Psoriasis Disease Detection Using VGG-19

Sakshi Srivastava*
sakshigunja@gmail.com

Abstract—Skin is the most crucial part of human body and
therefore a normal skin is very important for healthy living of a
person. However, it suffers from many dermatological problems.
One of such skin disease is psoriasis. The study proposes a novel
deep learning framework which compares the different state-of-
the-art deep learning algorithms on the basis of various
parameters like AUC, CA, Precision, F1 and Recall in three
different scenarios namely, VGG-16, VGG-19 and Inception v3.
Based on the results obtained VGG-19 is chosen as the feature
extractor and Logistic Regression as the classifier. An AUC value
of 0.990 and CA of 94.2% is obtained.
Keywords-psoriasis; deep learning; vgg-16; vgg-19; inception
v3;
I. INTRODUCTION
Skin is the largest organ or part of human body. It is also
one of the five senses which is responsible for the touches. It
also separates the inside organs of the human body from the
outside environment. It also helps in regulating the body
temperature and protects us from various bacteria, viruses and
other insects [1]. However, finding a healthy skin in this world
is a very difficult task as millions of people are facing various
dermatological diseases like acne, psoriasis, rosacea,
pemphigus, atopic dermatitis, etc. These skin diseases can be
identified by analyzing the symptoms as burning sensation,
redness, swelling, allergies, etc.
In this paper, we have considered working on the
Psoriasis disease. Psoriasis is a genetic chronic, inflammatory
disease which causes scaling and swelling on the skin [2]. It
causes thick patches of red, swelled skin which may cause
burning sensations and stiffness. These silvery scaled patches
can result in itching and sore feel [1]. It can be caused on
elbows, knees, armpits, hands, feet, nails, legs, back, scalp and
even behind the ear. It also results in mental sickness, anxiety
and sometimes depression. Therefore, it is important to
diagnose it in earlier stages only for proper treatment.
Psoriasis is basically of six types as listed below. Figure 1
shows different types of psoriasis.
A. Plaque Psoriasis
It is the most common type of psoriasis caused. It is
generally found in 80% of the population suffering from
psoriasis. Thick red patches are formed on the skin of elbow,
knee, scalp and lower back.
B. Guttate Psoriasis
It is found in the 10% of the population and is the second
most common type of psoriasis. In this type of psoriasis,
small, separate and drop-shaped red spots are formed of the
skin. Guttate psoriasis results in strep throat, infection, stress
and anxiety.
C. Flexural or Inverse Psoriasis
It generally appears in the parts of body where the skin
gets folded such as under the breasts or armpits due to the
occurrence of sweat and moisture. Red, shiny and smooth
patch is formed in the skinfold.
D. Pustular Psoriasis
It occurs in the form of pustules surrounded by red skin
in the isolated areas of the body which can combine together
to form scaling of the skin.
E. Psoriatic Arthritis
It is the most painful type of psoriasis and has almost no
cure. It is common in 10-30% of the population suffering from
psoriasis.
F. Erthyrodermic Psoriasis
It is also known as exfoliative psoriasis and is a rare type
of psoriasis. It is visible as severe burns and the body is not
able to control the temperature.
Plaque Guttate Flexural or Inverse
Pustular Psoriatic Arthritis Erthyrodermic
Figure 1. Types of Psoriasis
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Nidhal K. Al Abbadi et al. used skin color and texture
features in order to detect whether a person in having psoriasis
skin disease or not.The image was fed to the feed forward
neural networks as an input and feed forward-NN was able to
classify the image by discriminating between psoriasis
infected skin and healthy normal skin [2].
Artificial Neural Network was used for detecting 9 types
of dermatological diseases with an accuracy of 90%. 775 skin
images were taken as an input to ANN for training the model
[5]. K-means clustering, color gradient techniques and feed
forward backpropagation artificial neural networks were used
for detecting 6 types of dermatological diseases. Classification
accuracy of 94.0146% was obtained [6].
Pigmented Skin Lesion (PSL) image results were firstly
analyzed, preprocessed, segmented and feature extraction was
done by Damilola A. Okuboyejo et al and then the lesion
images were classified.The ABCD rule proposed by Stolz et
al. in 1994 [11] was compared with the state-of-the-art
machine learning algorithm like logisitic regression [9].
Different image processing techniques were applied to
the sample images of skin cancer, psoriasis and
dermatophytosis and then feature extraction was done. Two-
level classifiers were then used to classify the images into
different dermatological diseases on the basis of different
parameters like Entropy, Texture index and Correlation factor
[8].
Vinayshekhar Bannihatti Kumar et al. combined
Computer Vision techniques like image preprocessing and
feature extraction with Machine learning models(Decision
Tree, KNN and ANN) in order to identify different skin
diseases. The proposed work was able to correctly detect
dermatological diseases with an accuracy of up-to 95% [7].
Harshit Jain et al. Used Convolutional Neural Network as
the deep learning technique for detecting leprosy or Hansen's
ailment disease. Dermnet Nz datasets were fed as an input to
the CNN and classification was done.Their model was able to
classify images into infected and non-infected skin with an
accuracy of 91.6% [3].
Researchers have used different deep learning and
computer vision based techniques for predicting various
dermatological diseases. Sourav Kumar Patnaik et al. used
InceptionV3, InceptionResnetV2 and MobileNet (with
modifications) architectures in order to classify the human
body parts present in the image into the disease from which it
is infected by.They were able to predict 20 diseases with an
accuracy of 88% [4]. Image processing techniques were used
in order to enhance the skin disease images in order to remove
unwanted noise.Then an ANN able to automatically
diagnosing skin diseases from the sample images [8].
III. DATASET COLLECTION
For training any machine or deep learning model, an
appropriate dataset is a must. A dataset can be in the form of
images, csv files, etc. In our work, we’ve collected images of
psoriasis infected skin images and that of a normal healthy
skin. A total of 312 images are present in the dataset, out of
which 154 images are of psoriasis infected skin and 158 of
normal healthy skin. This image dataset is then used for
training the different classifiers and hence predicting the
results.
IV. PROPOSED WORK
We have considered three different scenarios in our
work. These scenarios are considered on the basis of different
image embedding and feature extraction style. The model is
trained under each scenario and then 8 different classifiers
namely Random Forest, Support Vector Machine(SVM),
KNN(K-Nearest Neighbour), Neural Network(NN), Stochastic
Gradient Descent(SGD), AdaBoost, Logistic Regression(LR)
and Naive Bayes are used for the classifying the image into
infected with psoriasis and healthy normal skin.
A. Scenario 1
In this scenario we’ve considered a VGG-16 image
embedding architecture environment. It is basically a ConvNet
(Convolutional Network) model. Multiple convolutional
layers are used on which the image is passed. 3×3 filters are
used and 3 fully connected layers are present [12]. Logistic
Regression gives the best accuracy in this case. We obtain an
AUC value of 0.983 and CA of 0.932 using Logistic
Regression as the classifier.
B. Scenario 2
Here, we’ve considered an Inception v3 as the image
embedding architecture environment. It consists of a 42 layer
deep learning network which helps in reducing the chances of
error in the classification. The best accuracy is obtained using
Logisitic Regression as the classifier. An AUC value of 0.987
and CA of 0.935 is obtained.
C. Scenario 3 (Proposed Approach)
In this case, VGG-19 [11] is considered as the image
embedding architecture environment. It consists of 19 deep
networking layers and can therefore classify images in a better
way. The input size fore the image in this case is 224×224.
Out of all the 8 classifiers used Logistic Regression gives
the best accuracy. It is a statistical model and is a form of
binary regression. It uses logistic function “(1)” or sigmoid
function. Logistic function takes any real value (value) and
maps it into a value between 0 and 1.
(1)
For VGG-19, Logistic Regression gives an AUC value of
0.990 and CA value of 0.942.
V. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Three scenarios namely VGG-16, Inception v3 and
VGG-19 are considered. Out of these, VGG-19 and Logistic
Regression is chosen as the proposed approach environment
because it gives the maximum classification accuracy (CA) of
94.2% and area under curve (AUC) value of 0.990. More the
AUC value is closer to 1, better is the overall performance of
the model. ). 0.990 is very close to 1 therefore the overall
performance of the proposed model is very high.
 VGG 16 SVM 0.982 0.923 0.923 0.923 0.923
VGG 16 Neural 0.963 0.916 0.916 0.917 0.916
Network
VGG 16 SGD 0.912 0.913 0.913 0.914 0.913
VGG 16 Random 0.950 0.906 0.906 0.906 0.906
Forest
VGG 16 kNN 0.959 0.884 0.884 0.887 0.884
VGG 16 Naive 0.881 0.858 0.858 0.858 0.858
Bayes
VGG 16 AdaBoos 0.829 0.829 0.829 0.829 0.829
t
Accuracy for different classifiers used in 3 different scenarios.

The overall performance of the framework is evaluated

by plotting the ROC(Receiver Operating Characteristics)
curve for the infected and non-infected classification done by
the 8 different classifiers used (Logistic Regression, SVM,
SGD, Random Forest, Naive Bayes, Adaboost, Neural
Network and kNN). ROC curve is a probability curve which
depicts FPR(False Positive Rate) “1-specificity” value on the
x-axis and TPR (Total Positive Rate) “sensitivity” on the y-
axis.

Figure 2. The proposed methodology

TABLE I. ACCURACY ASSESSMENT

Model Classifie AUC CA F1 Precisi Recall
r on
Scenario 3 (Proposed Approach)
VGG 19 Logisitic 0.990 0.942 0.942 0.942 0.942
Regressi
on
VGG 19 Neural 0.971 0.939 0.939 0.939 0.939
Network
VGG 19 SGD 0.936 0.935 0.935 0.936 0.935
VGG 19 kNN 0.969 0.910 0.910 0.911 0.910 Figure 3 ROC curve for different classifiers used in the case of infected skin
VGG 19 SVM 0.981 0.894 0.893 0.900 0.894 images.
VGG 19 Naive 0.901 0.874 0.874 0.877 0.874
Bayes
VGG 19 Random 0.951 0.874 0.874 0.876 0.874
Forest
VGG 19 AdaBoos 0.803 0.803 0.803 0.803 0.803
t
Scenario 2
Inception Logisitic 0.987 0.935 0.935 0.936 0.935
v3 Regressi
on
Inception SVM 0.980 0.923 0.923 0.923 0.923
v3
Inception SGD 0.922 0.923 0.923 0.923 0.923
v3
Inception Neural 0.973 0.919 0.919 0.921 0.919
v3 Network
Inception kNN 0.945 0.881 0.880 0.882 0.881
v3
Inception Naive 0.906 0.884 0.884 0.887 0.884
Figure 4 ROC curve for different classifiers used in the case of disinfected or
v3 Bayes
healthy skin images.
Inception Random 0.881 0.868 0.868 0.868 0.868
v3 Forest
CONCLUSION
Inception AdaBoos 0.831 0.832 0.832 0.835 0.832 Psoriasis is a very painful disease hence it is necessary to
v3 t
Scenario 1
identify it as early as possible. This study employs a novel deep
VGG 16 Logisitic 0.983 0.932 0.932 0.932 0.932 learning framework approach for predicting the infected and
Regressi non-infected skin on the basis of the provided dataset. Three
on scenarios are considered on the basis of different feature
extraction techniques namely, VGG-16, VGG-19 and Inception
v3 inside which 8 different classifiers are used for classifying
the skin images. On the basis of CA and AUC value obtained
in the three scenarios, VGG-19 is chosen as the image
embedder and Logistic Regression as the classifier as it
classifies images with maximum CA of 94.2% and AUC
values of 0.990.
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