B.TECH/MBATECH-SEMESTER 1-A.Y.

2022-23

Unit 3 : LASERS AND FIBER OPTICS NUMERICALS

Numerical Problems on LASER

1. A ruby laser has its metastable state at 1.79 eV from which the stimulated emission
produces laser light. Calculate the wavelength of the light. If 1 mole of Cr+3 ions are
involved in population inversion process in a pulse, calculate the pulse energy in eV.
[Given, h = 6.625 x 𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟒 J-s = 4.14 x 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟓 eV-s, c= 3 x 𝟏𝟎𝟖 m/s]
Solution:
Given: Metastable state energy (E)= 1.79 eV

h = 6.625 x10−34J-s = 4.14 x10−15 eV-s,

c= 3 x108 m/s
To find: Wavelength of light ()
Pulse energy (E)
hc
Formula: 1) E =


hc
 =
E

nhc
2) E= 
……(for n number of Cr ions)

Calculation:
hc 4.14 x 10−15 x 3 x 108
= E = 1.79
= 6.939x10−7 m
nhc
Pulse Energy E= ……(for n number of Cr ions)


3x 6.022x1023 x 4.14 x 10−15 x 3 x 108

E= 6.939 x10−7
= 3.233x1024eV

Result: Wavelength of light()= 6.939x10−7 m

Pulse energy (E)= 3.233x1024 eV

2. A laser having power of 75 mW, wavelength 720 nm and an aperture 5 mm is focused

with a lens of focal length of 0.1 m. Calculate the area and intensity of the image.
Solution:

Given: power = 75 mW = 75x 10−3 W

wavelength = 720 nm= 720x10−9 m

aperture (d)= 5 mm= 5x10−3m

focal length(f) = 0.1 m
 To find: area and intensity of the image.

Formula: 1) Angular spread of laser beam d=d

2) Areal spread= (dxf)2

 720x10−9 0
Calculation: Angular spread of laser beam is d=d = 5x10−3
= 1.44x10−4

Areal spread= (dxf)2 =(1.44x10−4 x 0.1)2 = 2.073x10−10 m2

power 75x 10−3
Intensity = = = 3.616x108 W/m2
area 2.073x10−10

Result: area of the image = = 2.073x 10−10 m2

intensity of the image = 3.616 x108 W/m2

3. In a He-Ne laser system, the two energy levels of Ne involved in lasing action have
energy values of 20.66 eV and 18.70 eV. Population inversion occurs between these two
levels. What will be the wavelength of the laser beam produced? What will be the
population of the metastable energy level with respect to the upper excited level at room
temperature (𝟐𝟕𝟎 C)?

Solution:
Given: 𝐸2 =20.66 eV , 𝐸1 = 18.70 eV, T= 300 K
To find: wavelength, population of metastable level wrt upper excited level
hc
Formula:1) 𝐸2 - 𝐸1 =

(𝐸2 − 𝐸1 )
𝑁
2) 𝑁3 = e− kT
2
…...(where N3=population of atoms in higher energy state, N2=population of atoms
in lower energy state)

Calculation:
hc
𝐸2 - 𝐸1 = 
hc 6.625 x 10−34 x3 x 108
= E2-E1 = (20.66- 18.70) x 1.6x10−19 = 6.337 x10−7 m
(𝐸2 − 𝐸1 )
𝑁3
𝑁2
= e− kT

(20.66−18.70)x
1.6x 10 −19
𝑁3 −
𝑁2
= e 1.38x10−23 x300

𝑁3
𝑁2
=1.26x10−33

𝑁2
𝑁3
= 7.93x1032 and

𝑁2 = 7.93x1032 𝑁3

Result:  =6.337 x10−7 𝑚, 𝑁2 = 7.93x1032 𝑁3

4. Find the separation between metastable and excited levels for two wavelengths of 9.6 µm
and 10.6 µm emitted from a 𝐂𝐎𝟐 laser source. Calculate the frequency and hence the
energy of the light photons emitted. How many photons are required to be emitted per
second to obtain a laser output power of 10 kW?

Solution:
Given:1 = 9.6 µm=9.6x10−6m, 2 = 10.6 µm = 10.6x10−6m
To find: 1) separation between metastable and excited levels (E2 − E1 )
2) Frequency ()
3) Number of photons required to be emitted per second

hc hc
Formula:1) E1 = , E2 =
1 2
E 2 − E1
2)  =
h
1 power
3) t = E
1 1
1 power
4) =
t2 E2

hc
Calculation: E1 =
1

6.625x10−34 x3x108
E1 = 9.6x10−6
= 2.075x10−20 J

hc
E2 = 
2
6.625x10−34 x3x108
E2 = 10.6x10−6
= 1.879x10−20 J
 E2 − E1 = 1.879x10−20 - 2.075x10−20 = 0.196x10−20 J

E2 − E1 0.196x10−20
Frequency,  = h
= 6.625x10−34
= 2.95x1012 Hz

We know that,
Energy
Power = Time

1 power 10x103
t = E1
= 2.075x10−20= 4.81x1023photons per second
1

1 power 10x103
t = E2
= 1.879x10−20= 5.33x1023photons per second
2

Result: 1) E1 = 2.075x10−20 J
2) E2 = 1.879x10−20 J
3) separation between metastable and excited levels (E2 − E1 ) = 0.196x10−20 J
4) Frequency ()=2.95x 1012 Hz
5) Number of photons required to be emitted per second,
1
 t = 4.81x1023 photons per second
1

1
t2
= 5.33x1023 photons per second
 5. Calculate the wavelength of emission from GaAs semiconductor laser whose band gap
energy is 1.44 eV (plank’s constant is 6.625 x 10-34 J-s and charge of an electron is 1.6 x
𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟗 C.)

Solution:
Given: E= 1.44 eV = 1.44 x 1.6x 10−19 = 2.304X10−19J
To find: wavelength of Emission()
hc
Formula: E= 
hc
Calculation: E=

hc
 =
E

6.625x10−34 x 3x 108
= = 8.62X10−7 𝑚
1.44 x 1.6x 10−19

Result: The wavelength of emission from GaAs semiconductor laser is 8.62X10−7 m

*******************

Numerical Problems on Fibre optics

1. Find out the numerical aperture and acceptance angle of an optical fiber. [Given,
𝐧𝟏 =1.55, 𝐧𝟐 = 1.50]

Solution:
Given: n1 = 1.55, n2 = 1.50
To find: Numerical aperture (NA)
Acceptance angle((a )
Formula : 1) 𝑁𝐴 = √n12 − n22
2) Acceptance angle (a )= sin−1 (NA)
Calculation: 𝑁𝐴 = √n12 − n22

𝑁𝐴 = √1.552. − 1.502.

NA= 0.390

Acceptance angle (a )= sin−1 (NA) = sin−1 (0.390) = 22.950

Result: NA= 0.390

Acceptance angle (a )= 22.950

2. A fiber cable has an acceptance angle of 𝟑𝟎𝟎 and a core index of refraction of 1.4.
Calculate the refractive index of the cladding.

Solution:
Given: Acceptance angle (a ) = 300 , refractive index of core n1. = 1.4
To find: refractive index of the cladding(n.2 )
 Formula: n.2 = √n12 − NA2.
Calculation: Acceptance angle (a ) = sin−1 (NA)
NA = sin(a ) = sin (300 ) = 0.5
n1. = 1.4 ……….(given refractive index of core)
n.2 = √n12 − NA2.
n.2 = √1.42. − 0.52. = 1.30

Result: refractive index of the cladding(n.2 )=1.30

3. Calculate the refractive indices of the core and cladding material of a fibre from
following data. Numerical aperture = 0.22 and fractional difference of indices = 0.122.

Solution:
Given: Numerical aperture (NA) = 0.22 and fractional difference of indices (∆) = 0.122.

To find: refractive indices of the core and cladding

NA
Formula:1) n1 =
√2∆
2) n2 = n1 - n1 ∆

Calculation: fractional index change ∆= 0.122 ………(Given)

NA = 0.22
NA = n1 √2∆
NA 0.22
n1 = = 2x0.122= 0.44
√2∆ √

n1 −n2
Since, ∆ =
n1
n2 = n1 - n1 ∆ = 0.44- 0.44(0.122) = 0.386

Result: refractive indices of the core (n1 )=0.44 and cladding (n2 )=0.386

4. In an optical fiber, the core material has R.I 1.6 and R.I. of clad material is 1.3. What is
the value of critical angle? Also calculate the value of angle of acceptance cone.

Solution:
Given: n1 = 1.6, n2 = 1.3
To find: critical angle ( c ) , acceptance cone = 2 a
n2
Formula: 1) sin c =
n1
n
2) (c )= sin−1 (n2 )
1
3) acceptance cone = 2 a

Calculation: n1 = 1.6, n2 = 1.3

n 1.3
sin c =n2 = 1.6 = 0.8125
1
(c )= sin−1 (0.8125) = 54.3 0

NA = sin a = √n12 − n22 = √1.62. − 1.32. = 0.932

a = sin−1 (0.932) = 68.860
 Therefore, acceptance cone = 2 a = 2x 68.86 = 137.7 0

Result: c = 54.3 0 , Therefore acceptance cone = 2 𝑎 = 137.7 0

5. A step index fiber is made with a core of R.I 1.52, a diameter of 29 micrometer and a
fractional difference index of 0.0007. It is operated at a wavelength of 1.3 μm. Find the
V-number and the number of modes the fiber will support.

Solution:
Given: refractive index of core(n1)=1.52,
diameter = 29 micrometer
radius (a)=14.5 micrometer = 14.5x10−6 m
To find: V-number and the number of modes (𝑁𝑚 ) the fiber will support
2a
Formula: 1) V= 
n1 √2∆
V2
2) Nm = 2
2a
Calculation: V= 
(NA)
2a
V= n1 √2∆ …………….(since, NA = n1 √2∆)

2x 3.142x 14.5 x 10−6
V= 1.52√2x 0.0007
1.3x10−6
V= 3.99
V2 3.992
𝑁𝑚 = 2
= 2
= 8 modes

Result: V-number is 3.99 and the number of modes the fiber will support = 8 modes

6. Optical power of 1 mW is launched into an optical fiber of length 100 m. If the power
emerging from the other end is 0.3 mW, calculate the fiber attenuation.

Solution:
Given: power input (Pi ) = 1mW, power output (P0 ) = 0.3 W, L= 100m = 0.1 km
To find: fiber attenuation
10 Pi
Formula: αdB/km = L
𝑙𝑜𝑔 P0

10 Pi
Calculation: αdB/km =L
𝑙𝑜𝑔 P0
10 1x10−3
αdB/km = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 = 52.28 dB/km
0.1 0.3x 10−3

Result: The fiber attenuation is αdB/km = 52.28 dB/km

7. What is the attenuation in dB/km, if 15% of the power fed at the launching end of a 0.5
km fiber is lost during propagation?
Solution:
Given: power output (P0)=15%=0.15, Length of optical fiber= 0.5km
To find: attenuation in dB/km
 10 Pi
Formula: αdB/km = L
𝑙𝑜𝑔 P0

10 Pi
Calculation: αdB/km =L
𝑙𝑜𝑔 P0
10 1
αdB/km = 0.5𝑙𝑜𝑔 0.15 = 16.478 dB/km
Result: The fiber attenuation is αdB/km = 16.478 dB/km

8. A step-index fiber has a normalized frequency V = 26.6 at 1300 nm wavelength. If the

core radius is 25 µm, calculate the numerical aperture

Solution:
Given: V = 26.6 ,  =1300 nm = 1300 X 10−9 m, radius(a) =25 µm = 25 x 10−6 m
To find: numerical aperture (NA)

V
Formula: NA =
2a

2a
Calculation: V= NA

V 26.6 X 1300 X 10−9
NA = = = 0.22
2a 2 x 3.142 x 25 x 10−6

Result: Numerical Aperture (NA) is 0.22