Sa

m
@
Ud
em
y
 Sa
m
@
Ud
em
2
y
 Sa
m

3
@
Ud
em
y
Ethics by Definition
▷ Do something by following
○ Rules
○ (that are) Appropriate

y
em
Ud
@
m
Sa

4
Ethics in Data Collection (1/2)

Participants

CONSENT SENSITIVITY

y
Do not collect information without the Inform beforehand about questions will

em
knowledge of participants, and informed be asked
consent

Ud
INCENTIVE CONFIDENTIALITY

@
Do not give incentive before data collection Maintain data privacy and do not to
or offer bribe share with anyone
m
Sa

5
Ethics in Data Collection (2/2)
Researcher

AVOID BIAS

y
Do not manipulate/influence data

em
DATA MISUSE
Protect data securely

Ud
INCORRECT REPORTING

@
Do not withhold/hide/conceal information

m
Sa

6
 Sa
m

7
@
Ud
em
y
Steps in Data Analysis
▷ Cleanse data (aka Editing)
○ Remove incomplete; organise data
▷ Convert data

y
○ Quantitative Data

em
■ Counts, frequencies, tallies

Ud
○ Qualitative Data
■ Coding – assign numeric value (Male 1, Female 2)

@
▷ Input data
○ Excel, SPSS, SAS m
Sa
▷ Analyse data
▷ Prepare visual representation (tables/graphs)
○ Comparisons, Proportions, Ranking, Trend, Variations
▷ Report the findings

8
Quantitative Analysis Techniques
▷ Choose a level of analysis

simplest form, describe a case

Univariate 1 in terms of a single variable.

y
em
subgroup comparisons,
Bivariate 2 describe a case in terms of

Ud
two variables simultaneously.
analysis of two or more
Multi variate

@
3 variables simultaneously

▷
m
Type of statistical analysis
Sa
○ Nominal/Categorical – one choice
○ Ordinal – in order (high, low, average)
○ Continuous 0-10, 11-20, 21-30 etc.

9
Quan. Level of Analysis (Univariate)
▷ Simplest form - describe a case in terms of a single variable.
○ Gender – number of male, number of female, number of LGBT
▷ Frequency distribution

y
em
How many times do you travel by bus in a week?

Ud
10/more 5-9 1-4 0

Women (N -› 30) 14 9 5 2

@
(%) 46% 30% 17% 7%

▷
m
Mean, Median, Mode – average, middle value, most often
Sa

10
Quan. Level of Analysis (Bi-variate) 1/2
▷ Analyse two variables simultaneously
▷ Step 1: Define the nature of the relationship.
○ Higher ‘pay’ lead to higher job ‘satisfaction’.

y
em
■ Independent variable – Pay
■ Dependant variable – Satisfaction

Ud
▷ Step 2: Identify the type and direction of the relationship

@
○ Pay – Ordinal (1K-2K, 2K-5K, 5K-10K)
○ Satisfaction – Ordinal (Satisfied-1, Neutral-2, Unsatisfied-3)
○
m
Direction - Positive (High Pay – Satisfaction)
Sa
▷ Step 3: Statistical Significance
○ Establish relationship - random occurrence? by chance? closely related?
○ Desired value 0.05 i.e. only 5% chance the relationship is accidental

11
Quan. Level of Analysis (Bi-variate) 2/2
▷ Step 4: Strength of Relationship
○ Correlation - Pearson’s correlation test,
○ Regression

y
○ Analysis of Variance - Kendall’s Tau, Chi-square(x2), T-test, ANOVA, Cross

em
tabulation.

Ud
○ Tool - Excel, SPSS etc

@
m
Sa

12
Quan. Level of Analysis (Multi-variate)
▷ Establish relationships between multiple IVs with multiple DVs
▷ Various known techniques
○ Multiple regression, MANOVA (mean)

y
○ Factor analysis, Cluster Analysis (correlation)

em
Ud
@
m
Sa

13
Measurement of Latent Variable

Higher pay is closely associated with low employee

Can Measure
turnover
01
Higher pay is closely associated with employee

y
Can’t Measure
loyalty
02

em
Intangible benefits is closely associated with

Ud
Can’t Measure
employee satisfaction
03

@
▷ Various measurement techniques –
m
○ Factor analysis
Sa
○ Latent class analysis (LCA)
○ Structural equation modelling (SEM)
○ Rasch analysis

14
Cronbach’s Alpha (Reliability)
▷ How reliable is your survey data?
○ If asked twice to the same person
○ Multiple questions are constructed under one IV

y
▷ Measurement of Latent variable

em
○ If multiple questions collectively measure the overall concept (e.g. job

Ud
satisfaction)

@
m
Sa

15
Qualitative Analysis Techniques

2 - Narrative analysis
Analyse content from various
sources, such as interviews of

y
respondents, observations from the

em
field, or surveys

Ud
01 02 03

@
1 – Content Analysis
m 3 – Grounded Theory
Sa
Analyse documented information Explain why a certain
in the form of texts, media. phenomenon happened

16
Importance of Statistics in Data Analysis
▷ Important when required data is collected
▷ Answer research questions
○ Analysing variables

y
○ Establishing relationships

em
▷ Manage variables with known problems/issues.

Ud
@
m
Sa

17
 Sa
m
@
Ud
em
18
y