Jc Canas, Ba Rojano and Me Maldonado
Date: August-November 2017
From: Current Topics in Nutraceutical Research(Vol. 15, Issue 3-4)
Publisher: New Century Health Publishers, LLC
Document Type: Report
Length: 4,528 words
Lexile Measure: 1460L

Abstract: 

Fruits are sources of phytochemicals such as phenols and carotenoids with

antioxidant and anticancer activities. The objective of this study was to
evaluate the antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of Colombian native
fruit extracts (tropical fruit, yellow fruit and Andean berries) that are rich in
bioactive compounds and to correlate antioxidant capacity with phenolic
content. Antioxidant activity was measured by FRAP and ORAC. Cytotoxic and
antiproliferative effects were analyzed using MTT and sulfhorodamine-B
respectively on the SW480 cell line. The tropical fruit aqueous extract yielded
the highest FRAP and ORAC values and greatest content of total phenolic
compounds compared with Andean berries and yellow fruits. Cytotoxic and
antiproliferative activities were the lowest in the tropical fruit solution.
Correlation analyses for tropical and yellow fruits were similar; both showed
positive correlations (p<0.01) between antiproliferative activity, content of
bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity, whereas the correlation was
negative with respect to cytotoxicity (p < 0.05 for tropical fruits, p < 0.001 for
yellow fruits). Correlation between antioxidant activity, bioactive compounds
and cytotoxicity was also negative (p < 0.001) in the Andean berries but no
correlation was found with antiproliferative effect. Overall, we found that
aqueous extracts of Colombian tropical fruits, Andean berries and yellow
fruits affect the viability and growth of colon adenocarcinoma SW480 cells
and this effect could be partially attributed to their antioxidant activity and/or
their phenolic compounds.

KEY WORDS: Antioxidant capacity, Antiproliferative, Cytotoxic, Flavonoids,

Phenolic compounds
Full Text: 

INTRODUCTION

Fruits have aroused interest as functional foods because in addition to their

nutritional composition--high amounts of water (~80-90% of weight),
macronutrients (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates between up to 80% of dry
weight) and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) (Vicente et al., 2009)--as
well as a rich source of bioactive phytochemicals. These phytochemicals
confer aroma, color and taste to fruit (Li, 2008) and may also have functional
properties such as the ability to prevent diseases, including some types of
cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases (Quinones et al.,
2012; Haminiuk et al., 2012; Lopera et al., 2013; Chang et al., 2016). Yellow
tropical fruits and berries provide phenolic acids, anthocyanins, flavonoids,
flavonols and other phytochemicals (Szajdek et al., 2008), although their
contents vary according to genetic and environmental factors. These
polyphenolic compounds have been shown to be antioxidant agents with the
potential to prevent oxidative damage caused by reactive oxygen species
(ROS) (Ramos, 2007) and therefore reduce the risk of diseases involving
oxidative stress, inflammation and carcinogenesis (Haminiuk et al., 2012;
Mosquera et al., 2009; Seifried and Pilch, 2013).

In particular polyphenolic compounds have been shown to possess

antioxidant activity against ROS that can reduce cellular oxidative damage
(Sporman et al., 2008). Oxidative stress can occur due to an excess of ROS, a
condition that has been implicated in genotoxic DNA damage leading to
altered nitrogenous bases, DNA strand breaks and mutations. High levels of
cellular ROS may be induced by exposure to pro-carcinogens or lack of
protective dietary factors leading to genotoxic damage, transformation of
normal epithelium and the development of precancerous cells. In
experimental studies both in vitro and in vivo this genotoxic damage could
be stopped, decreased or reversed with supplementation of antioxidant
compounds (Ramos, 2007). Polyphenols can also affect molecular signaling
pathways involved in the stages of carcinogenesis and increase cellular
components that inhibit proliferation or induce apoptosis (Gosse et al .,
2005).

Due to the promising health effects of polyphenols, there is an increased

interest in understanding how diets rich in fruits and vegetables may protect
against cancer and in particular in the application of fruit compounds for the
chemoprevention of colon cancer (Rosso 2013). In this study, we have
evaluated the effects of yellow, Colombian tropical fruits and berries on the
viability and growth of human colon adenocarcinoma SW480. These fruits
are known to have high contents of polyphenolic compounds as well as
antioxidant activities (Penaloza and Rojano, 2014).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Fruits

Fruits were transported to the laboratory in sealed plastic bags and washed
in distilled water. The following fruits were used: blackberry (Rubus glaucus),
passion fruit (Passiflora edulis and Passiflora ligularis), pineapple (Ananas
comosus), guava (Psidium guajava L. Radd) and pineapple guava (Acca
sellowiana).

Preparation of Extracts

Fruit extracts were prepared as described elsewhere (Penaloza and Rojano,

2014). Briefly, the fruits were ground in a vegetable processor (Black &
Decker, Towson, USA; model FP1550S) and homogenized (IKA Works, Inc.,
Wilmington, USA; Ultraturrax T-50 Basic). Hydroalcoholic extracts were
prepared by mixing fruits in 100 ml of ethanol-water (1:3, v/v) mixture. For
each fruit mixture was established a name, in this case: tropical fruits, yellow
fruits and aAndean berries. Tropical fruits were composed of passion fruit
and pineapple juices in proportion of 1:1 v/v, yellow fruits were composed of
guava and pineapple juices in proportion 0.5:1.5 v/v, and Andean berries
were composed of guava pineapple and blackberry juices in proportion 1:1
v/v.

After extraction, the samples were centrifuged at 40000 rpm for /9 min ) to
remove solids in suspension. The extracts were freeze-dried and stored at
-20[degrees]C in sealed plastic tubes protected from light until use. The
concentrations of the extracts ranged from 3-50 mg/mL for the tropical fruits,
5-90 mg/mL for the Andean berries and 5-80 mg/mL for the yellow fruits.
Cell Culture

SW480 cells were acquired from the European Collection of Animal Cell
Culture (ECACC, Salisbury, UK). They were cultured according to a previously
described procedure (Maldonado et al., 2009). Briefly, cells in DMEM medium
were supplemented with 10% horse serum, 100 U/ml penicillin, 100
[micro]g/ml streptomycin and 1% non-essential amino acids (Invitrogen,
Cergy-Pontoise, France). Prior to all experiments, cells were switched to an
assay medium containing 3% horse serum, and 10 [micro]g/ml insulin, 5
[micro]g/ml transferrin and 5 ng/ml selenium (Invitrogen) 24 h before
treatment. Cells were treated for 48 h or 72 h with the Colombian fruit
extracts.

MTT Assay

Cytotoxic activity of the extracts was assessed using the SW480 cells as
previously described (Rahman et al., 2001). The principle of this method is
the conversion of tetrazolium salt to formazan which is proportional to viable
cells, a product generated by the activity of mitochondrial dehydrogenases.
In brief, 3000 viable cells were seeded in a 96-well cell plate and allowed to
settle for 24 h before treatment with fresh medium containing fruit extracts
(0 - 90 mg/mL) dissolved in distilled water for 72 h. Afterwards 10 [micro]L of
a solution of 5 mg/mL MTT
(3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) was added and
the cells were incubated at 37 [degrees]C for 4 h in darkness. The formazan
crystals were dissolved adding 100 [micro]L of acidified isopropanol (0.4 N
HCl) to each well while shaking continuously in darkness at room
temperature (RT). Optical density (OD) was detrermined at 540 nm and 750
nm reference wavelengths. The concentration able to kill 50% of cells (IC50)
was obtained using GraphPad Prism 5.0 (GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego,
USA). Absorbance of the control group (non-treated cells) was considered as
100% viability. The percentage inhibition was calculated using: % Inhibition =
[1-(ODt / ODc)] x 100. Where ODt is the value of the treated cells, and ODc is
the value for the control (non-treated cells).

Sulforhodamine B Assay

Influence of fruit extracts on cell growth was studied by using the

sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay according to Gosse and colleagues (2005), a
colorimetric assay based on staining of total cellular protein. In brief, a dish
was seeded with 3000 viable cells, grown for 24 hours and then treated with
solutions of Colombian fruit extracts or a control solution and incubated for
different times. DMEM media supplemented as described above for cell
culture was replaced every 48 h; then, cell culture was stopped using 50% v/v
trichloroacetic acid, and cells were stained with 0.4% w/v SRB (Sigma-Adrich,
St. Louis, USA). The relationship between cell number (corresponding to
protein content) and OD at 490 nm was linear from 0 to 2x[10.sup.5]
cells/well.

Phenol Content

Determination of phenols was done by the colorimetric method

Folin-Ciocalteu designed by Singleton and Rossi (1965). 50 [micro]L of sample
were added to 125 [micro]L of Folin reagent and 400 [micro]L of sodium
carbonate 7.1% (w/v), adjusting with distilled water until 1000 [micro]L. The
spectrophotometric reading was done at 760 nm and it was compared to the
pattern curve using gallic acid as standard. The results were expressed as mg
of gallic acid equivalent: GAE/L.

Flavonoid Content

The flavonoids were determined by colorimetric method described by

Marinova et al. (2005). A 100 [micro]L extract was mixed with 30 [micro]L of
NaNO (5% w/v), 30 [micro]L of Al[Cl.sub.3] (10% w/v), 200 [micro]L of NaOH
(1M), and the resulting solution was brought up to a final volume of 1000
[micro]L with distilled water. The absorbance was measured at 510 nm.
(+)-Catechin standard solution was used to perform the calibration curves
and the results were expressed as catechin equivalents/L.
Ferric Reducing/Antioxidant Power Assay

To assess the antioxidant potential of bioactive compounds, the antioxidant

capacity was determined by the FRAP method using the procedure reported
by Benzie and Strain (1996) with some modifications. This method is based
on the increase in absorbance due to the formation of 2, 4,
6-tripyridil-striazine (TPTZ)-Fe (II; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) in the
presence of reducing agents. The FRAP reagent contains 2.5 mL of TPTZ (10
[micro] M) in 40 mM HCl, 2.5 mL of Fe[Cl.sub.3] (20 [micro] M), and 25 mL
acetate buffer at pH 3.6 (0.3 [micro] M). A volume of 50 [micro]L of extract
was mixed with 950 [micro]L FRAP reagent (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO,
USA). The change in absorbance (590 nm) was measured and the reducing
capacity was calculated using the absorbance difference between the sample
and blank and the reference [Fe.sup.2+] standard solution. The FRAP values
were expressed as ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity (AEAC; mg
ascorbic acid/L) using the ascorbic acid standard curve of Rojano et al. (2010).

Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity Assay

The method described by Prior et al. (2005) and Romero et al. (2010) was
used. 30 [micro]L of sample were added to 21 [micro]L of fluorescein
1x[10.sup.-2] M in PBS (75 mM), 2.899 [micro]L of PBS (75 mM), and 50
[micro]L of AAPH 0.6 M in PBS (75 mM), temperature was controlled to
37[degrees]C and pH was kept at 7.4. The readings were done at an
excitation of 493 nm and excitation slit of 10 nm. It was compared to the
primary pattern Trolox[R] curve. The results were expressed as TEAC,
[micro]mol Trolox equivalent/L

[mathematical expression not reproducible]

Where AU[C.sup.0] is the AUC of the control, AUCTrolox is the AUC for Trolox,
f is the dilution factor, and [Trolox] is the Trolox molar concentration.

Statistical Analysis
Results were presented as mean [+ or -] standard error of the mean (SEM)
from three independent experiments. The significant differences in cell
viability for each solution of Colombian fruits were assessed by two-way
ANOVAs. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to determine the
correlation among phenolic and flavonoid contents, FRAP and ORAC values,
and the biological activities of cytotoxicity and antiproliferation. The level of
significance was p < 0.05. GraphPad Prism Software version 5.0 for Windows
was used for all analyses (GraphPad Software, San Diego, USA).

RESULTS

Effect on Cell Viability

Figure 1A shows that aqueous solutions of Colombian tropical fruit, yellow

fruits and Andean berries dose-dependently reduced the number of living
SW480 cells after 48 h and 72 h of treatment. Cell viability was 22.4%, 22.9%
(p < 0.001) and 17% (p < 0.05) 72 h after application of the tropical fruit
solution at 12 mg/mL, 25 mg/mL and 50 mg/mL, respectively. Inhibition of
cell viability with the Andean berries extract for 72 h at 5 to 90 mg/mL was
higher (p < 0.001) in comparison to treatments for 48 h (Figure 1B). The
extract of yellow fruits (Figure 1C) reduced cell viability after 72 h at doses of
5-40 mg/mL from 22.4% (p < 0.001) to 8.7% (p < 0.05) and also showed
reduced potency under the same conditions for 48 h. Table 1 summarizes
the IC50 values for each fruit extract.

Effect on Cell Proliferation

The antiproliferative activities of the fruit extracts were evaluated to

determine whether the cytotoxic effects observed above could be associated
with the induction of apoptosis or cell proliferation suppression. This analysis
was performed using the SRB assay after treatment of cells for up to 72 h.
The effect of the different fruits solutions on cell proliferation is shown in
Figure 2, where the OD at 490 nm corresponds to the proteins content of
untreated or treated SW480 cells. The OD of the cellular proteins treated
with tropical fruits diminished from 29.3% to 88.4% after 72 h of treatment
(Figure 2A). The Andean berries solution had the greatest anti-proliferative
effect, decreasing cell growth from 73% to 93% (Figure 2B). A similar effect
was observed with the solution of yellow fruits with a 77.6% to 94% reduction
in cell growth.

Phenol and Flavonoid Contents and Antioxidant Activity

As Table 2 shows, the contents of total phenolic and flavonoid metabolites
present in the tropical fruit extracts was greater than in the Andean berries.
The lowest content was found in the yellow fruits solution. Table 3 shows the
reducing capacities (FRAP) and antioxidant capacities (ORAC-hydrophilic) of
the Colombian fruits. The FRAP and ORAC values also revealed that the
tropical fruits scored higher than the Andean berries and yellow fruits.

Correlation between Cytotoxic/Antiproliferative Effects and Phenolic

Content/Antioxidant Activity

Table 4 shows a positive correlation between reducing activity (FRAP) and

antioxidant capacity (ORAC-H) of tropical fruits extract. The above was
presented by presence of total phenolic (R = 0.979 and R = 0.984,
respectively, both p < 0.001) and flavonoid compounds (R = 0.973 and R =
0.995, respectively, both p < 0.001). It was also observed that the
antiproliferative effect of the tropical fruit solutions prepared with the
extracts, presented a similar correlation behavior between the 4 variables:
FRAP (R = 0.722, p <0.001), ORAC-H (R = 0.657, p <0.01), total phenols = 0.749,
p <0.01) and flavonoid contents (R = 0.687, p <0.01).
Conversely, a significant, negative correlation was found between cell
viability, FRAP and ORAC-H, and total contents of phenols and flavonoids.

In Andean berries, Table 5 shows a positive correlation between FRAP,

ORAC-H, total phenols and flavonoids . Once again, a negative correlation
was found between cell viability, FRAP (R = -0.812, p < 0.001), ORAC-H (R =
-0.739, p < 0.01), total phenol contents (R = -0.859, p < 0.001) and total
flavonoids (R = -0.812, p < 0.001).

With respect to the yellow fruits extract, Table 6 shows a positive correlation
between the FRAP and ORAC-H values and total phenols and total flavonoids
The antiproliferative effect observed in this solution shows a positive
correlation with FRAP (R =0.637, p < 0.05), ORAC-H (R = 0.691, p < 0.01), total
phenols (R = 0.683, p < 0.001) and total flavonoids (R = 0.624, p < 0.05).

Finally, a significant correlation was found between the cytotoxic activities

and FRAP (R = -0.782, p < 0.001), ORAC-H (R = -0.829, p < 0.001), total phenols
(R= -0.802, p < 0.001) and total flavonoids (R= -0.776, p < 0.001).

DISCUSSION

The results presented from this study show differences in the cytotoxic,
antiproliferative and antioxidant activities of aqueous extracts of tropical
fruits, Andean berries and yellow fruits from Colombia. The fruit extracts
were found to contain phytochemicals and secondary metabolites that
confer color, smell and taste as well as protective properties against solar
radiation and phytopathogens to the plants.

Tropical fruits extract showed the lowest cytotoxic and antiproliferative

activities of the three extracts. However, it's antioxidant capacity and it's total
phenolic and flavonoid contents were the highest, parameters which
correlate positively with antiproliferation and negatively to cytotoxicity. Thus,
despite their low capacity to affect the viability and inhibit the growth of
pre-malignant colon cells, their antioxidant activity may be a mechanism by
which phenols and flavonoids in tropical fruit lead to cytotoxicity and
antiproliferation in SW480 cells.

The solution of Colombian Andean berries yielded the highest cytotoxic and
antiproliferative activities against SW480 cells in this study. Their high
contents of phenolic and flavonoids compounds correlated positively with
antioxidant and cytotoxic activity, but not antiproliferative activity. These
results suggest that antioxidant activity may be involved in the cytotoxicity
against SW480 cells and may be attributed to the presence of phenols and
flavonoids.

The yellow fruits extract displayed more cytotoxic and antiproliferative

activities than the tropical fruits extract but less than the Andean berries.
Their antioxidant activity was the lowest as was their contents of
water-soluble phenols and flavonoids. Regardless there was a significant
positive correlation between antiproliferative and cytotoxic activities and the
contents of flavonoids and phenols in solution which were enough to induce
cell death and inhibit cell growth independently of antioxidant activity.

The tendency for IC50 to decrease over time is a reflection that cytotoxicity is
not only dose-dependent, but also time-dependent. That is, the longer cells
are exposed to extracts with low proliferation capacity, the more cytotoxicity
is observed, suggesting that the extracts are cytotoxic and antiproliferative.
If, on the other hand, the IC50 were higher, it would indicate that the cells
may be resistant to the extracts or that the extracts lost their cytotoxic
activity over time, which was not the case in this study.

All of the fruit extracts evaluated in this study contained measurable

concentrations of phenols and flavonoids. Higher and comparable contents
of bioactive compounds were found in the tropical fruits solution (175 - 3501
mg GAE/L and 9071-193208 mg catechin/L) and in the Andean berries
solution (290-4748 mg GAE/ L and 8238-173764 mg catechin/L). The FRAP
and ORAC-H values were also higher in both solutions compared to the
yellow fruits and positively correlated with the total phenol and flavonoid
contents.

Our observations are consistent with other studies where a positive

correlation between phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity was
observed in tropical fruits (Almeida et al., 2011; Rufino et al., 2010;
Moo-Huchin et al., 2014) as well as berries and cherries (Manganaris et al.,
2014; Rios de Souza et al., 2014). These findings suggest that the
water-soluble phenols and flavonoid constituents of tropical fruits and
Andean berries contribute considerably to the antioxidant activity of the
aqueous solution.

Among the flavonoids that may be present in the solution of Andean berries,
anthocyanins (2300-3000 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside/kg) have been identified in
extracts of Colombian Andean berries (Penaloza and Rojano, 2014). Tropical
fruit extracts have been reported to contain tannins at 8000-8492.4 mg
catechin/mg dry material (Penaloza and Rojano, 2014). In the current study
even though the yellow fruits contained lower phenols and flavonoid and
exhibited lower antioxidant activity, these parameters were positively
correlated which suggests these molecules contribute at least partially to the
antioxidant capacity of the fruits. Tannins have been reported in yellow fruits
at 4000-6000 mg catechin/ mg dry material, corresponding to approximately
50% of the total tannin content from tropical fruit extract.

In our study, the SW480 cells were the most sensitive to the Andean berries
solution, followed by the solutions of yellow fruits and tropical fruits. This
differential response by the cells may be attributed to the varying contents of
bioactive polyphenolic compounds (phenols and flavonoids). As mentioned,
aAndean berries contain anthocyanins which are capable of inducing cell
death by apoptosis. This effect has been observed with several fiavonoids
(e.g. quercetin, myricetin, luteolin, cranberry extracts, tea, apigenin,
genistein, and epigallocatechin gallate) in different cancer cell lines (Ramos,
2007). However, water-soluble phenols and fiavonoids were not correlated to
antiproliferative activity just cytotoxicity, suggesting there may be other
compounds present in our fruit solutions which induced the antiproliferative
effect.
The asterisks in the footers of Tables 4, 5, and 6 indicate increasing levels of
significance in the correlations and they indicate the antiproliferative and
cytotoxic activities of the fruits can be partially attributed to tannins. Tannins
reduce cell proliferation through altering the cell cycle and induce cell death
via apoptosis, which has been observed with tannins obtained from berries
(McDougall et al., 2008; Brown et al., 2012) and tropical fruits such as
tamarind, rambutan and lychee (Chunglok et al., 2014) in cancer cells. As the
total phenol concentration increased, so did the antioxidant activity assessed
by FRAP. When the Pearson correlation coefficient value ranges from -1 to 0,
it means that one variable increases as the other decreases, as explained by
the relationship between cell viability vs. FRAP, ORAC-H, total phenol
compounds (TPC) and total fiavonoids compounds (TFC).

Finally, the association of antioxidant activity with capability to affect cell

viability and cell growth may be explained by the ability of phenolic
compounds to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced during the
aerobic metabolism characteristic in cancer cells, although ROS are also
required to induce DNA damage and mitochondrial depolarization to activate
pro-apoptotic molecules. The current study showed the antioxidant phenolic
compounds may have quenched ROS while activating cell death through
alternative pathways via apoptotic death receptors (e.g. TRAIL-DR4,
TRAIL-DR5 and FAS) as described with apple procyanidins used on cell culture
models of colon cancer (Maldonado et al., 2009; Maldonado and Raul, 2010).

CONCLUSIONS

Aqueous solutions of tropical fruits, andeanAndean berries and yellow fruits

extracts from Colombia exhibit antioxidant, cytotoxic and antiproliferative
activities that can be partially attributed to their content of soluble phenolic
and flavonoid compounds. However, to give added value to these products it
will be necessary to identify their individual phytochemical constituents and
describe their mechanisms of action. Future research should also be
conducted to validate their antioxidant status in vivo and ultimately assess
their preventive potential against colon cancer.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Our research was supported by the University of Antioquia (Sustainability

Strategy 2014-2015), Tecnas S.A. (Antioxidant Extracts and Bioactives
Department) and the National University of Colombia at Medellin.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST DISCLOSURE

None of the authors have any conflict of interest to declare.

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(1) JK Penaloza, (1) JC Canas, (2) BA Rojano and (3) ME Maldonado

(1) Tecnas S. A., Antioxidants extracts and Bioactives Department, Medellin,

Colombia; (2) Sciences Faculty, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellin,
Colombia; and (3) School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Universidad de
Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
[Received December 6, 2016; Accepted July 14, 2017]

[Communicated by Prof. Hsin-Ling Yang, PhD]

Corresponding Author: Dr. JK Penaloza, Tecnas S. A., Antioxidants extracts

and Bioactives Department, Cra 50 G # 12Sur-29 Medellin, Colombia; Tel:
(574) 2854290 Ext. 4109; E-mail: jpenaloza@tecnas.com.co;
kathleen190975@gmail.com
TABLE 1. Concentrations of fruit extracts for half-maximal viability
(I[C.sub.50]) of SW480 cells.

Inhibitory 50% I[C.sub.50] (mg/mL) I[C.sub.50] (mg/mL)

concentration (I[C.sub.50])
Time of treatment (h) 48 72
Extract of Colombian 40 9.6
tropical fruits
Extract of Colombian 43.7 0.6
Andean berries
Extract of Colombian 24.4 5
yellow fruits

TABLE 2. Total phenol and total flavonoid contents of aqueous solutions

of Colombian fruits. (*) Data are presented as mean [+ or -]
SEM (n=3).

Solution Fruits Concentration (mg/mL)

3
6
Colombian tropical fruits 12
25
50
5
11
Colombian Andean berries 22.5
45
90
5
10
Colombian yellow fruits 20
40
80

Solution Fruits Total Phenols (mg GAE/L) (*)

174.6 [+ or -] 8.9
515.8 [+ or -] 14.9
Colombian tropical fruits 1001.5 [+ or -] 52.1
1925.2 [+ or -] 113.6
 3501.0 [+ or -] 338.5
289.9 [+ or -] 24.7
931.2 [+ or -]52.5
Colombian Andean berries 1127.9 [+ or -] 60.7
3237.7 [+ or -] 51.6
4747.6 [+ or -] 426.3
124.0 [+ or -] 2.5
204.9 [+ or -]12.1
Colombian yellow fruits 416.2 [+ or -] 24.2
967.9 [+ or -]213.0
1734.4 [+ or -] 86.6

Solution Fruits Total Flavonoids (mg catechin/L) (*)

9071 [+ or -] 150.2
20085 [+ or -] 1315.2
Colombian tropical fruits 39351 [+ or -] 209.7
86728 [+ or -] 5836.5
193208 [+ or -] 9042.7
8238 [+ or -] 505.2
21015 [+ or -] 229.5
Colombian Andean berries 37864 [+ or -] 1405.2
90450 [+ or -]5019.4
173764 [+ or -] 2441.4
3474 [+ or -] 445.5
5557 [+ or -] 568.8
Colombian yellow fruits 10404 [+ or -] 208.3
22446 [+ or -] 150.2
43988 [+ or -] 3057

TABLE 3. Antioxidant capacity of aqueous solutions of Colombian fruits.

(*) Data are presented as mean [+ or -] SEM (n=3).

Solution Fruits Concentration (mg/mL)

3
3
Colombian 12
25
50
5
11
Colombian 22.5
Andean berries 45
90
5
10
Colombian 20
yellow fruits 40
80

Solution Fruits FRAP value (mg ascorbic acid/L) (*)

357.6 [+ or -] 17.3
 701.9 [+ or -] 7.9
Colombian 1409.6 [+ or -] 108.7
4208.7 [+ or -] 243.7
6348.3 [+ or -] 212.7
239.0 [+ or -] 7.9
536.9 [+ or -] 20.0
Colombian 1107.9 [+ or -] 47.8
Andean berries 2171.5 [+ or -] 54.5
3821.8 [+ or -] 348.4
106.2 [+ or -] 1.5
187.9 [+ or -] 5.6
Colombian 382.8 [+ or -] 11.5
yellow fruits 740.9 [+ or -] 5.7
1538.1 [+ or -] 70.7

Solution Fruits Hydrophilic ORAC value ([micro]mol Trolox/ L) (*)

5477.1 [+ or -] 642.4
8303.6 [+ or -] 911.8
Colombian 13571.9 [+ or -] 1369.3
35549.9 [+ or -] 3630.5
76452.1 [+ or -] 3423.2
4445.4 [+ or -] 50.7
76452.1 [+ or -] 3423.2
Colombian 18928.9 [+ or -] 546.9
Andean berries 39795.3 [+ or -] 547.7
39522.9 [+ or -] 2042.5
2249.6 [+ or -] 140.3
4784.9 [+ or -] 593.4
Colombian 7956.2 [+ or -] 547.7
yellow fruits 16557.9 [+ or -] 547.7
23608.9 [+ or -] 1380.1

TABLE 4. Pearson's correlation coefficients for Colombian tropical

fruit extracts. FRAP (ferric antioxidant power); ORAC-H: Oxygen radical
antioxidant capacity-hydrophilic; TPC: total phenols content; total
flavonoids content. (*) p<0.05, (***) p<0.001, (**) p<0.01.

FRAP ORAC-H Anti-proliferative Cell viability

FRAP - - 0.722 (**) -0.611 (*)

ORAC-H - - 0.657 (**) -0.567 (*)
TPC 0.979 (***) 0.984 (***) 0.749 (**) -0.616 (*)
TFC 0.973 (***) 0.995 (***) 0.687 (**) -0.589 (*)

TABLE 5. Pearson's correlation coefficient for Solution of Colombian

Andean berries. FRAP (ferric antioxidant power); ORAC-H: Oxygen radical
antioxidant capacity-hydrophilic; TPC: total phenols content; total
fiavonoids content. (***) p<0.001, (**) p<0.01.

FRAP ORAC-H Antiproliferative Cell viability

FRAP - - 0.414 -0.812 (***)

ORAC-H - - 0.467 -0.739 (**)
TPC 0.985 (***) 0.935 (***) 0.371 -0.859 (***)
TFC 0.990 (***) 0.885 (***) 0.357 -0.812 (***)

TABLE 6. Pearson's correlation coefficients for Colombian yellow fruit

extracts. FRAP (ferric antioxidant power); ORAC-H: Oxygen radical
antioxidant capacity-hydrophilic; TPC: total phenols content; total
fiavonoids content. (*) p<0.05, (***) p<0.001, (**) p<0.01.

FRAP ORAC-H Antiproliferative Cell viability

FRAP - - 0.637 (*) -0.782 (***)

ORAC-H - - 0.691 (**) -0.829 (***)
TPC 0.982 (***) 0.978 (***) 0.683 (**) -0.802 (***)
TFC 0.994 (***) 0.978 (***) 0.624 (*) -0.776 (***)

Copyright: COPYRIGHT 2017 New Century Health Publishers, LLC

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Source Citation (MLA 9th Edition)   
Penaloza, Jk, et al. "ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY, POLYPHENOL CONTENT AND
ANTIPROLIFERATIVE ACTIVITY OF YELLOW, TROPICAL AND ANDEAN BERRIES
EXTRACTS OBTAINED FROM MIXTURES OF BLACKBERRY (Rubus glaucus),
PASSION FRUIT (Passiflora edulis and Passiflora ligularis), PINEAPPLE (Ananas
comosus), GUAVA (Psidium guajava l. Radd) AND PINEAPPLE GUAVA (Acca
sellowiana)." Current Topics in Nutraceutical Research, vol. 15, no. 3-4,
Aug.-Nov. 2017, pp. 163+. Gale Academic OneFile,
link.gale.com/apps/doc/A524684279/AONE?u=googlescholar&sid=bookmark-
AONE&xid=743cfb03. Accessed 21 Mar. 2023.

Gale Document Number: GALE|A524684279