Proceedings of 13th International Conference on Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions

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Proc. 13th Int. Conf. on Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions
JPS Conf. Proc. 32, 010073 (2020)
https://doi.org/10.7566/JPSCP.32.010073

Mass-Radius Relationship of Neutron Stars admixed with

Fermionic Asymmetric Dark Matter
Somnath Mukhopadhyay1,2 , Debasis Atta3 and D. N. Basu1,2
1
Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, 1/AF Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata 700064, India
2
Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400085,
India
3
Government General Degree College, Kharagpur II, West Bengal 721149, India
E-mail: smpapan7@gmail.com, debasisa906@gmail.com, dnbphy@gmail.com
(Received June 24, 2019)

In this work, we have investigated the mass-radius relationships of non-rotating and rotating con-
figurations of pure hadronic stars mixed with self-interacting fermionic Asymmetric Dark Matter
(ADM) within the two-fluid formalism of stellar structure equations in general relativity. We have
taken the nuclear matter Equation of State (EoS) that is obtained from the density dependent M3Y
effective nucleon-nucleon interaction. The mass of the dark matter particles is considered to be 1
GeV. The EoS of self-interacting dark matter is taken from two-body repulsive interactions of the
scale of strong interactions with the dark matter mediator mass to be 100 MeV. We explore the con-
ditions of equal and different rotational frequencies of nuclear matter and dark matter and find that
the maximum mass of differentially rotating stars with self-interacting dark matter to be ∼ 1.94M⊙
with radius ∼ 10.4 kms.
KEYWORDS: neutron star, equation of state, fermionic Asymmetric Dark Matter, two-fluid star,
mass-radius relationship

1. Introduction

Recent advances in cosmological precision tests consolidate the minimal cosmological standard
model, indicating that the universe contains 4.9% ordinary matter, 26.8% dark matter and 68.3% dark
energy. Although being five times more abundant than ordinary matter, the basic properties of dark
matter, such as particle mass and interactions are still a mystery today. Since dark matter interacts
with normal baryonic matter through gravity, it is quite possible for white dwarfs and neutron stars
to accrete dark matter and evolve to a dark matter admixed compact star [1]. Moreover, the large
baryonic density inside compact stars increases the probability of dark matter capture within the star
and eventually results in gravitational trapping.

2. The EoSs of asymmetric ADM and nuclear matter

The EoS of fermionic ADM is obtained by considering the dark matter particles as fermions
strongly interacting with each other within the context of vector meson effective field theory. The
total energy density and pressure of self-interacting fermionic dark particles is given respectively by
[2],
( )2 x6 m6
mχ 1 f χ
εχint = εχ + εint = χ(x F ) + (1)
λ3χ 3π2 (ℏc)3 m2I
and

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010073-1 ©2020 The Author(s)
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JPS Conf. Proc. 32, 010073 (2020) 010073-2

( )2 x 6 m 6
mχ 1 f χ
Pχint = Pχ + Pint = 3 ϕ(xF ) + . (2)
λχ 3π2 (ℏc)3 m2I
In Eqs. (1) and (2), mχ and mI are the masses of the dark matter particle and the mediator respec-
tively, ℏ is the reduced Planck’s constant, c is the speed of light, λχ = mℏχ c is the Compton wavelength
p
of dark particle, x f = mχfc is the dimensionless Fermi momentum of dark matter particles and the
functions χ(x) and ϕ(x) are given by,

1 √ √
χ(x) = [x 1 + x 2 (1 + 2x2 ) − ln(x + 1 + x2 )] (3)
8π2
and

1 √ 2x2 √
ϕ(x) =
[x 1 + x 2( − 1) + ln(x + 1 + x2 )]. (4)
8π2 3
According to recent observational studies [3–5] the dark matter self-interaction cross-section per unit
mass is constrained to be 0.1-100 cm2 /g ∼0.1-1 barn/GeV, typical of the scale of strong interactions.
Hence, we take mχ = 1 GeV and mI = 100 MeV.
The nuclear matter EoS is calculated using the isoscalar and the isovector [6] components of
M3Y interaction along with density dependence. The density dependence of this DDM3Y effective
interaction is completely determined from nuclear matter calculations. In a Fermi gas model of in-
ρ −ρ
teracting neutrons and protons, with isospin asymmetry X = ρnn +ρ pp , ρ = ρn + ρ p , where ρn , ρ p
and ρ are the neutron, proton and nucleonic densities respectively, the energy per nucleon for isospin
asymmetric nuclear matter (IANM) can be derived as [7]

3ℏ2 k2F ρJvC

ϵ(ρ, X) = [ ]F(X) + ( )(1 − βρn ) (5)
10m 2
1
where m is the nucleonic mass, kF =(1.5π2 ρ) 3 which equals Fermi momentum in case of Symmetric
3ℏ2 k2
Nuclear Matter (SNM), the kinetic energy per nucleon ϵ kin =[ 10mF ]F(X) with F(X)=[ (1+X) +(1−X)
5/3 5/3
2 ]
and Jv =Jv00 + X Jv01 , Jv00 and Jv01 represent the volume integrals of the isoscalar and the isovector
2

parts of the M3Y interaction.

The calculations are performed using the values of the saturation density ρ0 =0.1533 fm−3 and
the saturation energy per nucleon ϵ0 =-15.26 MeV for the SNM obtained from the co-efficient of the
volume term of Bethe-Weizsäcker mass formula which is evaluated by fitting the recent experimental
and estimated atomic mass excesses from Audi-Wapstra-Thibault atomic mass table by minimizing
the mean square deviation incorporating correction for the electronic binding energy. Using the usual
values of α=0.005 MeV−1 for the parameter of energy dependence of the zero range potential and
n=2/3, the values obtained for the constants of density dependence C and β and the SNM incompress-
ibility K∞ are 2.2497, 1.5934 fm2 and 274.7 MeV, respectively. The saturation energy per nucleon
is the volume energy coefficient and the value of -15.26±0.52 MeV covers, more or less, the entire
range of values obtained for av for which now the values of C=2.2497±0.0420, β=1.5934±0.0085
fm2 and the SNM incompressibility K∞ =274.7±7.4 MeV [8, 9].

3. Theoretical Calculations and Results

The mass-radius relationship of non-rotating, rigidly rotating and differentially rotating neutron
stars admixed with dark matter is calculated using the LORENE code within the two-fluid formalism
[10]. LORENE is a numerical relativity library which calculates various properties of rotating and

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JPS Conf. Proc. 32, 010073 (2020) 010073-3

static relativistic stars such as mass, radius, moment of inertia etc. using the EoS as input. The results
are plotted in Fig.-1.

Fig. 1. Plots of total mass vs. equatorial radius of static, rigidly rotating and differentially rotating neutron
stars mixed with interacting fermionic Asymmetric Dark Matter with fixed nuclear matter central enthalpy
(0.24c2 ) and varying dark matter central enthalpies.

From Fig.-1 we see that the maximum mass of fermionic ADM admixed neutron star goes to
1.9355M⊙ with a corresponding radius of 10.3717 kms for the case of differential rotation (frequency
of dark matter to be 700 Hz and that of nuclear matter to be 300 Hz). Moreover, we find that these
neutron stars admixed with dark matter typically show characteristics similar to self-bound strange
stars in the low mass region. This is because of the very strong two-body repulsive interactions of
dark matter which counteracts gravity effectively for low mass region and makes radius much smaller
compared to pure neutron star of similar mass [2].

References
[1] C. Kouvaris, Phys. Rev. D 77, 023006 (2008).
[2] Somnath Mukhopadhyay, Debasis Atta, Kouser Imam, D.N. Basu and C. Samanta, Eur. Phys. J. C 77, 440
(2017); Erratum: Eur. Phys. J. C 77, 553 (2017).
[3] Jason Pollack, David N. Spergel and Paul J. Steinhardt, Astrophys. J. 804, 131 (2015).
[4] Yonit Hochberg, Eric Kuflik, Hitoshi Murayama, Tomer Volansky and Jay G. Wacker, Phys. Rev. Lett. 115,
021301 (2015).
[5] Chian-Shu Chen, Guey-Lin Lin and Yen-Hsun Lin, JCAP 01, 013 (2016).
[6] G. R. Satchler, Direct Nuclear Reactions, Oxford Univ., Oxford (1983).
[7] D. N. Basu, P. Roy Chowdhury and C. Samanta, Nucl. Phys. A 811, 140 (2008).
[8] Debasis Atta and D. N. Basu, Phys. Rev. C 90, 035802 (2014).
[9] D. Atta, S. Mukhopadhyay and D. N. Basu, Indian J. Phys 91, 235 (2017).
[10] Eric Gourgoulhon arXiv:1003.5015v2 (2011).

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