Decrees

7. Books containing
direct quotations of the
Events
8. Newspaper articles
reporting directly about
the event
9. Diaries and journals
10. Reports
11. Eyewitness accounts
12. Letters
13. Editorials
14. Transcript of
Records
Secondary Source
 are those which
were produced by an
author who used
primary sources to
produce the material.
(In order to come up
with this, he needs
to go to the primary
sources, even
interviews of veterans
or persons
involve in the event.)
Ex.: Revolt of the
Masses by Teodoro
Agoncillo
(Philippine Revolution
of 1986)
1. Textbooks
2. Encyclopedia
3. Magazine articles
about a topic
4. Teacher’s report on
student behavior as
reported to school
counsellors
5. Reports from a
person talking about the
subject matter
 Primary source
Materials are more
authoritative than
secondary source
 Primary source
material becomes even
more important when its
origin is closer
to the historical events
and the
information contained
therein can be
considered as pure and
untainted.
And when it is made by
persons who
were actual
eyewitnesses to the
event or were its
principal participants.
Both primary and
secondary sources are
useful in writing and
learning history.
However, there is a
need to thoroughly
scrutinize these
historical sources to
avoid
deception and to come
up with the
historical truth.
Historians should be
able to conduct an
external and internal
criticism of the
source.
External criticism
 is the practice of
verifying the
authenticity of evidence
by examining
its physical
characteristics:
1. Consistency with the
historical
characteristic of the
time when it was
produced
2. and the material used
for the
evidence.
(when examining a
document, it
includes the quality of
the paper, the
type of the ink, and the
language and
words used in the
material)
Internal criticism
 is the examination
of the truthfulness of
the evidence.
 Internal criticism
looks at the
truthfulness and
factuality of the
evidence by looking at
the:
1. author of source,
2. its context,
3. the agenda behind the
creation,
4. the knowledge which
informed it,
5. and its intended
purpose.
 It is the historians
task to organize the
past that is being
created so that it can
offer lessons for
nations, societies and
civilization.
o seek for the
meaning of
recovering the past to
let the
people see the
continuing
relevance of
provenance,
memory, remembering,
and
historical understanding
for both
the present and the
future.
WHY DO WE STUDY
HISTORY?
 Because it allows
man to better
understand his present
situation.
Writing and learning
from history is the
only skill practiced and
reserved for
humans.
 Lower life forms
may learn from
instinct.
But only man is capable
of deriving
deeper meanings from
history.
Man uses history almost
universally.
Ex.
1. A doctor in treating
his patients.
2. An engineer in
constructing buildings
(if
the areas id prone to
earthquakes or
floods)
3. Lawyers need to
study history of the
events in questions.
Personal
1. fiancée (you want to
know his/her
backgrounds) How
many girlfriends did
he had. Even his family
background, etc.
2. Parents would want
to know who ar
Primary Source first Europeans and probably the first people aside
MAGELLAN’S VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD (1519- from Pacific Islanders to do so. In Mactan, an island in
22)1 Ferdinand Magellan (1480–1521), a Portuguese the Philippines, Magellan was killed during a conflict
explorer, led a Spanish-financed expedition around with the indigenous people. His remaining crew
the world, which embarked on 10 August 1519 from established claim in the name of the Spanish king to
Seville. The crew sailed along through the Caribbean the archipelago of modern-day Philippines, explored
Islands in order to navigate along the eastern many islands of the adjacent archipelagos (today’s
seaboard of South America. Stopping in Rio de Indonesia and Malaysia), then sailed across the Indian
Janeiro, Brazil, for Christmas, the fleet eventually Ocean and around the southern coast of Africa on
found their way to the narrow passage, or straight, at their way home to Europe. Arriving in Spain in
the southern tip of the continent. Along the way, the September 1522, they had completed the first
Europeans encountered many indigenous people, circumnavigation of the earth. The following account
converting some to Christianity. Having entered the was written by Fernão de Magalhães (1480–1521), a
Pacific Ocean, they set sail to cross its expanse—the
Genoese mariner who took part in Magellan’s
expedition.

Secondary Source
Over the Edge of the
World is biography of Ferdinand Magellan that
chronicles his voyage from Spain to attempt the
circumnavigation of the globe. Magellan was born
into a wealthy Portuguese family in around 1480,
and became a skilled sailor and naval officer.
Despite efforts to sail for his native Portugal,
Magellan fell out of favor with the Portuguese
King Manuel I and was later selected by
King Charles I of Spain to search for a westward
route to the Maluku Islands (the "Spice Islands") on
behalf of the Spanish Empire. Commanding a fleet
of five vessels, he headed south through the Atlantic
Ocean to Patagonia, passing through the Strait of
Magellan into the Pacific Ocean. Despite a series of
storms and mutinies, the expedition reached the
Spice Islands in 1521 and returned home via
the Indian Ocean to complete the first circuit of the
globe. Magellan did not complete the entire voyage,
as he was killed during the Battle of Mactan in the
Philippines in 1521.