5403 1st Assignment

Course: Basics of ICT (5403)
Level: B.Ed (2.5 Years) Semester: Autumn, 2022

ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD
(Department of Computer Science)

Semester: Autumn, 2022
Level: B.Ed. (4 Years)
ASSIGNMENT No. 1
Student Name: Saba Naz

Registration # 0000391691|09|16BH|1012
Q.1 Internet is a well-known example of ICT. How it enables people to communicate
easily through different communication mediums? Describe it with the help of proper
examples.
Ans:
The internet is a global network of computers and servers that allows people to
communicate and exchange information easily through various communication mediums. There
are several ways that the internet enables communication, including email, instant messaging,
video conferencing, social media, and more.
The role of ICT (Information and Communication Technology) in communication is
undeniable. In recent years, technological advancements have transformed the way people
communicate, making communication more accessible, efficient, and cost-effective. ICT is a
broad term that includes all technologies used to create, store, process, and share information.
These technologies include computers, software applications, telecommunications equipment,
and the internet.
One of the significant roles of ICT in communication is instant communication. With the
advent of the internet, instant messaging, and email, people can communicate with each other in
real-time, no matter where they are in the world. This technology has made communication
faster and more efficient. Today, people can send and receive messages, share information, and
collaborate on projects in real-time. This has led to increased productivity, faster decision-
making, and improved customer service.
Another significant role of ICT in communication is global communication. ICT has
made it possible to communicate with people from all over the world. With the help of video
conferencing, social media, and other online tools, people can connect with others from different
parts of the world. This has opened up new opportunities for businesses, students, and
professionals. They can now collaborate and share information across borders, allowing them to
expand their knowledge and reach a broader audience.
ICT has also made communication more cost-effective. With the rise of online
communication tools, businesses can reduce their communication costs significantly. For
instance, video conferencing has replaced the need for physical meetings, which can be
expensive and time-consuming. In addition, email and instant messaging have replaced phone
calls and paper-based communication, reducing costs further.
ICT has also enabled remote working. With the rise of the internet and online
communication tools, people can work from anywhere in the world. This has led to the rise of
the gig economy, where people can work as freelancers or contractors. It has also enabled
businesses to hire remote workers, saving them money on office space and other overheads.
The role of ICT in communication has also revolutionized the education sector. With the rise of
online learning, students can now access educational resources from anywhere in the world.
Online learning has made education more accessible, allowing students who would otherwise be
unable to attend a physical institution to study remotely. Online learning has also made education
more cost-effective, reducing the cost of tuition fees and other related expenses.
ICT has also enabled e-commerce. With the rise of online marketplaces, businesses can
now sell their products and services online, reaching a broader audience. E-commerce has made
it easier for businesses to connect with customers, reduce costs, and increase revenue. Customers
can now shop online, browse products and services, and make purchases from the comfort of
their homes.
Another role of ICT in communication is social media. Social media has revolutionized
the way people connect and communicate. With the rise of platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram, people can now connect with each other and share information more easily. Social
media has also enabled businesses to connect with their customers, build brand awareness, and
increase sales.
Overall, the internet has revolutionized the way people communicate, making it faster,
easier, and more convenient than ever before. With a wide range of communication mediums
available, people can choose the method that best suits their needs and preferences, and stay
connected with anyone, anywhere in the world.
The internet is a powerful tool for communication that has changed the way people
interact and share information. It enables people to communicate easily through a variety of
communication mediums such as email, instant messaging, video conferencing, social media,
and more. Here are some examples of how the internet enables people to communicate easily
through different communication mediums:
Email
Email is one of the most popular communication mediums on the internet. It enables
people to send and receive messages and attachments to anyone in the world quickly and easily.
Email has become an essential communication tool for individuals, businesses, and
organizations.
Instant Messaging
Instant messaging (IM) is a real-time communication medium that enables people to have
conversations with others online. Popular IM platforms like WhatsApp, Facebook Messenger,
and Telegram allow users to send text messages, voice notes, and even make voice and video
calls.
Video Conferencing
The internet has made it possible for people to have face-to-face meetings with others,
regardless of their location. Video conferencing platforms such as Zoom, Microsoft Teams, and
Google Meet enable individuals, teams, and organizations to conduct meetings, seminars,
webinars, and more from anywhere in the world.
Social Media
Social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and LinkedIn enable people to
connect, share, and communicate with others. They offer a range of communication mediums
like text, images, videos, voice notes, and live streaming to help people communicate and
interact with others easily.
Voice over IP (VoIP)
Voice over IP is a technology that allows people to make voice calls over the internet.
VoIP applications like Skype, Viber, and WhatsApp enable users to make voice and video calls
to anyone in the world for free or at a low cost.
Overall, the internet has made it easy for people to communicate with each other using a range of
communication mediums. It has brought people closer, making it possible for individuals, teams,
and organizations to collaborate, share, and exchange information from anywhere in the world.
In conclusion, the role of ICT in communication cannot be overstated. It has revolutionized the
way people communicate, making it faster, more accessible, and more cost-effective. The rise of
online communication tools has also enabled remote working, e-commerce, and online learning.
It has opened up new opportunities for businesses, students, and professionals, allowing them to
collaborate and share information across borders. As technology continues to advance, the role
of ICT in communication will only become more important.
Q.2 a) Explain the important components of computer.

b) List down the characteristics of processor of your computer (use Internet)
a) Explain the important components of computer.
Computers are complex electronic devices that perform a wide variety of tasks. They are
composed of many different components that work together to provide the computing power that
we rely on every day.
A computer device is made up of various elements which help in its effective functioning and
processing. There are five basic components of the computer which help in making this
processing of data easier and convenient.
By definition, components of a computer system are the primary elements which make the
functioning of an electronic device smooth and faster. Here are some of the most important
components of a computer:
 Input Unit
 Output Unit
 Memory Unit
 Control Unit
 Arithmetical and Logical Unit
Motherboard
The motherboard is the main circuit board of the computer. It provides the physical and
electrical connections that allow all the other components to communicate with each other. It
contains the CPU socket, RAM slots, expansion slots, and other connectors that are essential for
the operation of the computer.
Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The CPU is the "brain" of the computer. It is responsible for executing instructions and
performing calculations. The speed and performance of the CPU are critical for the overall
performance of the computer. The CPU is typically mounted on the motherboard and is cooled
by a heat sink and fan. When we enter the data into the computer using an input device, the
entered information immediately gets saved in the memory unit of the Central Processing Unit
(CPU). Because of the presence of some existing programming, the Memory Unit transmits the
data further to the other parts of the CPU.
All these three units are elements of CPU and together help in the efficient working and
processing of data. It is also known as the “Brain of Computer” and no action can be conducted
by a device without the execution and permission of the Central Processing Unit.
The device is a close-knit circuit comparison microprocessor which helps in fetching the data
and proving suitable results to the user. Thus, CPU is the main processing unit of the computer.
Random Access Memory (RAM)

RAM is a type of temporary storage that is used to hold data and instructions that the
CPU is currently working on. The amount of RAM in a computer determines how many
applications can be run at the same time and how quickly they can be switched between.
Hard Disk Drive (HDD) or Solid State Drive (SSD)
The hard disk drive or solid-state drive is the component of the computer that provides
permanent storage for data and programs. The operating system, applications, and user data are
all stored on the hard drive. The hard drive is usually connected to the motherboard via a SATA
or M.2 connector.
Power Supply Unit (PSU)

The power supply unit is responsible for providing power to all the other components of
the computer. It converts the AC power from the wall outlet into the DC power that is used by
the components. The power supply unit is usually mounted in the case and is connected to the
motherboard, hard drives, and other components.
Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)
The graphics processing unit is responsible for processing graphics and video. It is
essential for running video games, 3D modeling applications, and other graphics-intensive
programs. The GPU is typically mounted on the motherboard and is cooled by a dedicated fan or
liquid cooling system.
Input and Output Devices
Input devices are used to provide input to the computer, such as keyboard, mouse,
touchpad, and microphone. Output devices are used to provide output from the computer, such as
monitor, printer, and speakers. These devices are usually connected to the motherboard via USB,
HDMI, or other connectors. A computer will only respond when a command is given to the
device. These commands can be given using the input unit or the input devices. : Using a
keyboard we can type things on a Notepad and the computer processes the entered data and then
displays the output of the same of the screen.
The data entered can be in the form of numbers, alphabet, images, etc. We enter the
information using an input device, the processing units convert it into computer understandable
languages and then the final output is received by a human-understandable language.
When we command a computer to perform a task, it reverts for the action performed and
gives us a result. This result is called output. There are various output devices connected to the
computer. The most basic of which is a monitor. Whatever we write using a keyboard or click
using a mouse, is all displayed on the monitor.
Thus, the output unit gives us the final result once the entire processing is done within the
mechanism of a device.
For example: when we visit an ATM, we enter our details like language, pin, amount to
be withdrawn, etc. and then the final money which the cash dispenser releases is our outcome. In
this case, the cash dispenser acts as an output unit.
Cooling System
The cooling system is responsible for keeping the computer components cool. The CPU,
GPU, and other components generate a lot of heat, which can cause damage if not properly
cooled. Cooling systems can include fans, heat sinks, liquid cooling systems, and other
components.
Case The case is the enclosure that houses all the other components of the computer. It provides
protection, organization, and cooling for the components. Cases come in many different sizes
and styles, and can be customized with additional fans, lighting, and other components.
In conclusion, the components of a computer work together to provide the computing
power that we rely on every day. The motherboard, CPU, RAM, hard drive, power supply, GPU,
input and output devices, cooling system, and case are all essential components that make up a
modern computer system. Understanding how these components work together can help you
choose the right components for your needs, and can help you troubleshoot problems if they
arise.
b) List down the characteristics of processor of your computer (use Internet)
A processor, also known as a central processing unit (CPU), is the "brain" of a computer
system. It is responsible for executing instructions and performing calculations that are necessary
for the operation of the computer. Here are some of the characteristics of a processor:
A processor is a key component of a computer system that is responsible for executing
instructions and performing calculations. The clock speed, core count, cache, instruction set
architecture, and thermal design power, overclocking, and compatibility are all important
characteristics to consider when selecting a processor. Understanding these characteristics can
help you choose the right processor for your computing needs.
Processor of my PC
The Intel(R) Pentium(R) CPU G3220 is a dual-core processor that has a base clock speed
of 3.0 GHz. It was released in Q3 2013 and is based on the Haswell microarchitecture. It has a
thermal design power (TDP) of 53 watts and is designed to be used in desktop computers.
The G3220 has two cores, which means it can perform two tasks simultaneously. It also
has 3MB of cache memory, which helps to speed up frequently used operations. The processor
supports Intel's Hyper-Threading technology, which allows it to perform up to four simultaneous
threads.
The G3220 supports up to 16GB of DDR3 memory, and it has an integrated Intel HD
Graphics processor, which can handle basic graphics tasks. It also supports Intel Virtualization
Technology (VT-x), which allows for the creation of virtual machines.
While the G3220 is not a high-end processor, it is still capable of handling most basic
computing tasks, such as web browsing, word processing, and light photo editing. It may
struggle with more demanding tasks, such as gaming or video editing, but it is still a good choice
for budget-conscious users who are looking for an affordable processor for everyday use.
Q.3 a) discuss the purpose of Input devices.
b) Clarify the difference Input and Output Devices.
a) discuss the purpose of Input devices.
Input Devices
Input device is a computer hardware peripheral used to input data to a computer in order
to process this data. It is the input device through which user directly interacts with the computer.
Input devices are essential components of modern computing systems, allowing users to interact
with computers and input data or commands. They come in various forms and serve different
purposes, but their primary function is to enable users to communicate with a computer and
provide it with instructions or data. In this note, we will explore some of the most common input
devices and their uses.
Different Types of Input Devices

There are different types of input devices used to input data to computer. Some of the
popular and frequently used input devices are:
 Keyboard
 Mouse
 Touchpad
 Scanner
 Touch panel
 OCR
 OMR
 MICR
 Bar code reader
 Trackball
 Joystick
Keyboard
Keyboard is the most popular and commonly used input device which resembles the
traditional type-writer machine. Keyboard contains alpha-numeric keys, special symbols and
some special control and function keys to provide the input to the computer. The modern
keyboard contains 104/ 108 keys for various functions to input text, numbers, symbols and other
special functions. These keys are grouped into certain groups according to their functions and
operations.
b) Alpha-numeric keys
c) Modifier keys
d) Numeric keypad
e) Function keys
f) Curser movement keys
Alpha-numeric keys contains keys from A to Z, 0-9 and some special keys like TAB, CAPS
LOCK , BACKSPACE, SPACE BAR and ENTER keys. These keys are arranged in same
fashion as the traditional typewriter. Sometimes, this arrangement is called QWERTY.
Modifier keys are SHIFT, ALT and CONTROL keys are the modifier keys because they alter
or modify the input of other keys.
Numeric keypads: This keypad resembles a digital calculator and located on the right side of
the keyboard. It consist of 10 number keys from 0 to 9 , arithmetic keys like (+),(–),(*),
and(.). NUM LOCK KEY is also included in Numeric key pad which is used to activate or
deactivate the numeric keypad.
Function keys ranging from F1 to F12 have specific functions. Mostly, they are used as
shortcut keys to perform certain functions.
Cursor movement keys: Cursor movement keys help you to move the cursor around the
screen without using mouse. The various cursor movement keys are HOME, END, PAGE-
UP, PAGE-DOWN and 4 ARROW KEYS.
Mouse
Mouse is also a very popular handheld input device which consists of two or three
buttons, one left button and one right button. In some mouse, one scroll button is also available
to scroll across the multiple page documents. The left button helps to select a menu or icon on
the screen with single click. The double click of the left button prompts to open a file, program
or folder. The right click helps to open the more options like copy, paste, properties of files and
folders etc.
The different types of mouse are available in market:
a) Mechanical mouse
b) Optical mouse
c) Wireless mouse
Mechanical mouse consists of a rubber ball on the bottom of the device. The ball is allowed
to roll on the plain surface. The sensors inside the mouse detect the movement of the ball and the
curser moves around the screen accordingly.
Optical mouse consists of Light Emitting Diode (LED), photo sensor and digital signal
processor (DSP). The cursor movement is realized by sensing the reflected light emitted by light
emitting diode. The optical mouse contains a tiny low resolution camera which takes
microscopic image more than 1000 per second of the surface beneath it. When mouse is moved
on the surface, the photo sensor senses the variations in images and then it calculates the
movement, position and speed of the mouse.
Wireless mouse, also called cordless mouse doesn’t have cables with connectors (USB or
PS2) attached to it. It communicates with the computer wirelessly. The wireless technology like
Bluetooth, radio frequency, infrared signals is employed for transmission and reception of
signals between mouse and the computer. The mouse acts as a transmitter, whereas USB dongle
is used as a receiver and plugged into the computer’s USB port.
Mouse is exclusively made for GUI (Graphical User Interface) based operating system.
Touchpad
Touchpad is another commonly used input device which consists of a flat touch-sensitive
surface. The user is allowed to slide the fingers on this touch-sensitive surface in order to move
around the cursor on the screen. The buttons are also placed next to the touch pad. These two
buttons works same as that of the mouse. The touch pad comes fitted with laptop. Unlike mouse
which has to be moved on the flat surface to move the cursor on the screen, touch pad is placed
fixed in one place and fingers are moved on it to traverse the cursor around the computer screen .
Modern touch pad works by just tapping the fingers on it. It senses the multiple tapping for
different functions, such as single tapping to select the icons of files, double tapping to open the
files or folder.
Scanner
Another important input device is scanner that is used to input the hard copy of
documents or images to the computer and converted them to soft-copy image. Scanner
uses Charge Coupled Device (CCD) array to scan images or documents and convert them into
digital form. The scanned images can further be edited, manipulated and printed by using image
editing software. The different types of scanners are being used. Among them, the most
commonly used are:
a) Hand-held scanner
b) Flat-bed scanner
Hand-held scanner is portable in size. The scanner consists of light emitting diode and the
document to be scanned is placed on the scanner facing the LED light. The scanner with light
facing towards the documents is slowly dragged over the document to be scanned with constant
steady speed. When the light is passed over the document, it is then converted to the digital
image. These scanners don’t exhibit high resolution image. Hence, they are used where the
quality of document doesn’t matter. Hand-held scanner is used for reading the data from the
price tags, shipping labels, inventory part number, and so on.
Flat-bed scanner resembles a photocopier machine. It consists of a glass plate placed on top
of the scanner and a lid is provided to cover the glass plate during scanning. The document to be
scanned is kept on the glass plate and the lid is closed. Below the glass plate, is light beam,
which is allowed to move from left to right and scans the document line by line slowly and
steadily. It takes almost 20 seconds to scan the document of A4 size. They have better quality
images. It has the capability to scan both colour and greyscale images. However, they are bigger
in size and more costly than the hand-held scanners.
Touch panel
Touch panel or touch screen is an input device which is placed on the top of mobile
screens, laptop screens. The user is allowed to select menu or icons directly by touching them
with fingers. The touch screen is popularly used in mobile phones, laptops, bank ATM screen,
and information kiosk machine. The use of touch screen makes user more interactive and user-
friendly.
Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
OCR is a special type of input device whose working principle is as similar as scanner.
The only difference is that scanner scans the whole document as an image and this image is
manipulated by using image editing software whereas OCR scans each character or text of the
documents by using OCR software. The OCR software translates each character into the ASCII
code that the computer can interpret as letters, numbers and special characters. The use of OCR
makes data entry easier, error free and consumes less time. However, it is very costly and it is
very difficult to recognise the characters, if the is not properly typed.
Optical Mark Recognition (OMR)
OMR is the process of detecting human marked data made by dark pen or pencil on a
document like survey paper, test paper. The mark on the document is scanned by optical mark
reader and detects the mark correctly by their position and darkness. OMR is mostly used to
check the multiple choice answer sheets of examinations. The special marks like bubbles or
squares are made on the answer sheet with dark pen or pencil to denote the correct answer. The
OMR detects these marks and they are processed by special software. OMR detects the marks
by passing light on the paper and captures the reflected light. When light passes on the dark
marks, less light will be reflected. Hence, every mark present on the sheet is detected by this
variation in reflected light.
Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)
MICR is used as an input device to capture magnetically-charged characters found on
documents like bank cheques. The magnetic inks are used to write magnetically-charged
characters. MICR device reads the patterns made by these characters and compares them special
patterns stored in memory. MICR is largely used in banks to process large volumes of cheques.
Bar Code Reader
Bar code reader is an optical input device used for reading bar coded data. The bar coded
data is in the form of light and dark lines having varying thickness and spacing between them.
The bar code reader captures this data and processes it by the computer. Bar code reader is
mostly used in shops and malls to read the price and other details of the goods.
Trackball
A trackball is a type of input device which looks like a mouse. It consists of a roller on
the top with selection buttons on the side of the device. It functions as similar as mouse which is
used to move cursor on the screen. The user spins the ball to a particular direction to move the
cursor on that direction. Sometimes, it is considered to be better than mouse, because it requires
less space and little arm movement. It is used in portable computers.
Joystick
It is an input device specially used to control the motion of an object/character in a video
game. It consists of a stick which is mounted on a base. The user can move the stick in all
direction in order to control the motion of a character or an object while playing the game. Other
than video games, joysticks are also used in flight simulators to emulate the controls of the
planes.
c) Clarify the difference Input and Output Devices.
Input and output devices are two types of devices that are essential components of a
computer system. Input devices are used to input data and instructions into the computer, while
output devices are used to display or produce the results of processing that data. Here are some
key differences between input and output devices:
The primary function of input devices is to provide data or instructions to the computer,
while the primary function of output devices is to display or produce the results of processing
that data.
Example
Examples of input devices include keyboard, mouse, scanner, microphone, and webcam,
while examples of output devices include monitor, printer, speaker, and projector.
Data flow
Input devices are used to input data into the computer, while output devices display or
produce the data. This means that the data flow is unidirectional - from the input device to the
computer, and from the computer to the output device.
Role in processing
Input devices are used in the first stage of the processing cycle, which is input. They
provide data or instructions to the computer for processing. Output devices are used in the last
stage of the processing cycle, which is output. They display or produce the results of processing
that data.
Interaction
Input devices allow the user to interact with the computer, while output devices allow the
computer to interact with the user. Input devices allow the user to provide input, while output
devices allow the computer to provide feedback to the user.
Difference between Input and Output devices
Input Device Output Device
It is a hardware device and is used to key in It is a hardware component, and it uses the data
the data, instructions or commands, into the that is has received from the computer to carry
computer out a task
It can transfer data to another device, but Can obtain data from another device and can
cannot receive any from it also produce output from it. However, cannot
transfer data to another device
Necessary for the computer to receive user Required if a computer has to share its results.
commands and data to process They also help to prompt the users for additional
information and commands
These are user controlled Computer manages it
Complex coding is used Users need to only see the results and so are not
required to learn the process
Examples: Keyboard, webcam, microphone, Examples: LCD Projection panels, prin

joystick and so on
In summary, input devices and output devices are two essential types of devices that are
used in a computer system. They have different functions, examples, data flows, roles in
processing, and interactions. Understanding these differences is important for choosing the right
devices for your computing needs and for understanding how your computer system works.
Q.4 a) Write the names of software available on your computer

b) Compare features of Windows Operating System (OS) on your computer with
other OS (use Internet)
a) Write the names of software available on your computer
There are many types of software available on a computer, including operating system
software, productivity software, media software, security software, and more. Here is the list of
software that I have installed on my computer:
Operating system software

Windows 10
Productivity Software
Microsoft Office (Word, Excel, PowerPoint), Google Workspace (Docs, Sheets, Slides),
Adobe Acrobat, Teams and Skype.
Media software
Windows Media Player, VLC media player.
Internet software
Web browsers (Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge), email clients (Microsoft Outlook)
instant messaging clients (Skype)
Security software
Antivirus software (Avast), firewalls (Windows Defender)
System utilities
File compression software (WinZip)
These are just a few examples of the many types of software that can be found on a
computer. The specific programs available can vary depending on the computer's operating
system and the user's needs and preferences.
b) Compare features of Windows Operating System (OS) on your computer with
other OS (use Internet)
There are many different operating systems available, but for the purposes of this
comparison, I will compare the features of Windows 10, which is the operating system running
on my computer, with the two most popular alternatives: macOS and Linux.
Windows is a family of operating systems developed by Microsoft, which includes many
different versions, such as Windows 7, Windows 8, and Windows 10. Windows 10 is the latest
version of the Windows operating system, which was released in 2015 and has been updated
several times since then.
Windows 10 has a familiar user interface that has been refined over many years, with an
easy-to-use Start Menu, taskbar, and desktop. macOS also has a clean and user-friendly
interface, but with some different design choices. Linux is highly customizable, and its interface
can vary depending on the distribution and desktop environment you choose.
Windows has a vast selection of software available for download, both free and paid.
macOS also has a wide selection of software available, but not as extensive as Windows. Linux
has fewer mainstream applications, but there are many open-source alternatives and developer
tools available.
Windows is the most widely used operating system, which means that hardware
manufacturers typically design their products to work with it. Similarly, macOS works only with
Apple hardware. Linux, on the other hand, has excellent compatibility with a wide range of
hardware, including older machines and embedded systems.Windows 10 has many built-in
security features, including a robust firewall and antivirus protection. macOS also has built-in
security features, but it is often considered more secure due to its smaller user base, which makes
it less attractive to attackers. Linux is generally considered the most secure of the three operating
systems, as its open-source nature allows security experts to review and fix any vulnerabilities
that are found.Windows 10 comes with a price tag, although it is typically included with most
new computers. macOS is only available with Apple hardware and comes at a premium price.
Linux is free to download and use, with many distributions available at no cost.
Overall, Windows 10, macOS, and Linux all have their unique features and benefits, and
the choice of operating system often depends on the specific needs and preferences of the user.
The features of Windows 10 with other versions of Windows, I can say that Windows 10
has several new and improved features compared to its predecessors, including:
Cortana
Windows 10 comes with a digital assistant named Cortana, which can help you perform
tasks, find information, and manage your calendar.
Virtual desktops
Windows 10 allows you to create multiple virtual desktops, which can be useful for
organizing your work and switching between different tasks.
Start menu
The Start menu in Windows 10 has been redesigned to include both traditional app icons
and live tiles, which provide at-a-glance information and updates.
Action Center
Windows 10 includes an Action Center that provides quick access to notifications and
settings.
Edge browser
Windows 10 comes with a new web browser called Edge, which is faster and more secure
than the old Internet Explorer.
Continuum
Windows 10 includes a feature called Continuum, which allows you to switch between
desktop and tablet mode depending on the device you're using.
Overall, Windows 10 is a modern and feature-rich operating system that has many
improvements over previous versions of Windows.
Q.5 Write short notes on the following topics:
 Data Communication
 Transmission Modes
 Network types
 IP address
 Data Communication
Data communication is the exchange of information between two or more devices

through a transmission medium. This information can be in the form of text, audio, video, or any
other digital format. In today's interconnected world, data communication has become essential
to businesses, governments, and individuals. In this article, we will discuss the basics of data
communication and some of the technologies used for data communication.
Data communication can be divided into two main categories: analog and digital. Analog
communication involves the transmission of continuous signals, while digital communication
involves the transmission of discrete signals. In analog communication, signals can be affected
by noise and other distortions, which can make it difficult to accurately reproduce the original
signal. In contrast, digital communication is less susceptible to noise and distortion, making it
more reliable and accurate.
There are several technologies used for data communication, including wired and
wireless technologies. Wired technologies include copper cables, fiber-optic cables, and coaxial
cables. Copper cables are commonly used for telephone lines and LANs (local area networks),
while fiber-optic cables are used for high-speed data transmission over long distances. Coaxial
cables are used for cable TV and high-speed internet.
Wireless technologies include radio waves, microwaves, and infrared. Radio waves are
used for broadcast radio, television, and cellular communication. Microwaves are used for
satellite communication and wireless LANs. Infrared is used for short-range communication,
such as remote controls.One of the most important aspects of data communication is the
transmission medium. The transmission medium is the physical pathway that carries the data
from one device to another. The transmission medium can be wired or wireless, and the choice of
medium depends on the distance between the devices, the amount of data to be transmitted, and
the speed of transmission required.
Another important aspect of data communication is protocols. Protocols are a set of rules
and procedures that govern the transmission of data between devices. They ensure that data is
transmitted accurately and efficiently. Some common protocols used for data communication
include TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol), HTTP (Hypertext Transfer
Protocol), and FTP (File Transfer Protocol).
Data communication has several applications in different industries. In the business
world, data communication is essential for sharing information between different departments,
customers, and partners. It is also used for online transactions, such as e-commerce, and for
remote working. Governments use data communication for national security and intelligence
gathering. Data communication is also used in healthcare for remote patient monitoring and in
education for online learning.
Data communication is the backbone of modern communication. It is essential for
businesses, governments, and individuals to exchange information and stay connected. The
choice of transmission medium and protocol depends on the specific requirements of the
application. With the advent of new technologies, such as 5G and the Internet of Things (IoT),
data communication is expected to become even more important in the future.
 Transmission Modes
Transmission modes refer to the ways in which data is transmitted between devices over
a communication channel. There are three main types of transmission modes: simplex, half-
duplex, and full-duplex. In this article, we will discuss each of these transmission modes and
their characteristics.
Simplex mode is the simplest and most basic mode of transmission. In simplex mode,
data can only flow in one direction, from the sender to the receiver. This means that the receiver
cannot send any data back to the sender. Examples of simplex mode are radio and television
broadcasting. In these cases, the broadcast station sends the signal, and the viewers or listeners
can only receive the signal. Half-duplex mode is a mode of transmission where data can flow in
both directions, but only in one direction at a time. In other words, the sender and receiver can
both transmit and receive data, but they must take turns. This is similar to a walkie-talkie or a CB
radio. When one person is speaking, the other person must wait for them to finish before they
can respond.
Full-duplex mode is a mode of transmission where data can flow in both directions
simultaneously. This means that the sender and receiver can transmit and receive data at the
same time. Full-duplex mode is commonly used in wired and wireless networks, such as Ethernet
and Wi-Fi. In these networks, data can be transmitted and received at the same time, allowing for
faster and more efficient communication.
In addition to these transmission modes, there are also different types of transmission
media that can be used to transmit data. These include wired and wireless media. Wired media
includes cables, such as copper and fiber optic cables, while wireless media includes radio
waves, microwaves, and infrared waves.
The choice of transmission mode and transmission media depends on the specific
requirements of the communication system. For example, if the system requires fast, two-way
communication, full-duplex mode and wired media may be the best option. On the other hand, if
the system requires simple, one-way communication, simplex mode and wireless media may be
sufficient.One advantage of simplex mode is that it is easy to implement and requires minimal
hardware. It is also useful in situations where data only needs to be transmitted in one direction,
such as in broadcasting. However, it is not suitable for situations where two-way communication
is required.
Half-duplex mode is useful in situations where two-way communication is required, but
the volume of data is low. It is also easy to implement and requires minimal hardware. However,
it is not suitable for situations where high volumes of data need to be transmitted quickly.
Full-duplex mode is the most efficient mode of transmission as it allows for simultaneous
two-way communication. It is suitable for situations where high volumes of data need to be
transmitted quickly, such as in computer networks. However, it requires more complex hardware
and is more expensive to implement. Conclusively, transmission modes play a crucial role in
communication systems. Simplex mode is the simplest and most basic mode of transmission,
while half-duplex and full-duplex modes allow for two-way communication. The choice of
transmission mode depends on the specific requirements of the communication system. Different
types of transmission media, such as wired and wireless media, can also be used to transmit data.
It is important to consider the specific requirements of the communication system when choosing
a transmission mode and transmission media to ensure efficient and effective communication.
 Network types
A computer network is a collection of computers and other devices that are connected
together to share resources and exchange information. Networks can be classified into several
types based on their size, scope, and functionality. In this article, we will discuss the different
types of networks and their characteristics.
1. Local Area Network (LAN)
A Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that connects computers and other devices in
a small geographical area, such as an office, building, or campus. LANs are typically used to
share resources, such as printers, files, and internet connections, among the devices on the
network. They are usually built using wired or wireless technologies, such as Ethernet, Wi-Fi, or
Bluetooth.
LANs are relatively easy to set up and maintain, and they offer fast data transfer rates. They are
also highly secure, as access to the network can be controlled by using passwords and other
security measures. However, LANs are limited in size, and they are not suitable for connecting
devices that are located far away from each other.
2. Wide Area Network (WAN)
A Wide Area Network (WAN) is a network that connects computers and other devices
over a large geographical area, such as a city, country, or even the entire world. WANs are
typically used to connect remote locations or branch offices of a company. They are built using
various technologies, such as leased lines, satellite links, or the internet.
WANs are highly flexible and can connect devices that are located far away from each other.
They offer slower data transfer rates compared to LANs, but they are suitable for transmitting
large amounts of data over long distances. WANs are also highly secure, as they can use various
security measures, such as firewalls and virtual private networks (VPNs), to protect the network
from unauthorized access.
3. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a network that connects computers and other
devices in a metropolitan area, such as a city or a town. MANs are typically used to connect
various organizations or institutions in the same geographic area. They are built using various
technologies, such as fiber optic cables or wireless links.
MANs are designed to provide high-speed connectivity within a metropolitan area. They offer
faster data transfer rates compared to WANs and are suitable for transmitting large amounts of
data over medium distances. MANs are also highly secure, as access to the network can be
controlled by using various security measures.
4. Personal Area Network (PAN)
A Personal Area Network (PAN) is a network that connects personal devices, such as
smartphones, tablets, and laptops, in a small area, such as a room or a house. PANs are typically
used to share resources, such as printers, files, and internet connections, among personal devices.
PANs are built using various wireless technologies, such as Bluetooth or Wi-Fi, and they offer
fast data transfer rates. They are highly portable and can be easily set up and configured.
However, PANs are limited in size, and they are not suitable for connecting devices that are
located far away from each other.
5. Virtual Private Network (VPN)
A Virtual Private Network (VPN) is a network that connects computers and other devices
over the internet. VPNs are typically used to provide secure remote access to a company's
network or to connect remote locations. They are built using various encryption technologies,
such as IPSec or SSL, to provide secure and encrypted communication over the internet.
VPNs are highly secure and offer fast data transfer rates. They are also highly flexible
and can connect devices that are located far away from each other. However, VPNs can be
complex to set up and maintain, and they require a high level of technical expertise.
In conclusion, computer networks can be classified into several types
 IP address
An IP address, or Internet Protocol address, is a unique identifier assigned to each device

connected to a network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. It is a numerical label
that identifies the location of a device on a network, allowing data to be sent to and received
from that device. In this article, we will discuss the basics of IP addresses, their types, and their
uses.
There are two types of IP addresses: IPv4 and IPv6. IPv4 addresses are 32-bit numbers
represented in decimal form, such as 192.168.0.1. This allows for approximately 4.3 billion
unique addresses. However, with the growth of the internet, the number of available IPv4
addresses has become limited. IPv6 addresses, on the other hand, are 128-bit numbers
represented in hexadecimal form, such as 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334. This
allows for a significantly larger number of unique addresses, making it possible for every device
on the planet to have its own unique IP address.
IP addresses are used to identify devices on a network and to route data between those
devices. When a device connects to a network, it is assigned an IP address. This address is used
by other devices on the network to communicate with the device. For example, when a web
browser requests a webpage from a server, it sends the request to the server's IP address. The
server then sends the webpage back to the requesting device using its IP address.
IP addresses are also used to geolocate devices. By analyzing the IP address of a device,
it is possible to determine the general location of the device. This can be used for various
purposes, such as delivering location-based content, targeted advertising, and fraud detection.
IP addresses are managed by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA). IANA allocates
blocks of IP addresses to regional internet registries (RIRs), which in turn allocate them to
internet service providers (ISPs) and other organizations. ISPs then assign IP addresses to their
customers, allowing them to connect to the internet.
One issue with IP addresses is that they can be spoofed or hidden. This means that a
device can be configured to use a different IP address than its actual address, or that the IP
address can be masked using a proxy server or virtual private network (VPN). This can be used
to evade detection or bypass network restrictions.In conclusion, an IP address is a unique
identifier used to locate devices on a network that uses the Internet Protocol. There are two types
of IP addresses, IPv4 and IPv6, with IPv6 allowing for a significantly larger number of unique
addresses. IP addresses are used to route data between devices and to geolocate them. They are
managed by the IANA and allocated to ISPs and other organizations. While IP addresses can be
spoofed or hidden, they remain a critical component of the internet and are essential for
communication and data transfer.

5403 1st Assignment

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

5403 1st Assignment

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Course: Basics of ICT (5403)

Level: B.Ed (2.5 Years) Semester: Autumn, 2022

Course: Basics of ICT (5403)

Student Name: Saba Naz

Q.2 a) Explain the important components of computer.

a) Explain the important components of computer.

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Random Access Memory (RAM)

Power Supply Unit (PSU)

Different Types of Input Devices

Difference between Input and Output devices

Input Device Output Device

These are user controlled Computer manages it

Examples: Keyboard, webcam, microphone, Examples: LCD Projection panels, prin

Q.4 a) Write the names of software available on your computer

a) Write the names of software available on your computer

Operating system software

Data communication is the exchange of information between two or more devices

1. Local Area Network (LAN)

2. Wide Area Network (WAN)

3. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

4. Personal Area Network (PAN)

5. Virtual Private Network (VPN)

An IP address, or Internet Protocol address, is a unique identifier assigned to each device

You might also like