Table of Contents

Statistics 1
Types of Data 2

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Normal Distribution 3

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Stem and Leaf Diagram 6

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Back to Back Stem Plot 7
Box and Whisker Plots 8

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 Statistics
Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting and analysing
numerical facts called data.

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Variable – The characteristic being studied

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Data – consist of observations of the variables being measured.

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Raw data – unorganized data

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Information – data that is organized and processed to make it useful

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Population – The collection of all outcomes, measurements, or
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possibilities that are of interest.
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Sample – subset or part of the population

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 Types of Data
1. Qualitative (Categorical)
Values or observations that can be sorted into groups or categories.
Description of the variable.

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E.g. eye colour, blood type.

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a. Nominal

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Can be counted, but not ordered. No natural order. Cannot
be ranked.

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E.g. Gender, hair colour

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b. Ordinal
Can be counted and ordered. Natural order. Can be ranked.
E.g. house number, Linkert scale (high, medium, low) pain
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severity
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2. Quantitative (Numerical)
Values or observations that can be measured. Numbers that can be
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placed in ascending or descending order.

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E.g. age, weight, number of children

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a. Discrete
Countable, individual items. Finite options.
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E.g. shoe size

b. Continuous
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Range of values, measurable, infinite options.

E.g. age
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 Normal Distribution
A type of continuous probability distribution that has the shape of a
bell. It describes data that is symmetrical about the mean and the width

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of the curve is described by its standard deviation.

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Normal distribution is also known as the Gaussian Distribution. It is

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described using the mean and standard deviation.

Properties:
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- Mean=mode=median
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- Mean is the highest peak

- Unimodal
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- Symmetrical about the mean

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 Empirical Rule (Area under the curve)
- 68.2% of data fall within 1 std. dev (standard deviation) of mean
- 95.4% of the data falls within 2 std. dev of the mean
- 99.7% of the data falls within 3 std. dev of the mean

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Skewness is the degree of asymmetry observed in the normal distribution
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curve (bell curve)

- A left/negatively skewed distribution has a long tail on the left

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 - A right/positively skewed distribution has a long tail on the right
mean>median>mode

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 Stem and Leaf Diagram
A stem-and-leaf diagram (stemplot) is a very useful way of presenting data
while still retaining the original data.

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Advantages:
● It is easy & quick to construct
● The order observations are easy to identify

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 ● The data is arranged compactly

Disadvantages:
● There is not much flexibility in the choice of the stem
● It is not suitable for displaying a large set of data

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● The class frequency cannot be rapidly read off

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Back to Back Stem Plot

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Used to compare two sets of data. The same stem is used for the leaves of
both sets of data, and two keys are required.

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 Box and Whisker Plots
It is a statistical diagram used to
represent the:
1. Lowest value

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2. Q1

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3. Q2
4. Q3

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5. highest value

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Advantages:
● Two or more sets of data can be easily compared
● Indicates the data’s symmetry and skewness
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● Easily handles extremely large sets of data
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Disadvantages:
● Simple appearance, not visually appealing as other graphs
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● Exact data values are not retained

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● Emphasize the tails of distribution

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