Two Reaction Theory of Synchronous
M.achines
BY R. H. PARK*
Associate, A.I.EE.
Synopsis.-The analysis presented in a previous paper is ex-
tended to include a consideration of synchronizing and damping
torque during continuous and transient oscillations, the description
of an equivalent circuit which has been found useful in calculating
T HIS paper is a continuation of a paper presented in
February 1929,1 and the presentation presupposes
a foreknowledge of the material in that paper.
A. SYNCHRONIZING AND DAMPING TORQUE OF A SYN
CHRONOUS MACHINE CONNECTED TO AN INFINITE
BUS, FOR SMALL OSCILLATIONS OF FIXED
FREQUENCY AND AMPLITUDE
Equation (64) of part I, and the equation following
it, define an operational function f(p), such that the
electrical torque on the rotor, for small oscillations, is
given by the expression
AT =f(p)* A (1)
where AT = f(p) . A ~
[idO+idoXq(p)][(e sin 60+ fd,p)Zd(p)
+ (e cos bo +q6,op) Xd(p)]
[,lqo + iqoXd(p) I [(e cos bo + ikqop) Zq(P)
-(e sin 8o + 'dop) Xq(P)]
f(p) = D (p)
Let
s = per unit frequency of oscillation
=(1/f) (oscillationspersecond)
= (llf) (oscillations per second)
where
f = normal frequency.
Then introducing a system of vectors rotating at s
per unit angular velocity, there is p = js, and
A T = f(js) A 6 (3)
But T, if and Td are the synchronizing and damping
coefficients there is also
AT = (T, + Tdp) t = (Ts + jsTd) Ab
from which it follows that
Ts= real part of f(js)
sTd = imaginary part of f(js) (4)
T'his,, formuila. for Td is to be onmpa.red with that.
previuslyobtaned b Nicle ad Piece.2 C.,,A
Keenert has computed values of Td by both formulas
*Caleo Chemnical Co., Bound Brook, N. J.
1. For numbered references see Bibliography,
tUniversity of Illinois, Urbana, Ill.gieinquto(4)fpatIi.,
Presented at the iVinter Convention of the A.I.E.E., New York,gvni qain(4)o atI ..
N. Y., Janulary 23-27, 1933.
23-22
the decrement of the short circuit current of interconnected machines,
and the derivation of simple approximate formulas for the roots of
the equation determining the wave shape of the current on three-phase
short circuit.
for a large variety of operating conditions, and finds
that the computed values agree for the most part,
although in some cases the differences between them
are not insignificant. S. Loukomskyt determined a
value of Td experimentally by means of tests on a 15
hp motor. The result obtained in this test was found
to differ from the value computed by formula (4) by
about 16 per cent, which may be regarded as a satis-
factory check considering the difficulties involved in
the test, and the fact that in the computations no ac-
count was taken of any closed rotor circuit other than
the field.
B. DAMPING TORQUE DURING DISTURBANCES
Messrs. Crary and Waring' have presented an analysis
of the behavior of synchronous machines which shows
clearly the nature of the phenomena which take place
during disturbances. A method of calculation is also
given, based essentially on the numerical evaluation of
(2) "Duhamel" integrals. This method of calculation is
straightforward and, subject to the fact that armature
circuit resistance is neglected, theoretically susceptible
of unlimited accuracy. Practically, however, it is be-
lieved that it should involve some inaccuracies, and
especially if the time constants of quantities under the
integral should approach or become less than the time
interval used in the step-by-step process.
In view of these considerations the writer believes
that ordinarily it will be preferable to employ the usual
method of calculation in which field phenomena and
synchronizing torque are calculated as though the field
were the only circuit on the rotor, and the effect of cur-
rents induced in the amortisseur or other "additional"
circuits is regarded simply as that of producing a damp-
ing torque which may be expressed in the form
damping torque = Tdp 6 (5)
It can be shown that when this method of calculation
1Semployed Td should represent the damping 6 torque
coefficient for small oscillations about the angle which
wudoti ftefedwnighdn eitne
Thus when armature resistance is neglected the
torque which depends on motion is of the general form
tGeneral Electric CO., LYnn, Mass.
352
June 1933 PARK: TWO-REACTION THEORY OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES-II 353
Xd -Xd(P) Xd Xd
esin a z p)(cos a0-cosa)
XdXd(P) sin6Z Xd'Xad"
fdf
Xd ~ d(-U i6()6(u

+ e2 cos a xq X(p))(sin - sin*o) (6) +e2C X0 a fE -aqn (U-))cos A (u) 6 (u) du

Introduce (12)
Xd' (p) = Xd(p) with infinite amortisseur and field where the summations are extended over the roots of
collar resistance. Xd'(P) = 0, and xq(p) = 0.
Xd'(P) = Xd(P) with zero field resistance. If a'(t) = change in speed is small, in particular if 6'
is not changing rapidly relative to the rate of decay of
But, as a matter of algebra, the decrements E -dnt and E -aqnt as is usually the case,
Xd - Xd(p) Xd - Xdl(p) Xd'(P) - Xd(P) the terms sin 6 (u) a' (u) and cos a (u) 6' (u) may be
XdXd(p) XdXd'(p) + Xd(p)Xd'(P) (7) the outside theabove
takenextra integration,
sign ofthat and consequently
torque accounted for by the field
Hence it follows that the direct axis component of alone may be expressed as,
torque in equation (6) may be resolved into two sub- Td a' (t) = Tdp a (13)
components, where,
e2sina XdXd' d() (cosC 0- cos )
X
(p)
To=
d el sino Xd
dXd"
if',j
adn

and
e2sin5 Xd'(P)
Xd
xd(P)
(P)Xd(P)
(cos a-cosa) (8)
But the first of these components is precisely that which
would be computed ln the step-by-step method if the
Also, since the amortisseur time constants are -small
with respect to the time constant of the field it follows
that the difference between the short-circuit current at
no-load and the short-circuit current which would obtain
if the amortisseur and field collars were of infinite
resistance will be very nearly the same whether the field
winding has its actual resistance, or whether it has zero
resistance, and consequently, that,
+ cos2(5 q Xq
qXq
] (14)
It will
this resultbeis evident from equation
substantially equivalent(54)to ofcomputing
part I, that
Td
on the basis of zero field resistance, provided that a' (t)
is small relative to the decrement factors, as has been
assumed
The foregoing analysis has not considered the effects
of armature resistance. It is reasonable to suppose,
however, that the result arrived at would be found to
hold true generally, if a more elaborate analysis in-
cluding the effects of resistance were carried out.
C. APPROXIMATE FORMULA FOR THE ROOTS OF THE
EQUATION d (p) = 0

Xd(P) =d(p) Xd"(p)

x(p
Xd (P) (P)X d"
,d/
Xd
(9) Formula (32) of part I gives an expression for three-
phase short-circuit current in terms of the roots of the
or that cubic
Xd'(P) - Xd (P) Xd - Xd (P) d(p) Xd XqT Op3 + [Xd'rTO + (Xd + rTo) xj] p2
Xd(p)Xd(P) Xd Xd (P) + [r (Xd + Xq + rTo) + Xd'xqTo] p + r2 + XdXq

Consequently it follows that the torque due to motion - Xd'XqTo(p ai) (p-aa- ab) (P aa+ °b) =0 (15)
may be computed by adding to the torque computed by It was pointed out in part I that a very good ap-
the step-by-step method considering the field alone, a proximation to one of the roots, i.e., the root a,, could
torque equal to be obtained in practical cases by assuming To = co. This
suggests the possibility of determining the roots a1 and
e2-d"P si5(cs(o
xd zd (P)
o e)a in an equally simple manner. We shall find that
~~~~~thiscan be done as follows:
Xq - Xq(P) ~~~~Assume T0 infinite. This yields
± e2 cos a XXl(2(P) (sin a -sin (5°) (11) +Xd' + xq,p r2 + Xd'Xq
By the superposition (Duhamel's) theorem thisXdqXdq
torque is equal to, = p2-2 aap +aoac2-cb2 (16)
354 PARK: TWO-REACTION THEORY OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES-II Transactions A.I.E.E.

Equating like terms yields, first calculation of the effects of quick response excitation.
Xd' + Xq The circuit may also be extended so as to give sub-
aa2Xd'Xq (17)
(17) transient as well as transient decrements by shunting
2Xd'X, part of the resistance Xd' by another capacitor.
the result previously found in part I, and second While the circuit is principally useful on account of
the assistance which it renders in analytical analysis,
I r2 + Xd'Xq 2 it may, with the aid of an oscillograph, be used for the
Cb2- -X
Xd'Xq prediction of decrements by experimental methods.
2
A somewhat similar circuit may be employed for
1- - ( -_|d r ) computing the decrements of the d-c component. In
2 XciXqr
- (18) this circuit the reactances are represented as resistances
as in calculating the a-c component, except that the
If we substitute these values in (16), expand, and then machines are represented merely by simple resistances
equate like terms, three expressions for a, are obtained, equal in magnitude to the machine negative phase
Two of these are found to be unsatisfactory, while sequence reactance. Armature circuit resistances, of
the third course, must be included, and are represented by ca-
a, = (r2 + xdXxq)/(r2 + Xd'Xq) To (19) pacitors of magnitude equal to the reciprocal of the
is found to coincide with the result previously given by resistances which they represent.
Doherty and Nickle.4 A detailed check against the Bibliography
exact solution of the cubic shows that equations (18)
1. Park, R. H., Two-Reaction Theory of Synchronous Machines
Xd Xd- Xd
-I,2. A.I.E.E. TRANS., Vol. 48, No. 2, July, 1929, p. 716.
Nickle, C. A. and Pierce C. A., Stability of Synchronous
A Machines, A.I.E.E. TRANS., Vol. 49, No. 1, Jan. 1930, p. 338.
3. Crary, S. B. and Waring, M. L., Characteristics of Synchro-
nous Machines Following System Disturbances, A.I.E.E. TRANS.,
Vol. 51, No. 3, Sept. 1932, p. 764.
4. Doherty, R. E. and Nickle, C. A., Three-Phase Short-Circuit
it
T Synchronous Machines-V, A.I.E.E. TRANS., Vol. 49, No. 2,
E/
o

Ad -Xd t
April 1930, p. 700.

ii,_________________________ _
lD iscussion
FIG. 1 S. B. Crary: The method presented in the paper for the
determination of the component of torque due to the motion of
the rotor by separating this component into two others, is a
and (19) as well as (17) may be relied on to give .a very deint This method offaprahntol
improvement. Thsmto
definite imrveet approach not only
close approximation to the true roots of the cubic, in the removes the difficulties of computing the component of torque
case of machines of normal design. due to the terms having small time constants, as pointed out in
the paper, but also allows for the more ready evaluation of
D. AN EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT FOR COMPUTING SHORT- changes in the individual circuits as may be affected by design
CIRCUIT CURRENT or by changes in the external field circuit.
Gabriel Kron: In this and in his other publications Park
Asmlcicuitcurrentin fotercomputingthewno-loadishort-ci definitely abandons a method of attack which has been followed
cuit current in interconnected networks, first used by by practically all writers on analysis from the first days rotating
the writer in 1927, is believed to be worth recording. machines were built and strikes out along a new road with sur-
The circuit is the same as the usual circuit of the d-c prising success. He disregards the voltages due to leakage fluxes,
calculating table, in which reactances are represented common fluxes and introduces only voltages due to resultant flux
by resistances, except that the machine
by resistances, that the machinelinkages.
reactances
except are the armature With their aid he sets up a simple vector equation for
represented by the circuit of Fig. 1.
It may be seen that this circuit fulfills the relations b = + +
(in part I, below Fig. 31) which, divided into its scalar com-
1 xtT0p + Xdi ponents, (equations (8) and (9)) forms the foundation for all
4' - Top + 1 Ei- T0p ± ~ ~ (19) transient and steady state performance calculations giving in
Top + E Top + 1an easy manner rigorous solutions for otherwise difficult problems.
If it is assumed tha,t the field is stationary and the armature
= G(p)E -Xd(P)1 (20) is rotating, a simple physical interpretation can be given to
and therefore correctly represents the machine at no- equation (1) and with this interpretation the equation applies
notallonly for salient-pole
asymmetricalsynchronous
machines machines but
or for the rotor
load, when
i.e.,
4'4's,
= 't = ~~~d.

The advantage derived from the use of this circuit is

~~~~~~~~~~Of
other (induc.tion
commutator
machines). Let the current-density wave 27 and the flux-linkage
that it not only gives the initial value of the currents, wave + in the rotor be assumed distributed sinusoidally in space
but also their decrements, regardless of the number of at all instants. Then, due to the instantaneous velocity pO of
interconnected machines. Also it is adapted to the 1. A.I.E.E. TRANS., July 1929, p. 718.