Topic 6: Basic Principles of Biosafety, Biosecurity and
Used to control animal spreading
Biorisk Management
6.1 Biosafety
● Containment principles, technologies, and practices
implemented to prevent unintentional exposure to
pathogens and toxins, or their unintentional release
● Containment are practices wherein we keep
something harmful under control/within limits.
Biological agents won’t be released to cause
infection.
● Containment (practices) is preventing harmful agents
to cause toxin or infection. We are making sure that
these biological agents will not cause harm.
● We are keeping ourselves from getting infected.
● Ensuring/preventing ourselves are not exposed to
microorganisms that may cause infection
● All measures that prevent accidental exposure to
biological agents and infectious agents are being
practiced in biosafety.
Biological agents
● Your microorganisms that can cause allergy or
toxicity to humans or plants. This could be viruses,
bacteria, fungi, and parasites.
● The one that causes infection.
● Ex: Covid-19 infection caused by virus Sars Cov2
Biosafety: protects people and the environment from
exposure to harmful biological materials
– maintaining containment
– preventing exposure
– emergency response protocols
Viral Transport Medium (VTM) – ex: swabs from patient. If no
PPE and you hold the swab, you are exposed. Although you
are already exposed to the patient, if you hold it with bare
hands, that is a high level of exposure.
6.2 Biosecurity
● Refers to the protection, control, accountability for
valuable biological materials within laboratories, in
order to prevent their unauthorized access, loss,
theft, misuse diversion or intentional release
● Securing the microorganisms for unintentional
use/act, or controlling the microorganisms so that it
will not be used as an agent to cause biological
exposure.
● Institutional and personal security measures
designed to prevent the loss, theft, misuse, diversion,
or intentional release of pathogens and toxins.
Biosecurity: prevents misappropriation and misuse of
potentially harmful biological agents
– Secure storage. Ex: Passcode
– Limited access
– Inventory of stock
– Protocols and regulations.
and to people spreading.
6.3 Biorisk Management and Assessment
Biorisk Management
● Analysis of ways and development of strategies to
minimize the likelihood of occurrence of biorisks
● Chair insert
● Assessment – One of the important things to do is to
assess. Assessing other people why with PPE, they
still acquire infections.
● Mitigation practices – knowing the practices to
minimize likelihood of infection
● Performance – action of mitigation
● To demonstrate appropriate valid biorisk reduction –
meaning minimization.
● If there is an implementation, there should be an
assessment of these procedures that has been
established.
● Responsibility of the manager/administrator of the
facility, not only by the biorisk manager. The overall
responsibility/in charge of implementing these
biosafety practices is being given to the
administration.
● Biosafety officer, biosafety managers execute the
rules, too.
Biorisk Assessment
● The process to identify acceptable and unacceptable
risk and their potential consequences
● DOH has tools, areas that should be assessed. High
likelihood = high possibility of consequences.
The higher the likelihood of an infection or having an
infection, the less or unacceptable the risk.
● When doing biorisk assessment, there is “embracing
biorisk.”
● Biorisk – Risk of accidental infection
● Laboratory Biosecurity risk – risk of unauthorized
access, loss, unintentional release
PPE is the least among hierarchy to become safe from
microorganism
Valuable Biological Materials (VBM’s)
● These are the materials that require administrative
oversight, control, accountability, and specific
protective and monitoring measures to the laboratory
to protect their economic and historical value or the
population from their potential to cause harm.
● This may include pathogens and toxins. May include
non-pathogenic organisms, vaccine strains,
preserve, GMOs, cell components, genetic elements,
and intraterrestrial samples or valuable biological
materials.
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6.4 Biosafety VS Biosecurity – “Great dying” in the Americas
● (starting in the 1600s)
“Keeping the people from the bad bugs.” biosafety ● Disease brought by Europeans
“Keeping the bad bugs from the people.” biosecurity ● Local population vulnerable, up to 90% mortality

Biosafety protects people from biohazards, biosecurity – HIV/AIDS

protects biohazards from people. ● 1950-present
● World-wide pandemic
● 40 million infected world-side (2003)
● Inherited by the newborn
6.5 Biosafety background, Disease shaping and
major epidemics in human history
6.6 Hazard/Threat and its Classifications, Risk
BIOSAFETY BACKGROUND: The Biohazard Symbol
● Very distinct and well known symbol HAZARD/THREAT
● Used internationally to indicate biohazard (which ● The source or causative agent of a particular risk
means threat to living organisms)
● Developed at Dow Chemical Company in 1966 ● Hazard is for biosafety
● “We wanted something that was memorable but ● Threat is for biosecurity
meaningless, so we could educate people as to what
it means,” Charles Baldwin, Dow Engineer Classification of hazard/threat
Material
The symbol signifies the chain of ● Biological, chemical, radiological, liquid nitrogen,
infection: host, agent (viruses, flammable material, etc
bacteria, parasites), source Equipment
(environment, self), & transmission ● Centrifuge (separate blood from water), autoclave
(sterilize bacteria), biosafety cabinet, etc
Internationally recognized symbol ● Spore Forming bacteria (Bacillus, clostridium)
People
● Immunocompromised worker, non-competent staff,
Best way to break the chain of infection is proper etc.
handwashing. It should be 20 seconds. Environment
When to hand wash? ● Congested laboratory, etc.
● Before and after you eat Activity
● If your hands is visibly solid with dirt ● Procedures involving aerosol generation
● After using comfort rooms with liquid soap ● Centrifuge with no test tube cap
● Apply hand sanitizer or alcohol

DISEASE SHAPING in Human History RISK

Impacted human history from the very beginning
– The fight against biological agents of infection started long
before the discovery of microorganisms.
– Early human development
● Low population until migration from Africa
(~65,000-80,000) from zoonotic diseases (caused by
animals)
● Diseases migrated with humans and evolved
alongside
– Shaped ongoing development
● Major population culls world-wide through epidemics
● Allowed easier colonization (up to 90% mortality
among natives)
Major Epidemics in Human History
– Black Plague
● (1347-1351)
● Brought from China by caravan trade. Up to ⅓ of
Europe’s population killed
● Demolished the Yuan dynasty
● The potential that a chosen action will lead to an
undesirable outcome
● Ex: centrifuging without cup, performing without PPE,
accommodating untested and unvaccinated patients
Biosafety risk
● The risk of accidental exposure to or release of a
biological hazard
Biosecurty risk
● The risk of intentional removal (theft) of a valuable
biological materials
𝐻𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑟𝑑/𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡 + 𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛/𝑀𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛/𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝑅𝐼𝑆𝐾
𝑆𝑎𝑟𝑠𝐶𝑜𝑣2 + 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑆𝑎𝑟𝑠𝐶𝑜𝑣2 = 𝑅𝐼𝑆𝐾
𝐻𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑟𝑑 + 𝑁𝑜 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝑁𝑜 𝑅𝑖𝑠𝑘
𝑅𝑖𝑠𝑘 = 𝐻𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑟𝑑 × 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒

19
Hazard = any source of potential adverse health effect, harm
or damage
Risk = the likelihood that person is exposed to a hazard will
be harmed
Exposure = the extent to which someone is subjected to a
hazard
Risk is continuous
Risk = Laboratory Acquired Infection is risk
Exposure = Staff not using PPE’s
Hazard = Irresponsible staff
6.6 Laboratory Acquired Infection
Laboratory Acquired Infections (LAI)
● Are infections, either symptomatic or asymptomatic,
that are acquired through laboratory or
laboratory-related activities, as a result of working
with infectious agents
● Nosocomial infection is LAI in hospital
● Continue to occur despite control practices and
measures
● Get worse and worse every year
(emerging/re-emerging)
Routes of Laboratory Exposures
● Ingestion - not allowed to eat inside the laboratory
● Inoculation - natusok ng needle
● Contamination - no PPE, spilling of blood
● Inhalation - no mask
Causes of Laboratory Exposures
● 20% caused by equipment failure
● 80% caused by human factors
– not performing proper handwashing
– eating in the lab work area
– wrong/inadequate PPE
– non-compliance to policies
Top 4 laboratory accidents resulting in LAI’s
1. Spills and splashes – biological spills
2. Needle stick injuries – recap of needle or fishing
technique
3. Sharp object lacerations – ex: microtome
4. Animal scratch/bite
Positivity Outcomes for reporting LAI’s
● Improvement of facility, training, Standard Operating
Procedure (SOP)’s
● Collective organizational commitment
● Allocation of sufficient funds
Negative Outcomes for Reporting LAI’s
● Social stigma associated with reporting
● punishment/loss of job/ end of career
● Loss of reputation
● More paper works for reporting
6.7 Principles of Biosafety
1. Practice and Procedures
– Standard practices
– Special practices and consideration
2. Safety equipment
3. Facility design and construction
– In testing COVID, there is unilateral flow of air
4. Increasing levels of protection
PRACTICE AND PROCEDURES
– Standard microbiological practices
● Standard microbiological practices is one of the
principles, or one of the strategies being required in
the clinical laboratory to ensure that there is less or
least level of exposure to microorganisms. It
includes:
● Aware of potential hazard
– Trained and proficient in techniques
– Supervisions responsible for appropriate
laboratory facilities and personnel and training
● Special practices and precautions.
– Occupational health programs
SAFETY EQUIPMENT
– Primary containment barrier. It is the first line of defense.
– Minimize exposure to hazard
● Prevent contact/contain aerosols
– Engineering controls/equipment. The way how we design
the laboratory is important to minimize the likelihood of LAI
– Personal protective equipment (PPE)
● Gloves, gowns, respirator, face shield, booties, Shoe
cover (is the most contaminated PPE because
pinangtatapak)
– Biological safety cabinets. We have biosafety Cabinet 1, 2
and 3.
– Covered and ventilated animal system
FACILITY DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
– Secondary barrier / engineering controls
– 2020, Mayor Teodoro of Marikina was not permitted a DOH
license of molecular laboratory to operate because of the
engineering controls of unilateral air failure
– Contributes to worker protection
– Protects the outside of the laboratory
● Environment and neighborhood
– ex: Building the lab design, ventilation, autoclaves
20
INCREASING LEVELS OF PROTECTION
– Biosafety levels 1-4 (BSL)
● Increasing levels of employee and environmental
protection
● Guidelines for workings safely in research & clinical
laboratory facilities
● Biosafety Level 2 Cabinet is routinely required in a
clinical laboratory.
● Biosafety Level 4 is used for high contagious
diseases. Ex: Ebola virus. The laboratory is
separated and has its own buildings.
– Agricultural Biosafety Levels 1-4 (ABSL)
● Laboratory animal facilities
● Plant, GMO facilities
● Animal models that support research
● Guidelines for working safety in animal research
facilities
BIOSECURITY CHALLENGES
– Biological materials
● No devices to detect pathogens being removed from
a facility
● Easy to hide small vials, culture tubes
● Present in clinical labs, research labs, private labs,
government labs.
(ex: Sample is biological hazard)
● Present in many locations within the lab
(ex: CSF is a Meningitis positive, hazard, collected in
four tubes: for Clinical Chemistry, Hematology,
Microbiology, and Histopathology)
– By nature are accessible to public
– Changing workforce (work shift, different people)
6.8 PILLARS OF BIOSECURITY
Physical 🞄 Personnel 🞄 Accountability 🞄 Transport 🞄 Information
🞄 Awareness 🞄 Response 🞄 Management
1. PHYSICAL SECURITY
– assurance of safety from physical intrusion
– Graded protections (Low risk assets)
● Property Protection Areas (Low risk assets).
Grounds, Public access offices, Warehouse
● Limited Areas (Moderate risk assets).
Laboratories, Sensitive or administration officers,
hallways surrounding exclusion areas
● Exclusion Areas (High risk assets).
High containment laboratories, and computer
network. May contain information about hazards
– Principles of Physical Security: Detection, Delay, and
Response
2. PERSONNEL RELIABILITY PROGRAM (PRP)
– Evolved from Personnel Management
– the context of biosecurity, is the assurance that people that
are given access to sensitive biological materials are reliable,
honest and trustworthy.
– The objective of a Personnel Reliability Program is to:
Understand that human factors can significantly impact the
success of biorisk management.
● To reduce the risk of theft and fraud
● To reduce the risk of scientific misconduct
● To support and procedural and administrative access
control requirements
Personnel training - Security Awareness
● Promoting security awareness in employees is one
of the most important ways breaches in security can
be recognized.
● Lab workers should be aware of who should be and
should not be n their work areas
● For example: A person with wrong type of ID, or
simply someone you don’t recognize in your part of
the building, should be asked, “Who are you?” and, if
necessary, reported to building security
● “Response” in Principles of Physical Security is
aligned
3. MATERIAL CONTROL & ACCOUNTABILITY
– the assurance that there is an awareness of what exists in
the laboratory, where it is, and who is responsible for it.
– Ex: Sample should not be held by maintenance personnel.
Even the housekeeping personnel should be trained on how
to clean the area.
– Ensure the complete and timely knowledge of (1) What
materials exist, (2) Where the materials are, (3) Who is
accountable for them
– All materials should have an associated “accountable
person” who is ultimately responsible for the material.
● The person best in a position to answer questions
about the associated material
● Not someone to blame!
● Ensure that no materials is “orphaned”
– The objective is to create an environment that discourages
theft & misuse by establishing oversight.
– There should be a system of controlling and tracking their
samples
– VBM’s
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4. TRANSPORT SECURITY
– Chain of custody: sample should be traced
– assurance that the same rigorous processes that protect
biological materials in the laboratory follow those materials
when they are transported outside laboratory areas.
– reduce the risk of illicit acquisition of high-risk biological
agents
● Relies on chain of custody principles and end-user
agreements
● High risk agents are routinely shipped worldwide for
diagnostic and research activities
– a local, national, and international concern
– there is a need to develop a common standard
– Ex: Covid-19 swabs in Mindoro is transported to
BATMC
Internal Transport
– movement of materials from restricted areas within a facility.
– May involve Personnel from Labs, Shipping area, Receiving
ares, Disposal ares (e.g. autoclave ad incinerator rooms)
– In order to move materials safely and securely, Pre-approval
process is how we are going to transport the sample from
amplification area to the protonation area
– Ex: laboratory area to another area
External Transport
– Movement of materials from one facility to another
– May involve commercial carriers
● Occurs within a wide array of international and state
regulations and standards
– Mindoro to Batangas, Philippines to Singapore
– If it's a biological hazard, there should be a symbol. If this is
a viral load or viral transport medium, it must be kept in a or it
must have a dry ice. Because if we are transporting viral
materials, it should be at -20℃ to keep the sample viable for
testing
– Who sent, telephone number/contact number, code, address
to sent
– UN3373 : code for shipment of biological hazards
Complete label, category B for biological substance
5. INFORMATION SECURITY
– the assurance that sensitive and valuable information
stores in a laboratory is protected from theft or diversion
– Document control and computer security is necessary to
reduce risks in a facility
● Label information as restricted
● Limit distribution
● Restrict methods of communication
● Implement network and desktop security
6. SECURITY AWARENESS
– general awareness of the proper security measures in our
laboratory, where the risks are, and what should be done.
– how you will handle the risk, sample, hazard.
If the people in your facility are aware of the true biosecurity
risks they face, they will be more likely to:
1. Report if someone strange is walking around
2. Keep an eye on sample storage areas and assign
security responsibilities to each other
3. Keep sensitive information safe
4. Provide suggestions for improving security
5. Take training more seriously
7. RESPONSE AND RESILIENCY
– General awareness of the proper security counteraction
and how to spring-back into operations when one or more of
the biosafety elements and/or biosecurity pillars collapse or
breakdown respectively
– In other words, what are the things you are going to do if
other pillars are not practiced
– Response is best achieved with collaboration with
government and law enforcements
– Recommendations and remedies based on lessons learned
during “drills”
8. ORGANIZATIONAL MANAGEMENT
– General awareness that there is strong laboratory
leadership. The general administration, the laboratory
administration and the Biosafety Officer must work to:
● Allocate responsibility and authority among staff and
lab managers
● Demonstrate good laboratory practices and a
commitment to responsible life science research
● Establish a culture of responsibility
● Provide oversight to the entire Lab biosafety program
– The organization itself is liable in the overall implementation
of biosecurity practices.
6.9 Biosecurity Achievement, Bottomline
How is Biosecurity achieved?
– Physical barriers
● Structural design (glass panel in chem lab), traffic
control, flow patterns
– Psychological barriers
● Identifiable security, secure culture (Dos and Don'ts
in lab)
– Monitoring Activities
● Security patrol, access controls
22
– Personnel Clearance Biosafety Level 2 (BSL-2)
● Background checks, Clearances, Referrals, reporting ● Requires Cabinet 2
strangers (health declaration form) ● LPU has this for Genomics and molecular
● Administrative Order no. 020030 Series of 2021
Effectiveness of biosecurity will depend on the integrity of the requires that all laboratory must have sterilization
individuals with access to the pathogens. room and waste holding area

Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3)

6.10 Risk Groups, Categories of Lab Biosafety
Levels Biosafety Level 4 (BSL-4)
– Two models for BSL-4 laboratories
On book page 92. 1. A Cabinet Laboratory where all handling of agents
RISK GROUP 1 must be performed in a Class III BSC.
– low individual and community risk 2. A Suit Laboratory where personnel must wear a
positive pressure protective suit BSL-4 Cabinet and
RISK GROUP 2 Suit Laboratories have special engineering and
– moderate individual risk, low community risk design features to prevent microorganisms from
being disseminated into the environment.
RISK GROUP 3 – Parang mga astronaut
– high individual risk, low community risk

RISK GROUP 4
– high individual risk, high community risk

GMT means Good Microbiological Techniques

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) exists in all humans. It is

the normal flora of our skin. It can cause infection, but it is not
that risky to the community.
Herpes simples virus includes shingles, Varicella, smallpox.
Adenovirus ex: upper respiratory infection

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb). TB

Bacillus anthracis (B. anthracis) can cause anthrax and HIV
as well as Rabies

CATEGORIES OF LABORATORY BIOSAFETY ACCORDING

TO LEVELS

Biosafety levels include essential elements for activities

involving infectious microorganisms and laboratory animals

More on page 93

Biosafety Level 1 (BSL-1)

23
Topic 7: Clinical Laboratory
7.1 Clinical Laboratory
● Facility that is involved in
– Pre-analytical
– Analytical
– Post Analytical
The phases above are most important, especially in
the clinical laboratory, where each of these has different
activities that are being done.
For example, we are about to extract blood from our
patient and prior to the extraction of blood to the patient, we
have to identify first who is our patient. And patient
identification is involved in the Pre-analytical Phase. We
have to ensure and make sure that we identify our patient
correctly because patient misidentification can lead to
Pre-analytical error and Post analytical error.
On the other hand, we have our analytical test or
Analytical phase. This is where we do our testing. This is the
phase where we are doing the analysis, not the quantitative
analysis or the qualitative analysis of the analyte of interest.
For example, FBS or Fasting Blood Sugar, is an example of
analyte. The sugar is the analyte that we are testing, and if
we’re doing fasting blood sugar analysis, it is under what we
called analytical test. However, prior to analytical testing, we
have to undergo pre-analytical test or Pre-analytical phase
which is the patient identification.
When the blood is extracted and the analysis of the
blood under analytical phase is done, we release the results
of our analysis and that is under what we called Post
analytical phase. Interpretation and analysis of the results is
under the Post analytical phase.
● Facility where tests are done on specimens from
human body to obtain information about the health
status of a patient for
–Prevention
– Diagnosis
– Treatment of diseases
Medical Laboratory Science is a science that is
involved in analysis of different body fluids including blood for
the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases.
Clinical Laboratory is not only limited to these factors.
There are other things that we have to consider. We have:
SECTIONS of Clinical Laboratory
● Anatomic Pathology
● Clinical Chemistry
● Clinical Microscopy
● Endocrinology
● Hematology
● Immunology and Serology
● Microbiology
● Toxicology
● Molecular Diagnostics
● Nuclear Diagnostics
These are the different sections in the Clinical Laboratory
where you work. Different tests being done in a clinical
laboratory are being done in different sections of it.
ANATOMICAL PATHOLOGY
For example, the tissue that is obtained from the human body,
the tissue obtained from a person undergoing surgery or
surgical removal of a cyst must undergo anatomical
pathology. And that is what we called “histopathology”. Those
who undergo biopsy are under anatomical pathology and that
is one of the areas specialized in our clinical laboratory.
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
This is usually blood chem, about FBS, Blood urea nitrogen
(BUN), kidney function, liver function.
CLINICAL MICROSCOPY
All about urine and other body fluid.
ENDOCRINOLOGY
It is for hormones and usually in some or most of the
laboratories, the endocrinology section is incorporated in
Clinical Chemistry.
HEMATOLOGY
This is where Complete blood count (CBC) is done,
differential count, White blood count (WBC), RBC, etc. all
about cells and cell morphology.
IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY
This is for infectious diseases. For example: hepatitis, HIV
screening
MICROBIOLOGY
This section is intended for isolation and culture of
microorganisms taken from or that is seen in the human
body/sample.
MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS
It is all about the molecular level or cellular level of diagnosis
of the patient’s condition. For example, the nucleotide of the
virus is done in this section.
NUCLEAR DIAGNOSTICS
One of the most common things that is being performed or
being done in nuclear diagnostics is the thyroid function.
Clinical Laboratory is also active in
● Research
● Community Outreach
● Surveillance
● Infection Control
● Information Dissemination
● Evaluation of the applicability of diagnostic
technologies
RESEARCH
Important in order for us to develop the different procedures
that we are doing in the laboratory. Without this, we cannot
improve or there is no breakthrough.
24
 Classification of the Clinical Laboratory
COMMUNITY OUTREACH and SURVEILLANCE
For example, the Covid-19, we have a surveillance team to 1. Ownership
monitor how many people are positive in the virus for a given – Government Laboratory - Operated, maintained partially or
day. And, it is our responsibility as MT to inform the local wholly by the local government unit (LGU)
government units if there are positive patients for Covid-19. ● Philippine General Hospital
For example, if a certain person came to your laboratory for a ● Batangas Medical Center
certain analysis and he yielded positive results, then we have
to report the LGU to the surveillance team. – Private Laboratory - Owned and operated privately,
established and operated by an individual person, or
INFECTION CONTROL investment or corporation. In other words, no government
Also part of the previous given example. As a MT, it is our relation.
moral responsibility to ensure that the microorganisms or this ● St. Luke’s Medical Center
infectious disease will not cause harm, hence, we have to ● Asian Hospital and Medical Center
make sure that the workplace is safe not only for ourselves but
also for our patients. 2. Institutional Character
– Institution-based - laboratory is inside the hospital and
INFORMATION DISSEMINATION affiliated by the hospital
As a MT, we are involved in public health and public health as ● Philippine General Hospital
a public interest is the one who is disseminating the correct, ● Batangas Medical Center
the true, the right information about certain diseases. ● St. Luke’s Medical Center – Private Institution-based
● Asian Hospital and Medical Center
EVALUATION OF THE APPLICABILITY…
The testing kits we are using for Covid19 test, we are – Non-institutional Based - referred as free standing labs
evaluating those technologies if they are suitable for the ● Hi-Precision Diagnostics
analysis.
3. Other Classification is based on its type.
– Clinical Pathology
7.2 Laboratory Assays ● Deals with chemical and cellular analyses of blood
● In the past were described as manual, taxing, labor and other body fluids
intensive and time consuming ● Clinical Chemistry
● Today assays are less laborious, shortened ● Clinical Microscopy
turnaround time (TAT), more reliable results ● Toxicology
● Therapeutic Drug
These are the tests that were done manually before. ● Monitoring
For example: manual CBC. Before, releasing the patient's ● Immunology/Serology
result takes time because of manual counting of erythrocytes, ● Hematology
white cells, compute or determine the hematocrit using ● Coagulation
microhematocrit reader and hemoglobin using the rule of ● Microbiology
three. Aside from that, we have to perform manual differential ● Parasitology
counting. In Clinical Chemistry, we have to mix up the sample
plus the reagent, incubate it, and read it into – Anatomic Pathology
spectrophotometer and using the BEER’s law, we are using a ● Provide processing and examination of surgical
formula in order for us to arrive the concentration of our specimens as to the physical appearance and
analytes based on the concentration of our standard and microscopic structure of tissues
based on the concentration of our sample. Nowadays, we are ● Surgical pathology
following the “Turnaround time'' where we put the sample in ● Cytopathology
the machine and double check the results. ● Immunohistochemical techniques
● Autopsies
When we say turnaround time, it is the time between ● Forensic pathology
the test being requested until such time when the results of
the analysis is being released. Most of the laboratories in the – Molecular Pathology
locality, the turnaround time for different tests takes 2 hours. ● Deals with the analysis of certain genes, proteins
However, the reliability and authenticity of the result might be and other molecules in sample from organs, tissues
compromised if MT is not double checking the results of our of bodily fluids in order to diagnose disease and/or to
analysis. In the future, there will be more improvement due to guide the prevention and treatment of disease
automation and technology even without the use of ● Before the pandemic, we were not considering
conventional techniques. Laboratory Information System (LIS) Molecular Pathology in the classification of clinical
is part of the modernization effect of digitalization laboratories, but when Covid occurs, it is now
included.

25
4. Based on its Service Capability.
*space means you can do what is in primary laboratory
*those in prim. lab can be done in sec. and ter., but those in sec. cannot be done in prim. Tert. is the total of prim. and sec.
*gray table, no text, just space
Section Primary Laboratory Secondary Tertiary Laboratory
Laboratory

Urinalysis – urine test that is one of the most common and

Clinical oldest laboratory procedures. Give us a screening test of the
Microscopy renal/kidney function.

Fecalysis – “Stool analysis”. For the detection of ova (egg) and

parasites

Fecal Occult Blood (FOBT) – “Stool occult blood (SOBT)”

Occult means detecting the presence of hidden (occult) blood.
FOBT is usually being done for patients with dark and hard
stool, suspected of having Ulcer and Upper Gastrointestinal
Bleeding (UGIB).

Pregnancy Test

Wet Smear for Trichomonas – Parasites that may cause

irritation in the Vaginal Canal. Presence of trichomonas
vaginalis that can cause vaginitis.

Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) – one of the tests helpful for Serum Electrolytes Other clinical chemistry
Clinical Diabetes Mellitus to monitor the sugar status and to check if the (Na, K, Ca, Cl) – test examinations
Chemistry patient is suffering from hyperglycemia [hyper=increase, – endocrinology
being used to asses
gly=sugar, emia=blood] (abnormal amount of glucose in the the function also of
blood). Glucose in the blood must be stored in red cells. RBC will our kidney
use it for production of energy. The blood sugar increases due to
deficiency of insulin. Insulin is a hormone that promotes the ALT/SGPT AST/SGOT
entrance of glucose to the RBC. Hyperglycemic if fasting blood
– liver enzymes that
sugar is more than 100 mg/dL = 11.1 millimoles/L. Not all who
assess the function of
have high blood sugar higher than 100 are diabetic because
our kidney
there are other criteria also being used.

Random Blood Sugar – Any time of the day, you can get it.
For example, you’ve eaten at 11:00, you take this to determine
why you feel weak, usually when you're a citizen, and you are
diabetic. Low blood sugar results in fainting and weakness .

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) – This test is also

used to determine diabetes. One of the applications of this test is
for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) that is developed during
pregnancy or months after giving birth. ObGyne requires
patients, especially those with family line, OGTT or to drink 75
grams or 100 grams glucose. The patient must do fasting first.

Lipid Profile – includes total cholesterol, triglycerides,

high-density lipoprotein (HDL/LDL) and Very low-density
Lipoprotein (VLDL). Purpose is to know if you are hypertensive
or with normal metabolism of fats and cholesterol.

Creatinine – assesses the function of our kidneys.

Blood Uric Acid – Usually, those with high blood uric acid
means these are the patients with gout (joints) because of the
deposition of the uric acid crystals in the joints.

Blood Urea NItrogen

26
 Complete Blood Count (CBC) – to know the number or Coagulation studies
Hematology RBCs, WBCs, in determining viral, bacterial, or fungal infection. (PT. a PTT) – to
Generally, when we have bacterial infection, it is due to high determine the
Neutrophils. Platelet Count is under here, too, especially when different the
the patient is suspected of Dengue. abnormalities in
coagulation cascade
Reverse and Forward Blood Typing – (AB, A, B, O). whether we have a
If your laboratory is equipped with this facility/blood bank, blood deficiency in intrinsic,
typing reverse and forward is being done in the Blood Banking extrinsic factors, or
section. If there is no Blood Banking section, Hematology does it.
common factors
But with Blood Bank, the blood typing is done in it.

Dengue Instead of kits, any

Serology / machine-based
Immunology Syphilis serological and
– screening test immunological tests such
as but not limited to tumor
Hepatitis B Screening – Hepatitis B Surface antigen markers, thyroid function
(HBSAG) for hepatitis screening. If (+), we need to confirm test and hepatitis profile –
if you are reactive with it confirmation of reactive
– Samples can be hepatitis. It might also
HIV Screening done like anti-HIV, include different
anti-HCV, different immunological tests but not
limited to tumor markers.
serological tests that
CA 125 is used to
uses kits can be done determine the recurrence of
ovarian cancer, to check if
the management or the
treatment for that certain
cancer is effective. All
profiles to determine stages
of hepa-B virus.

TB (DSSM) or Nucleic Acid Amplification (for Gram Stain Culture and sensitivity
Microbiology government facilities) – Direct sputum smear microscopy KOH (Aerobic and Anaerobic)
(DSSM) is for those with Tuberculosis (TB) if the patient is – e.g. you have bacteremia,
and the doctor wants to
positive in Acid fast bacilli (AFB) – for fungal elements
suppress the multiplication
of bacteria

Pap Smear – 40 Cytology and

Anatomic years old and above Histopathology
Pathology to know cervical – e.g. CSF, peritoneal fluid,
and other body fluids.
Do not offer primary laboratory problems, to know
Cytology to determine
exfoliative/abnormal abnormal cells in fluid.
cells. Even as young Histopathology is about
as 20 years old tissues, e.g. polyps in
should take the test intestines, then undergo
because: (1) secually histopath to determine if
active, (2) familial benign (non-cancerous) or
malignant (cancerous)
history of cervical
cancer, (3) pabata
nang pabata ang
nagkakaroon ng
cervical cancer

Anatomic Pathology Molecular Pathology

– Cytology – Genetics
– Histopathology – Immuno-hematopathology and Infectious Disease
– If Anatomic Pathology lang, the two above is what you ONLY – If you are a clinical laboratory, you do all in the prev table
do. EXCEPT anatomic pathology.
* A clinic can be a combination of anatomic or molecular pathology, or independent.

27
7.3 Laws on the Operation, Maintenance, and 7.4 Sta ng, Laboratory Layout
Registration of Clinical Laboratories in the Basic Organizational Level
Philippines
Pathologist (head)
Republic Act 4688 ↓
– An act regulating the operations and maintenance of clinical Chief Medical Technologist
laboratories and requiring the registration of the same with the ↓
department of health, providing penalty for the violation MT 1, MT 2, MT 3, MT 4, Phlebotomist, Receptionist
thereof, and for other purposes

Section 1. All laboratories shall secure License to Operate Staffing Pattern for RMT Analysts Based on DOH AO
Annually, granted of Department of Health through Health 2021-0037
Facilities and Services Regulatory Bureau
Section 2. Laboratory shall be headed by Registered
Physician (Pathologist)
Section 3. Department of Health and Bureau of Research and
Laboratories shall be charged with strict enforcing of this act
Section 4. Any who violates the law shall be punished with
not less than 1 month but not more than one year
imprisonment not less than 1,00 nor more than 5,000 pesos
fine
Section 5. Separability Clause
Section 6. 50 Pesos or so much may be necessary is hereby
authorized to be appropriated
Section 7. Repealing Clause
Section 8. Effectivity
*Laboratory can add but must not be less than the required
Administrative Order no. 59 s.2001 number.
– Administrative Order is being implemented by the DOH
– Rules and Regulations Governing the Establishment,
Operation and Maintenance of Clinical Laboratories in the Prototype of Laboratory Blueprint
Philippines. https://caro.doh.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Sample-F
– It is a mortal sin in the field of MT if there is no label in the loor-Plans-for-General-Clinical-Laboratory-8-5-2021.pdf
sample
– Revised into:
Things to Consider in laboratory layout
Administrative order no. 2007-0027
– Revised Rules and Regulations Governing the Licensure
and Regulation of Clinical Laboratories in the Philippines.
– The purpose is to ensure accuracy and precision of the
laboratory in order to safeguard the public health and security.
– Obsolete, too due to:

Administrative Oder no. 2021-0037

– New rules and regulations governing the regulation of
Clinical Laboratories in the Philippines
– Releases last June 2021
– New guidelines of diagnostic, clinical laboratories in the
Philippines, which shall ensure accountability of the
laboratory—accurate, precise, and reliable laboratory results
in a timely manner through continuous compliance
– The Online System for two permits is institutionalized.

These two permits are important for the operation of the

laboratory:
1. Permit to construct – applying to DOH with the approve
blueprint
2. License to operate

28
7.5 Laboratory Testing Process
Domino effect. For example, patient misidentification. Mali ka
sa pre-analytical and post analytica, pwedeng tama ka sa
analytical.

7.6 Quality Assurance

● Organized, systematic, well planned, and regularly
done with the results properly documented and
consistently reviewed
● Involves the entire testing process: pre-analytical
analytical (testing), and post analytical processes.
● We have to consider the quality control program,
under the quality assurance scheme.
● The DOH is also requesting for QC files.
● According to the DOH, we have 2 schemes of quality
assurance: IQAS and EQAS
Pre-Analytical
● Test Ordering Internal Quality Assurance Scheme (IQAS)
● Receipt of Laboratory REquest ● Within the laboratory
● Patient Preparation ● Day to da activity
● Specimen Collection – labeling samples. “It is a ● Uses controls and standards from the supplier of the
mortal sin in the field of Medical Technology if you machine
don’t have a label on the sample.” ● Regular review of the reports
● Specimen transport and processing
● Preparation of request slip External Quality Assurance Scheme (EQAS)
● Physiologic factors ● Interlaboratory
● Diet ● AKA: Proficiency Testing
● Medication ● Sample (test analytes) from National Reference
● Physical activities Laboratories
● Labeling ● Mandatory to Clinical Laboratory
● Collection errors
● Sample volume According to DOH Order 2020-0820, these are the reference
● Tubes laboratories
● Time of collection
NATIONAL REFERENCE LABORATORIES
Analytical – a laboratory of the highest level of proficiency, highest level
● Actual Testing of laboratory in the Philippines. They are capable of
● Sampling Methods performing highly complex procedures, including confirmatory
● Pipetting Techniques testings which are not commonly done in the lower forms of
● Quality COntrol of reagents and equipment labs.
● Personnel competency
● Test evaluation East Avenue Medical Center
● Equipment and instrument ● Environmental and Occupational Health
● Reagent quality and quantity ● Toxicology
● Internal GC ● Micronutrient Assay
● Procedural errors ● Industrial and Chemical Emergencies
● Referred as “National Reference Laboratory for
Post Analytical Bionutrients”
● Transmission of results/Reporting
● Interpretation of results Lung Center of the Philippines
● TAT (turn-around time) ● General Clinic Chemistry
● Follow-ups ● Anatomic Pathology for Pulmonary and Pleural
● Re-Testing Diseases
● Record keeping
● Wrong values National Kidney and Transplant Institute
● Transcription errors ● Hematology
● Transmission errors ● Immunohematology
● Results given to wrong patient ● Urinalysis
● Clerical errors
29
 ● Anatomic pathology for Renal Diseases and
Unassigned organ system
● Cellular-Based Product Testing
(AO 2013-0012: Rules and Regulations Governing
Accredittoon of Health Facilities Engaging in Human
Stem Cell andCell Based or Cellular Therapies in the
Philippines)

Philippine Heart Center

● Anatomic Pathology for Cardiac Diseases
● Cardiac Markers

San Lazaro Hospital – STD AIDS Cooperative Central

Laboratory (SACCL)
● HIV/AIDS
● Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C
● Syphilis and other Sexually Transmitted Infections
● Infectious disease

Research Institute for Tropical Medicine (RITM)

● Antibiotic Resistance
● Tuberculosis
● Transfusion-Transmissible Infections
● Dengue and Arboviruses*
● Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses*
● Emerging and Re-emerging Bacterial Diseases*
● Leptospirosis*
● Special Pathogens*
● Mosquito Vectors of Human Diseases*
● Malaria and Other Parasites**
● Schistosomiasis**
● Rabies and Other Lyssaviruses**
● Polio and other Enteroviruses
● Measles andOther Exanthems
● Invasive Bacterial Vaccine and Preventable
Diseases
● Rotavirus and Enteric Viruses***
● Bacterial Enteric Diseases***
● Mycology
● Referred to as “for Microbiology and Parasites,
Viruses and Fungi”

* emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases

** neglected tropical diseases
*** food and water-borne disease control program

30
Topic 8: Professional Organizations
8.1 Professional Organization
Assemblages of professionals within a particular or
professional field that came together for the purpose of
collaboration, networking, and professional
development/advancement.
All professional organizations or professions in the
Philippines have their own professional organizations. One of
the common benefits/purposes of professional organization is
for professional development.
Professional development includes the development
not only of the profession but also the development of the
professionals as a professional performing or doing the
responsibilities of a certain profession.
For example, in the case of MT, we have our
Philippine Association of Medical Technologists (PAMET).
One of the ultimate goals of the PAMET is to uplift the
profession and to develop MTs as a competent MT who are
capable of doing laboratory tests for the diagnosis and
treatment as well as the management of certain diseases.
On the other hand, for other professions like nurses,
they have the Philippine Association of Nurses (PNA). For
radiologic technologies they have Philippine Association of
Radiologic Technologists (PART).
It may differ on the way how we call our organization,
but the sole purpose of professional organizations is for the
development of the profession, collaboration among
professionals within the profession, and of course
advancement of the profession.
PURPOSE of Professional Organization
1. Educate the public on issues relevant to the industry.
– The reason why we are having our professional
organization is for us to have somebody who can address the
increase or misconception of medical or laypeople regarding
a profession. Not only about the profession, but also about the
issues that are relevant or significant in the profession.
– For example, during the peak of COVID-19 pandemic, when
no one knew, only few people knew about medical
technologists. The former PAMET president Mr. Ronaldo Puno
was being interviewed in a national TV educating the people
of what is the contribution of MTs. Most of the time, we were
misidentified as nurses, but because of letting the people
know issues about professional identity, our professional
organization, in the name of PAMET, informed everybody that
we are different from the nurses and doctors that the patients
commonly know.
2. Represents the interest of industry in various groups
– For example, the RA 5527 that governs the profession of
MT. If there is someone, like the government, who wishes to
push through with the revision and amendments or revision of
modernization of RA 5527, our PAMET officials will represent
the interest of the group/profession. The professional
organization should be the representing body of the
profession in case of things like this.
3. Provide opportunities for professional growth
– It is not only about professional organization but also
professional organizations should provide training, seminars,
workshops that will enhance, develop, and advance as well
the professional integrity of our MT. MT is responsible for
taking the test of samples from the human body.
4. Research Publication
– Sir represented his thesis. Research is good as it advances
the profession and gives updates of the recent trends in the
profession. That is the purpose why we are doing research.
That is also the purpose of professional organizations to
promote research utilization. Even though they are already
done with their collegiate level, they should be engaged in
lifelong learning. And one of those is research publication.
5. Hiring, Renewal of Professional Licenses
– In connection to professional growth, there is Continuing
Professional Development (CPD). It is a requirement prior to
the renewal of RMT license.
–Sometimes, the PAMET page also posts the hiring of MTs.
One of the ideas of professional organization is
networking. Networking to enhance collaboration and other
reasons. The reason why we should not confine ourselves to
the laboratory only.
For MEMBERSHIP,
Apply for membership
Pay membership fee
Submit the requirements
Enjoy the benefit of being the member of professional
organizations
One of the most exciting things about being a MT is
when you take the board exam, pass, and apply for a license,
you are also eager to be a member of RMT due to its benefits.
First, you can get a discount, especially for seminars.
For example, if you are a PAMET member, the price is less
than 500 or 1000 depending on the inclusion/discount.
Yet, one of the common problems of becoming a
member, some MTs are hesitant to renew because they
believe that the PAMET is not doing its best to promote the
welfare of MTs since one of the reasons for organizations is to
uplift the organizations. We can’t eliminate the possibility that
there are MTs who are not satisfied with how the PAMET is
doing its responsibilities.
APO OR IPO
Accredited Professional Organizations (APO) or
Accredited Integrated Professional Organizations (AIPO)
It is a professional society duly accredited by the Professional
Regulation Commission (PRC) and the respective
Professional Regulatory Board.
31
 ● The PRC is constituted by the PRC law as the
professional regulatory body of the Philippines that Recognition
administers professional licenses or examinations ● Provide recognition for their outstanding members
prior to the issuance of licenses. Part of the PRC is and leaders in the practice and special fields
the Professional Regulatory Board (PRB). All ● Enhances one’s professional profile
professions have PRB. In MT, we have the
Professional Regulatory Board of Medical
Technologists (PRBOMT) that is chaired by Dr. TYPES OF PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATION
Marlyn Barza.

Accrediting Organization (AO)

PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
Credential/Certifying Organizations, International Certifying
Agencies
For RMTs
PAMET is the only accredited for RMTs. It is for RMT and Professional Societies (Local or International)
Laboratory Technicians.
PMLS said they are accredited by PRC. PMLS is another Accrediting Organization (AO)
group for MTs because this group believes that the PAMET is
not doing its job to uplift the profession. Hence, they are trying 1. PAASCU = Philippine Accrediting Association of
to do that. Schools, Colleges and Universities
2. PACUCOA = Philippine Association of Colleges and
For Schools and Academicians, Universities Commission on Accreditation
PASMETH
Credential/Certifying Organizations, International Certifying
Agencies
Benefits of Membership in Professional Organizations
1. PRC = Professional Regulation Commission
2. AMT = American Medical Technologists
Professionalism
3. ASCP = American Society for Clinical Pathology
● Adherence to the set of rules or code of ethics
4. ISCLT = International Society for Clinical Laboratory
prescribed by the professional society
Technology
● Shapes the conduct of the profession
5. NCA = National Credentialing Agency for Medical
● It is not enough that you are intelligent, well-skilled,
Laboratory Personnel
competent in performing laboratory procedures. If
you do not have professional ethics, the purpose of
● Before you become a member, you have to pass the
Professional Organizations is to develop
examination first.
professionalism among professionals.

Professional Journals
Education
● CPD activities through conventions, seminars, fora, 1. Philippine Journal of Medical Technology
workshops, etc. 2. Asia-Pacific Journal of Medical Laboratory Science
● Publication of research journals Pers 3. International Journal of Science and Clinical
● Dec 1,2,3 will hold its annual convention for the Laboratory
development of the profession. 4. Laboratory Medicine
5. Medical Laboratory Observer
6. Clinical laboratory Science
Perks
7. Advances for medical Laboratory Professionals
● Usually come in the form of monetary discounts on 8. American Journal for Clinical Pathology
registration fees of CPDs. 9. LabMedicine

Networking ● Publications or Journals contain scholar studies on

● Provide opportunities for building networks in the specific professional fields. For example, for MT, MT
field education, MT automation, MT Molecular
diagnostics tests, etc.
● Created long-term linkages and connections
● Those who are in line of research and publication.
● The main purpose is to disseminate work and
Profile practitioners for sharing of knowledge.
● Builds the career portfolio of a professional
● The PAMET Dashboard has profile to provide
information for each member
● Provides many opportunities (e.g. speaking
engagements, specialization, scholarships, trainings
abroad)
32
 PAMET Background
8.2 PAMET
Philippine Association of Medical Technologists September 15, 1963
– Founded on Sep. 15, 1963 through Crisanto G. Almario
VISION (Father of PAMET) at Public Health Laboratory in QUiricada
The PAMET is an association that envisions all its members to St., Sta. Cruz, Manila.
be highly motivated Medical Technologists who can be Note: Crisanto G. Almario never became the PAMET president. He is
well-rounded individuals to readily face challenges and adapt known to be the Father of PAMET because he founded the
to changes in order to become globally competitive; be organization. September 15 celebrated the MT week.
recognized in their field and other endeavors through – There were 20 representatives.
excellent performance and quality service; be service oriented 11 from Allied Medical Professions
and an instrument of unity, harmony and oneness in work and 9 from 5 schools offering Medical Technology
in spirit. 1. Centro Escolar University (CEU)
2. Far Eastern University (FEU)
MISSION 3. Philippine Union College (PUC)
To realize its vision, the PAMET shall be an 4. University of the Philippines Institute of
association: Health (UPIH)
5. University of Sto. Tomas (UST)
That will develop and sustain programs/projects to enhance
the personal and professional growth and development of its September 20, 1964
members – First National Convention and election of officers on
September 20, 1964, at FEU. The first PAMET President in Mr.
That will encourage involvement in research and public Charlemagne Tamondong
service, participation in local and international undertakings
for advancement in technology and for the global recognition October 14, 1969
of a worthy profession – Registered at SEC on Oct. 14, 1969 during the presidency
of Nardito “Lolo Narding” Moraleta
That will effectively address the needs and concerns of its
members, protects their rights, privileges and interest by June 22, 1973
upholding and safeguarding the practice of the profession – Formally recognized as the only accredited professional
organization of RMT when P.D. no. 223 was approved on
That will support activities which will strengthen linkage and June 22, 1973
bonding and among its members
PAMET AFFILIATIONS
Note: Mahal ang training and workshop given the fact of the salary of
the MTs in the Philippines. But, PAMET also provides scholarships for LOCAL AFFILIATIONS
professionals. Now, they are collaborating with Safeguard offering
COPHA = Council of Professional Health Associations
scholarships called “Handog ng Safeguard, MedTechs ng
Kinabukasan”. 2nd year students are eligible for the scholarship.
CHAP = Council of Health Agencies of the Philippines
There are more students joining than professionals. AAHON = Alliance of Allied Health Organizations of the
Nation
CORE VALUES PFPA = Philippine Federation of Professional Associations
Commitment – unconditional satisfaction to the profession PCQACL = Philippine Council for Quality Assurance in
Integrity – strict adherence to the moral code of ethics Clinical Laboratories
Excellence – making sure everything is in state of quality
Unity – linkages support between fellow professionals INTERNATIONAL AFFILIATIONS
Professionalism – professional in all aspects AACLS = ASEAN Association for Clinical Laboratory Science
Collab wich gave free CPD units
LOGO IFBLS = International Federation of Biomedical Laboratory
Circle – symbolizes the continuous involvement where Scientists
practice and education must always be integrated IFCC = International Federation in Clinical Chemistry
Triangle – is the trilogy of love, respect and integrity AAMLS = Asia ASsociation of Medical Laboratory Scientists
Microscope & Snake – symbolize the science of Medical APFCB = Asia-Pacific Federation of Clinical Biochemistry
Technology profession
Green – the color of health DIANNE KRISTINE F. FARAJILLO
1964 – the year of first PAMET election ● Professor at LPU-B, President of PAMET Batangas
Chapter (2021-2022)

OLIVER SHANE R. DUMAOAL

● Former faculty member of LPU-B, Regional Director
of PAMET Southern Luzon

33
 HIGHLIGHTS OF PAMET LEADERSHIP ● SJDEFI – San Juan de Dios Educational Foundation,
Inc
Leila Florento new Board of Examiner ● PWU – Philippine Women's University
Book/PPT ● MMC – Makati Medical Center

May 7, 1971
8.3 PASMETH – First set annual meeting was held at the University of Santo
Philippine Association of Schools of Medical Technology Tomas
and Public. Health and Hygiene
● is the national organization of about 120 recognized April 30, 1972
schools of medical technology and public health in – First set of officers were re-elected for a second term
the Philippines established in 1970
School Year 1972 – 1973
PURPOSE – Set of Officers
● To maintain the highest standard of Medical President Dr. Gustavo Reyes
Technology/Public Health Education
● To foster closer relations among Medical Technology Vice President Dr. Claro Cabrera
schools. Alam ng LPU students ang sa UST.
Secretary/Treasurer Dr. Elvira Silva
LOGO
Circle – represents the continuity of learning and the never Press Relation Officer Dr. Faustino Sunico
ending quest for excellence in the academic field
Diamond – the four corners represent the four objectives of October 6, 1985
the Association – Security Exchange Commission (SEC) registration through
1. To encourage a thorough study of the needs and the Committee on Legislation chaired by Mr. Cirilo S. Cajucom
problems and to offer solutions with the help of Attorney Dexter Bihis (PASMETH Legal
2. To work for the continuous development of Medical Counsel)
Technology and Public health – PASMETH is also the founding organization of the ASEAN
3. To take a united stand on matters which affect the Association of Schools of Medical Technology (AASMT)( LPU-B
interest of Medtech and Public Health education is member of AASMT) through the initiatives of Dean Bernard
4. To seek the advice, aid and assistance from any Ebuen, Dr. Jose Jurel Nuevo and Dr. Anacleta P. Valdez
government or private entity for the fulfillment of the (Previous Dean of CAMP LPU-B).
associations aims and purposes
Microscope- represents the field of Medtech and Public
Health 1970- the year the Association was founded

HISTORICAL NOTES

May 13, 1970

– Director Narciso Albarracin, the Sec of the Dept. of
Education appointed Dr. Serafin Juliano and Dr. Gustavo
Reyes to organize an association of Deans/Heads of Schools
of Medical Technology and Hygiene

June 22, 1970

– First organizational meeting held at the University of Santo
Tomas
– First Set of Officers
President President Dr. Gustavo
Reyes (UST)

Vice President Dr. Serafin Juliano (FEU)

Secretary/Treasurer
Press Relation Officer
–First member schools:
● UST
● FEU
PASMETH Accomplishments
Dr. Velia Trinidad (CEU)
1. Continuing professional education program for
Dr. Faustino Sunico
(SJDEFI) medical technology faculty
2. Preparation of standard curriculum for b.s. medical
technology schools
34
 3. Preparation of standard course syllabi for ACTIVITIES
professional subjects in Medical Technology 1. Annual Student Congress
4. Scholarship grants for Medical Technology 2. Annual Medical Technology Student Leadership Training
students-“Handog ng Safeguard, MedTechs Ng and Strategic Planning usually during the month of May
Kinabukasan” 3. The activity is aimed at honing the leadership qualities and
5. Community outreach programs promoting camaraderie among student leaders
6. Recognition to graduates of B.S. Medical Technology 4. The first PHISMETS Leadership Training Seminar was held
Course: PASMETH Gold Medal for Excellence Award at ATI-CAR Benguet State University in La Trinidad Benguet
7. Accreditation as CPE Provider for medical on May 13, 2010
technologists 5. From May 2014, a Council of Student Advisers (COSA) is
8. Strong association of schools through annual designated yearly during the leadership training seminar to
PASMETH-PAMET QUIZ SHOWS help facilitate and oversee the PHISMETS national
organization and its local chapters

Foreign Professional Societies

Foreign and local laboratory professional societies for
medical technologists have the same goals – to elevate the
practice of medical technology/ medical laboratory science
and safeguard the welfare of their members.

8.4 PHISMETS
Philippine Society of Medical Technology Students
● Organized in 2002 during the leadership of Dr.
Zenaida C. Cajucom
● Phismets Advisers from PASMETH
a. Prof. Marilyn Bala
b. Prof. Nova Aida C. Cajucom
c. Prof. Zennie Aceron

LOGO
3 circles
Laurel
Green letters
5 Bubbles from a test tube
15 Interconnected Molecules Outside a test tube
Microscope

HISTORICAL NOTES

Nov 25, 2006

– The organization became inactive due to inevitable reasons
but was reorganized on Nov 25, 2006 at FEU NRMF headed
by Magdalena Natividad, Chair of the Committee on Student
Development and Dean Bernard Ebuen

February 24, 2009

– PHISMETS held its first Medical Technology Student
Congress at OLFU Valenzuela City Attended by more than
500 medical technology students

35