Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A leading Indian industrialist in a recent article on ways to strengthen India’s economy has
drawn attention to the problems of inflation and industrial sickness among other things. One of
the main reasons for industrial sickness in our country has been the fact that business and
industrial managers have not been able to look beyond the immediate future. They have been too
preoccupied with their attempts to report favourable results for the current year - higher profits
and larger dividends to the shareholders. The planning horizon has hardly ever exceeded five
years. Investments have been inadequate for new plants and towards diversification and
expansions.
Modernization and asset creation has seriously lagged behind. In business, growth isneeded
for survival; one has to grow if one does not want to be wiped out. This is particularly true today
with liberalization of imports and increasing competition. Moreover, growth and higher
productivity create employment and higher employment creates larger markets both for industrial
and consumer products. It was Henry Ford who brought home the need for the creationof a larger
and more stable middle class, that is, a larger number of people who can afford more and more
of goods and services. Even after forty years of independence our industrialists have not been
able to shed the petty shopkeeper’s mentality and our highly educated management has tagged
3. According to the passage, what do growth and increasing productivity lead to?
4. Why did Henry Ford stress the need for a more stable middle class?
5. (a) Explain the phrase ‘wipe out’
(b) Find a word from the passage which means the same as ‘small’ or unimportant’
READING COMPREHENSION
In the sixteenth century, an age of great marine and terrestrial exploration, Ferdinand Magellan
led the first expedition to sail around the world. As a young Portuguese noble, he served the
king of Portugal, but he became involved in the quagmire of political intrigue at court and lost
the king's favor. After he was dismissed from service to the king of Portugal, he offered to
A papal decree of 1493 had assigned all land in the New World west of 50 degrees W longitude
to Spain and all the land east of that line to Portugal. Magellan offered to prove that the East
Indies fell under Spanish authority. On September 20, 1519, Magellan set sail from Spain with
five ships. More than a year later, one of these ships was exploring the topography of South
America in search of a water route across the continent. This ship sank, but the remaining four
ships searched along the southern peninsula of South America. Finally they found the passage
they sought near a latitude of 50 degrees S. Magellan named this passage the Strait of All
One ship deserted while in this passage and returned to Spain, so fewer sailors were privileged
to gaze at that first panorama of the Pacific Ocean. Those who remained crossed the meridian
we now call the International Date Line in the early spring of 1521 after ninety-eight days on
the Pacific Ocean. During those long days at sea, many of Magellan's men died of starvation
and disease. Later Magellan became involved in an insular conflict in the Philippines and was
killed in a tribal battle. Only one ship and seventeen sailors under the command of the Basque
navigatorElcano survived to complete the westward journey to Spain and thus prove once and
for all that the world is round, with no precipice at the edge.
2. Magellan lost the favor of the king of Portugal when he became involved in a political.
3. The Pope divided New World lands between Spain and Portugal according to their
locationon one side or the other of an imaginary geographical line 50 degrees west of
A. North and South B. Crosswise C. Easterly D. South East E. North and West
7. In the spring of 1521, the ships crossed the________________now called the International
Date Line.
A. Imaginary circle passing through the poles C. Imaginary line parallel to the equator
QUESTIONS 8-14
Marie Curie was one of the most accomplished scientists in history. Together with her husband,
Pierre, she discovered radium, an element widely used for treating cancer, and studied uraniumand
other radioactive substances. Pierre and Marie's amicable collaboration later helped to unlock
the secrets of the atom. Marie was born in 1867 in Warsaw, Poland, where her father was a
professor of physics. Atthe early age, she displayed a brilliant mind and a blithe personality. Her
great exuberance for learning prompted her to continue with her studies after high school. She
became disgruntled, however, when she learned that the university in Warsaw was closed to
women. Determined to receive a higher education, she defiantly left Poland and in 1891 entered
the Sorbonne, a French university, where she earned her master's degree and doctorate in physics.
Marie was fortunate to have studied at the Sorbonne with some of the greatest scientists of her
day, one of whom was Pierre Curie. Marie and Pierre were married in 1895 and spent many
productive years working together in the physics laboratory. A short time after they discovered
radium, Pierre was killed by a horse-drawn wagon in 1906. Marie was stunned by this horrible
misfortune and endured heartbreaking anguish. Despondently she recalled their close
relationship and the joy that they had shared in scientific research. The fact that she had two
Curie's feeling of desolation finally began to fade when she was asked to succeed her husband
as a physics professor at the Sorbonne. She was the first woman to be given a professorship at
the world-famous university. In 1911 she received the Nobel Prize in chemistry for isolating
radium. Although Marie Curie eventually suffered a fatal illness from her long exposure to
radium, she never became disillusioned about her work. Regardless of the consequences, she
had dedicated herself to science and to revealing the mysteries of the physical world.
10. When she learned that she could not attend the university in Warsaw, she felt.
A. Challenged authority
B. Was distressed
D. Showed intelligence
E. Behaved
13. Her_________began to fade when she returned to the Sorbonne to succeed her husband.
14. Even though she became fatally ill from working with radium, Marie Curie was
never _________________
QUESTIONS 15-19.
Mount Vesuvius, a volcano located between the ancient Italian cities of Pompeii and
Herculaneum, has received much attention because of its frequent and destructive eruptions.
The most famous of these eruptions occurred in A. D. 79. The volcano had been inactive for
centuries. There was little warning of the coming eruption,although one account unearthed by
archaeologists says that a hard rain and a strong wind had disturbed the celestial calm during
the preceding night. Early the next morning, the volcano poured a huge river of molten rock
down upon Herculaneum, completely burying the city and filling in the harbor with coagulated
lava.Meanwhile, on the other side of the mountain, cinders, stone and ash rained down on
Pompeii.Sparks from the burning ash ignited the combustible rooftops quickly. Large portions
of the city were destroyed in the conflagration. Fire, however, was not the only cause of
destruction. Poisonous sulphuric gases saturated the air. These heavy gases were not buoyant
inthe atmosphere and therefore sank toward the earth and suffocated people.
Over the years, excavations of Pompeii and Herculaneum have revealed a great deal about the
behavior of the volcano. By analyzing data, much as a zoologist dissects a specimen animal,
scientist have concluded that the eruption changed large portions of the area's geography. For
instance, it turned the Sarno River from its course and raised the level of the beach along the
Bay of Naples. Meteorologists studying these events have also concluded that Vesuvius caused
In addition to making these investigations, archaeologists have been able to study the skeletons
of victims by using distilled water to wash away the volcanic ash. By strengthening the brittle
bones with acrylic paint, scientists have been able to examine the skeletons and draw
conclusions about the diet and habits of the residents. Finally, the excavations at both Pompeii
and Herculaneum have yielded many examples of classical art, such as jewelry made of bronze,
which is an alloy of copper and tin. The eruption of Mount Vesuvius and its tragic consequences
have provided us with a wealth of data about the effects that volcanoes can have on the
surrounding area. Today volcanologists can locate and predict eruptions, saving lives and
17. Scientists analyzed data about Vesuvius in the same way that a zoologist a specimen.
A. Describes in detail C. Studies by cutting apart
18. ____________________have concluded that the volcanic eruption caused a tidal wave.
19. Scientist have used ________________ water to wash away volcanic ash from the skeletons of
victims.
Conflict had existed between Spain and England since the 1570s. England wanted a share
of the wealth that Spain had been taking from the lands it had claimed in the Americas.
Elizabeth I, Queen of England, encouraged her staunch admiral of the navy, Sir Francis
Drake, to raid Spanish ships and towns. Though these raids were on a small scale, Drake
achieved dramatic success, adding gold and silver to England's treasury and diminishing
Spain's omnipotence. Religious differences also caused conflict between the two countries.
Whereas Spain was Roman Catholic, most of England had become Protestant. King Philip
II of Spain wanted toclaim the throne and make England a Catholic country again. To
satisfy his ambition and also to retaliate against England's theft of his gold and silver, King
Philip began to build his fleet of warships, the Armada, in January 1586.
marshaled one hundred and thirty sailing vessels of all types and recruited more than
nineteen thousand robust soldiers and eight thousand sailors. Although some of his ships
lacked guns and others lacked ammunition, Philip was convinced that his Armada could
withstand any battle with England. The martial Armada set sail from Lisbon, Portugal, on
May 9,1588, but bad weather forced it back to port. The voyage resumed on July 22 after
the weather became more stable. The Spanish fleet met the smaller, faster, and more
maneuverable English ships in battle offthe coast of Plymouth, England, first on July 31 and
again on August 2. The two battles leftSpain vulnerable, having lost several ships and with
its ammunition depleted. On August 7,while the Armada lay at anchor on the French side of
the Strait of Dover, England sent eightburning ships into the midst of the Spanish fleet to
set it on fire. Blocked on one side, the Spanish ships could only drift away, their crews in
panic and disorder. Before the Armada
Could regroup, the English attacked again on August 8. Although the Spaniards made a
valiant effort to fight back, the fleet suffered extensive damage. During the eight hours of
battle, the Armada drifted perilously close to the rocky coastline. At the moment when it
seemed that the Spanish ships would be driven onto the English shore, the wind shifted, and
the Armada drifted out into the North Sea. The Spaniards recognized the superiority of the
20. Sir Francis Drake added wealth to the treasury and diminished Spain's_ _ _ _ _
A. Unlimited power
B. Unrestricted growth
C. Territory
D. Treaties
From the given options, choose the right one and fill in the blanks.
1. Rishi is ___________ honest man who lives his life by helping the poor people of his
community.
2. Luna wore a ______________dress at the prom. The dress was owned previously by
3. The teacher will____________ some worksheets to the students to test their Grammar
concepts.
4. The children are playing in the park. __________come to the park daily in the evening.
5. The governess distributed the sweets ____________ all the members of the house.
6. The army who were posted ___________the South point finally defeated all the
enemies.
7. NASA informed us that a meteorite has __________ the surface of the Earth.
8. Do you know Sumit? How ____________ do you see him in the colony?
10.The cabin is______________away from the city into the deep woods.
12.Do you know how long it takes to travel _____________ here to the Lakehouse?
From the given options, choose the right one and fill in the blanks.
days. Many people have suffered heatstroke due to _____________ tremendous heat. Doctors
are suggesting that people ______________ not leave their homes between 9:00 A.M to 3
P.M. and if at all people have to go out they must __________ light coloured clothes. Doctors
____________ also suggesting that people should drink____________ of water. Scientists are
saying that if people don’t start to plant trees and take care of the environment, then with each
temperatures that the huge glaciers are _____________ at such a faster pace, thus increasing
the water levels. Due to the increased water levels, many cities_______________ get
submerged in water in the coming years. So if we don’t start taking______________ now, the
sentence
1. He is not only known for his wealth but also for his wisdom.
He is known not only for his wealth but also for his wisdom.
ANSWER: _________________________________________________
2. She not only lost her ticket but also her suitcase.
She lost not only her ticket but also her suitcase.
ANSWER: _________________________________________________
ANSWER: _________________________________________________
ANSWER: _________________________________________________
ANSWER: _________________________________________________
ANSWER: _________________________________________________
7. Please excuse me being late.
ANSWER: _________________________________________________
ANSWER: _________________________________________________
ANSWER: _________________________________________________
ANSWER: _________________________________________________
I am going on a picnic.
ANSWER: _________________________________________________
I am in a bit of hurry.
ANSWER: _________________________________________________
ANSWER: _________________________________________________
14. There is not anything wrong in doing this.
ANSWER: _________________________________________________
He is very knowledgeable
ANSWER: _________________________________________________
ANSWER: _________________________________________________
ANSWER: _________________________________________________
ANSWER: _________________________________________________
JUMBLED SENTENCES
EXERCISE : 1
7) The threads are drawn from the setting bath of dilute sulphuric acid. Then, they
1. _________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________
4. _________________________________________________
5. _________________________________________________
6. _________________________________________________
7. _________________________________________________
8. _________________________________________________
JUMBLED SENTENCES
EXERCISE : 2
1) Some of its blood vessels are so wide that you could swim through them
6) It is 30 meters long.
7) The blue whale is the biggest animal that has ever lived on our planet.
10) A single blue whale can consume 40 million krill in one day.
1.__________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________________________
4. __________________________________________________________________
5. _________________________________________________________________
6. ________________________________________________________________
7. ________________________________________________________________
8. ________________________________________________________________
9. ________________________________________________________________
10. ________________________________________________________________
Listen to the passage and write the correct word in the blanks
I heartily accept the , "That government is best which governs least"; and I should
amounts to this, which also I believe "That government is best which governs not at all";
and when men are prepared for it, that will be the kind of government which the will have.
Government is at best but an expedient; but most governments are usually, and all
brought against a standing army, and they are many and weighty, and deserve
standing army is only an arm of the standing government. The government itself, which
is only the mode which the people have chosen to execute their will, is
people can act through it. Witness the present Mexican war, the work of
for in the outset, the people would not have consented to this measure.
Law never made men a whit more just; and, by means of their respect for it, even the
are daily made the agents on ______. A common and natural result of
an undue respect for the law is, that you may see a file of soldiers,
____order over hill and dale to the wars, against their wills, ay, against their
they are all ___________inclined. Now, what are they? Men at all? Or small
How does it become a man to behave toward the American government today? I answer,
_________ the right to refuse ___________to, and to resist, the government, when
its___________or its inefficiency are great and unendurable. But almost all say that such
But such was the case, they think, in the Revolution of '75. If one were to tell me that this
was a bad government because it taxed certain foreign commodities brought to its ports,
it is most____________that I should not make ado about it, for I can do without them.
All machines have their friction; and possibly this does enough good to counter- balance
the evil. At any rate, it is a great evil to make a stir about it. But when the friction comes
to have its machine, and ___________and robbery are organized, I say, let us not
have such a machine any longer. In other words, when a sixth of the ___________
and subjected to military law, I think that it is not too soon for honest men to rebel
and . What makes this duty the more urgent is that fact that the country so
Listen to the passage and write the correct word in the blanks
Thank you, New Hampshire. I love you back. Thank you. Thank you.
here in New Hampshire. She did an outstanding job. Give her a big round of applause.
You know, a few weeks ago, no one imagined that we'd have accomplished what we
did here tonight in New Hampshire. No one could have imagined it. For most of this
be________________ but in record numbers, you came out, and you spoke up for change.
And with your voices and your votes, you made it clear that at this__________ in this
men and women in Des Moines and Davenport, in Lebanon and __________, come
out in the snows of January to wait in lines that stretch block after block because they
believe in what this country can be. There is something happening. There's something
happening when Americans who are young in age and in spirit, who've
because they know in their hearts that this time must be different.
There's something happening when people vote not just for party that they belong to, but
the hopes that they hold in common. And whether we are rich or poor, black or white,
Latino or Asian, whether we _____________ from Iowa or New Hampshire,
direction. That's what's happening in America right now; change is what's happening in
America. You, all of you who are here tonight, all who put so much heart and soul and
work into this campaign, you can be the new majority who can lead this nation out of a long
political ______________.
Democrats, independents and Republicans who are tired of the division and distraction
that has ______Washington, who know that we can disagree without being
moneyand influence that stood in our way and challenge ourselves to reach for something
fulfill. Our new American majority can end the _________of unaffordable,
unavailable health care in our time. We can bring doctors and patients, workers and
businesses, Democrats and Republicans together, and we can tell the drug and insurance
industry that, while they get a seat at the table, they don't get to buy every chair, not this
Our new majority can end the tax breaks for _______that ship our jobs overseas
and put a middle-class tax cut in the pockets of working Americans who deserve it.
We can stop sending our children to schools with corridors of shame and start putting
them on a _____to success. We can stop talking about how great teachers are
and start ________them for theirgreatness by giving them more pay and more
entrepreneurs to free this nation from the of oil and save our planet from a point of no
return.
And when I am president of the United States, we will end this war in Iraq and bring our
troops home. We will end this war in Iraq. We will bring our troops home. We will finish
will care for our veterans. We will restore our ___________standing in the world.
And we will never use 9/11 as a way to scare up votes, because it is not a tactic to win an
election. It is a challenge that should unite America and the world against the common
threats of the 21st century: terrorism and weapons, climate change and
poverty, and disease. All of the candidates in this race share these goals. All
of the candidates in this race have good ideas and all are ____________who serve
But the reason our campaign has always been different, the reason we began this
_____________ journey almost a year ago is because it's not just about what I will
do as president. It is also about what you, the people who love this country, the citizens of
the United States of America, can do to change it. That's what this election is all about.
That's why tonight belongs to you. It belongs to the organizers, and the volunteers, and
the staff who believed in this journey and ___________so many others to join the
cause.
We know the battle ahead will be long. But always remember that, no matter what
_____________ stand in our way, nothing can stand in the way of the power of
millions of voices calling for change. We have been told we cannot do this by a chorus of
cynics. And they will only grow louder and more _________in the weeks and
months to come.
We've been asked to pause for a reality check. We've been warned against offering the
people of this nation false hope. But in the unlikely story that is America, there has never
For when we have faced down ________odds, when we've been told we're not
ready or that we shouldn't try or that we can't, generations of Americans have responded
with a simple creed that sums up the spirit of a people: Yes, we can. Yes, we can. Yes, we
can. It was a creed written into the founding documents that declared the of a
nation: Yes, we can. It was whispered by slaves and abolitionists as they blazed a trail
immigrants as they struck out from distant shores and ____________who pushed
who chose the moon as our new , and a king who took us to the
mountaintop and pointed the way to the Promised Land: Yes, we can, to justice and
this nation. Yes, we can repair this world. Yes, we can. And so, tomorrow, as we take the
campaign south and west, as we learn that the struggles of the textile workers in
Spartanburg are not so different than the plight of the dishwasher in Las Vegas, that the
hopes of the little girl who goes to the ____________________ school in Dillon are
the same as the dreams of the boy who learns on the streets of L.A., we will remember
that there is something happening in America, that we are not as divided as our politics
And, together, we will begin the next great chapter in the American story, with three words
that will ring from coast to coast, from sea to shining sea: Yes, we can.