NAMA : DALFA SEPDIYANTORO

NPM : 221131006
PRODI: TEKNIK AERONAUTIKA

TUGAS HUMAN FACTOR

1. Recognizing and Avoiding Hazard

Risk is an expression of possible loss in terms of probability and severity. A
hazard is anything that may cause harm, such as chemicals, electricity, working
form ladders, an open drawer etc; the riks is the chance, high or low, that
somebody cloud be harmed be these and other hazards, together with an
indication of how serious the harm cloud be.

2. There are many potential hazards in the aircfraft maintenance and it is

impossible to list them all here. However, a through health and safety
apparaisal will reval the hazards. Physical hazards may include:
- Very light bright (e.g from welding)
- Very loud sounds (sudden or continuous)
- Confined or enclosed areas
- Working at significant heights
- Noxious subtancies (liquids, fumes, etc)
- Excessive temperature (i.e too cold or too hot)
- Moving equipment, moving vehivles and vibration

3. All workplaces have hazards and aircraft maintenance engineering is no

exception

4. The strategies for managing errors in aircraft maintenance

Strategy 1: Error Reduction
Error reduction strategies intervene directly at the source of the error by
reducing or eliminating the contributing factors to the error.
Strategy 2

5. Types of Error in Maintenance Task (e.g.instailation of line replaceable units,

failure to remove a protective cap from a hydraulic line before reassembly or
damaging an air duct used as a foothold while gaining access to perform a
task);
(a structural crack unnoticed during a visual inspection task or a faulty avionics
box that remains on the aircraft because incorrect diagnosis of the problem led
to removal of the wrong box)
6. Shift Handover it is universally recognized that at the point of changing shift,
the need for effective communication between the out-going and in-coming
personnel in aircraft maintenance is extremely important. The absence of such
effective communication has been evident in many accident reports from
various industries, not just aircraft maintenance.
Concepts
- The outgoing person’s ability to understand and communicate the important
elements of the job or task being passed over to incoming person
- The incoming person’s ability to understand and assimilate the information
being provided by the outgoing person
- A formalised process for exchanging information between outgoing and
incoming people and a place for such exchange to take place

7. Engineers may believe that procedures may be over prescriptive and violate
them to simplify a task (cutting corners), to save time and effort.
- These are common practice
- Often occur with such regularity that they are automatic;
- Violating this rule has become a group norm;
- Routine violations are condoned by management.

8. A large proportion of maintenance tasks are fairly routine, such as regular,

periodic checks on aircraft. Thus, engineers will use a certain set of procedures
relatively frequently and, as noted in the previous section, slips and lapses can
occur when carrying out procedures in the busy hangar or line environment.
When undertaking less frequently performed tasks, there is the possibility of
the errors of judgment. If the engineer does not familiarise or refamiliarise
himself properly with what needs to be done, he may mistakenly select the
wrong procedure or parts.

9. Technical Support Engineer responsibilities include resolving network

issues, configuring operating systems and using remote desktop connections
to provide immediate support. You will use email and chat applications to give
clients quick answers to simple IT issues.

10. Visual Inspection (VT) is the most common NDT inspection step and is
usually when inspection uses glasses to look for faults. The human eye has the
surprising ability to distinguish colors, shades, shapes, sizes, contrasts and
textures. Inspection may require the use of a magnifying glass, mirror, or
boroscope to view or view material in restricted access locations.
ENKON engineers and technicians have the necessary training and experience
to perform a complete visual inspection to identify various types of
discontinuities. Visual inspection is used to detect any visible discontinuities
and also to hide visual data from other NDT processes.

11. - Catch errors early

- provide proper training
- find the root cause of the problem
- cooperate

12. Good communication is important in every industries. In aircraft

maintenance engineering, it is vital. Communication or more often a breakdown
in communication, is often cited as a contributor to aviation incident and
accident. It is for this very reason that it has its own section in the EASA parts-
66 module 9 for human factor

13. it could be said that primary objective of the shift handover is to ensure
accurate, reliable communication of task-relevant information across the shifts.
However this does not recognize the users needs for the other information
which may also be required to enable a complete mental model to be formed
which will allow safe and efficient continuation of the maintenance process.
Example of such information could be manning levels, Authorisation
converage, staff sickness, people working extended hours (overtime),
personnel issues etc.

14. A risk assessment is a important step in protecting aircraft maintenance

staff, as well as complying with the law. It helps you focus on the risks that
really matter in your workplace – the ones with the potential to cause real harm.
In many instances, straightforward measures can readily control risks, for
example ensuring spillages are cleaned up promptly so people do not slip, or
cupboard drawers are kept closed to ensure people do not trip.
15. A lack of teamwork may also contribute to error in aircraft maintenance.
Closely related to lack of communication, teamwork is required in aviation
maintenance in many instances, sharing of knowledge between technicans,
coordinating maintenance fuctions, turning work over from shift and working
with flight personnel to troubleshoot and test aircraft are all are executed better
in an atmosphere of teamwork.

16.The influence of social culture be important in determining how an individual

integrates into an organizational culture. The way an individual behaves
outside an organization is likely to have bearing on how they behave within it
internal pressures and conflicts within groups at work can be driven by
underlying social cultural differences ( e,g. different nationalities, different
political views, different religious beliefs, etc,)

17. leadership are all skills that a team leader requires. Of course,
management is also a function within an organization (i.e, those managers
responsible for policy , business decisions, etc,) as is the supervisor (i.e, in an
official role overseeing a team)

18. – Ensure that he understands the area, component or system he has

been asked to inspect ( e.g, as specified on the work card)
- locate the corresponding area, component or system on the aircraft itself;
- make sure the environment is conducive to the visual inspection task
( considering factors described in physical Environment such as lighting,
access, etc)
- conduct a systematic visual search, moving his eyes carefully in a set pattern
so that all parts are inspected
- examine thoroughly any potencial degradation or defect that is seen and
decide whether it constitutes a problem

19. Individualism encourages independence, teams are associated with

interdependence and working together in some way to achieve one or more
goals. Teams may comprise a number of individuals working together towards
one shared goal. Alternatively, they may consist of a number of individuals
working in parallel to achieve one common goal.
20. Motivation is the condition in human being that drivers him/her to do
activities in order to achieve the goals. Motivated behavior is goal-directed,
purposeful behavior, and no human behavior occurs without some kind of
motivation underpinning it. Engineers are trained to carry out the task with their
remit. However, it is largely their motivation which determines what they
actually do in any given situation. Thus, motivation reflects the difference
between what a person can do and what he will do. Motivation can be thought
of as a basic human dive that arouses, directs and sustains all human
behavior.

21. People who are de-motivated lack motivation, either intrinsically or thought
a failure of their management to motivate the staffs who work for them. De-
motivated people tend to demonstrate the following characteristics:
- apathy and indifference to the job, including reduced regard for safety whilst
working;
- a poor record of time keeping and high absenteeism;
- an exaggeration of the effects/difficulties encountered in problem, disputes
amd grievances;
- a lack of co-operation in dealing with problems or difficulties;
-unjustified resistance to change

22. The ability to accept differences really supports one's self-development.

People who are unable to accept differences tend to block the path towards
better self-development. Wisdom and maturity in life actually hide behind our
acceptance of differences. then accepting differences and managing
differences itself is inner wealth, and this is the most basic essence of
management
23. - design versus operator-induced errors;
- variable versus constant errors;
- reversible versus irreversible errors;
- slips, lapses and mistakes;
- the Swiss Cheese Model
- failures
24. individual responsibility all aircraft maintenance engineers are skilled
individuals having undertaken considerable training. They in a highly
professional environment and generally have considerable pride in their work
and its contribution to air safety.
All individuals, regardless of their role,grade or qualifications should work in a
responsible maneer. This includes not only licensed aircraft engineers, but non-
licensed staff. Leatflet 15-2 details yhe certification responsibilities of LAE`s.
this document states that “the certifiying engineer shall be responsible for
ensuring that work is performed and recorded in a satisfactory manner”.

25. motivated behavior is goal-directed,purposeful behavior and no human

behavior accurs without some kind of motivation underpinning it. engineer are
trained to carry out the tasks within their remit.however it is largely their
motivation which determines what they actually do in any given situation.

26. there is the possibility that the aircraft maintenance engineer will receive
pressure at work from those that work with him .this is known as peer pressure.
Peer pressure is the actual or perceived pressure which an individual may feel,
to conform to what he believes that his peers or colleagues expect.

27. if a task is performed often enough, it may eventually become automatic

and the required skills and actions are stored in long term memory. These are
known as motor programmes and are ingrained routines that have been
established through practice. These motor programmes allow us to carry out
simultaneous activities, such as having a conversation whilst driving.

28. the capacity of the long term memory appears to be unlimited.it is used to
store information that is not currently being used , including:
 Knowledge of the physical world and objects within it and how these
behave
 Personal experiences
 Beliefs about people,social norms, values
 Motor programmes, problem solving skills and plans for achieving
various activities
 Abilities
 Semantic memory
 Episodic memory
29. information processing the basic functions and limitations of two of the
senses used by aircraft maintenance engineers in the the course of their work.
Examines the way the information gathered by the senses is processed by the
brain. The limitations of the human information processing system are also
considered. Information processing is the procces of receiving information
through the senses analyzing it and making it meaningful.

30. Iconic memory has already been described when examining the role of
sensory stores. It has duration of up to 2 second (depending on the sense) and
is used as a buffer, giving us time to attend to sensory input.

31. memory can be considered to be the storage and retention of information,

experiences and knowledge, as well as the ability to retrieve this information

32. Long shift – know as Hypermetropia – is caused by a shorter than normal

eyeball which means that the image is formed behind the retina (see Figure
2.2.). If the cornea and the lens cannot use their combined focusing ability to
compensate for this, blurred vision will result when looking at close objects. A
convex lens overcomes long sightedness by bending light inwards before it
reaches the cornea.

33. Colour defective vision (normaliy referred ton incorrectly as colour

blindness, ‘Daltonism1) affects about 8% of men but only 0.5% of women. The
most common types is difficulty in distinguishing between red and green. More
rarely, it is possible to confuse blues and yellows.

34. The aim of human factors is to optimize the relationship between

maintenance personnel and systems with a view to improving safety, efficiency
and well-being.
35. - Human physiology
- Psychology (including perception, cognition, memory, social interaction,
error);
- work place design;
- environmental conditions;
- human – machine interface
- anthropometrics ( the scientific study measurements of the human body)

36. The aims of this training is to increase safety, quality and efficiency in
aircraft maintenance operations by reducing human error and its impact in
maintenance activities. This is obtained through the integration of appropriate
categories of maintenance personnel’s technical knowledge and skills with
basic human factors knowledge and skills and promotion of a positive attitude
towards safety.

37. shoftware : means the components which determine how the system
works.maintenence procedures , maintenance manuals, checklist layout, ect
Hardwer: means setting like hangars, offices,vehicles, test equipment ect (e.g
tools test equipment , the physical structure of aircraft, design of flight decks
positingoning and operating sense of controls and intrumenst,ect)
Environment : of course is the field in which the system functions. (e.g. physical
environment such as conditions in the hangar, conditions on the line, etc. and
work environment such as work patterns, management structures, public
perception of the industry, etc.)
Liveware : are the human beings in the system. (i.e. the person or people at
the centre of the model, including maintenance engineers (technican),
supervisors, planners, managers, etc.)

38. means setting like hangars, offices,vehicles, test equipment ect (e.g tools
test equipment , the physical structure of aircraft, design of flight decks
positingoning and operating sense of controls and intrumenst,ect)
39. The general statement is also called the Preamble, because it is at the
beginning of the Explanatory text as the topic of the problem.

40. Murphy’s Law can be regarded as the notion : If something can go wrong, it
will. If everyone could be persuaded to acknowledge Murphy’s Law, this might
help overcome the “it will never happen to me” belief that many people hold. It
is not true that accidents only happen to people who are irresponsible or
‘sloppy’. The incidents and accidents describe show that errors can be made
by experienced, well-respectad individuals and accidents can occur in
organizations previously thought to be “safe”.

41. if everyone could be persuaded to acknowledge murphy`s law, this might

help overcome the “it will never happen to me” belief that many people hold. It
is not true that accidents only happen to people who are irresponsible or
sloopy. The incident and accidents described show that errors can be made by
experienced, well-respected individuals and accidents can occur in
organizations previously thought to be “safe”

42. in the UK on 23 february 1995, a boeing B737-400 suffered a loss of oil

pressure on both engines. The aircraft diverted and landed safely at luton
airport

43. the line engineer was originally going to carry out the task, but for various
reason he swapped jobs with the base maintenance controller. The base
maintenance controller did not have the appropriate paperwork with him. The
base maintenance controller and a fitter carried out the task, despite many
interruptions, but failed to refit the rotor drive convers. No ground idle engine
runs (which would have revealed the oil leak) were carried out. The job was
signed off as complete.

44. by using ear muffs

45. Presbycusis is an individual's hearing loss that occurs gradually with age.
Hearing loss is indeed one of the most common disorders associated with
aging. It is estimated that around 30-35% of adults aged 65 years and over
have hearing loss

46. A person is said to be fatigued when a reduction or impairment in any of the

following occurs: cognitive ability, decision – making, reaction time,
coordination, speed strength, and balance. Fatigue reduces alertness and often
reduces a person’s ability to focus and hold attention on the task being
performed.

47. – Personnel;
- Supervision;
- Labor – management relations;
- Pressures;
- Crew structure;
- Size of company;
- Profitability;
- Morale;
- Corporate culture.

48. is a person who has duties and responsibilities for work related to the
Design , Construction and Maintenance of Electrical Systems. To become an
Electrical Engineer requires knowledge, skills, work attitudes and professional
ethics that must be upheld in carrying out work in the engineering field

49. Handover is the process of transferring the main authority and responsibility
for provide clinical care to patients from one caregiver to another. Caregivers
include attending physicians, ward resident physicians, physician assistants,
nurse practitioners, registered nurses, and licensed practicing nurses. (The
Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety, 2010). Meanwhile, the
Australian Medical Association (2006), defines a handover as transfer of
professional responsibility and accountability for some or all aspects care for a
patient, or group of patients, to another person or group of professionals
temporarily or permanently.

50. The main danger with repetitive task is that engineers may become so
practiced at such tasks that they may cease to consult the maintenance
manual, or to use job cards. If something about a task is changed, the engineer
may not be aware of the change. Complacency is also a danger, whereby an
engineer may skip steps or fail to give due attention to steps in a procedure,
especially if it is check something which is rarely found to be wrong, damaged
or out of tolerance.