4B Ionic Compounds and Equations Part 1 - Edrolo - Study Notes Annotated

What do limestone cliffs and teeth have in common?
1
© Louise Lennard & Edrolo 2022
VCE CHEMISTRY
U1 AOS1: HOW DO THE CHEMICAL STRUCTURES OF MATERIALS EXPLAIN THEIR PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS?
REACTIONS OF IONIC COMPOUNDS
Ionic compounds and

Click to edit lesson
equations (Part 1)
Presented by Louise Lennard
2
What's in this lesson?
Study design dot point
• [deduction of the formula and name of an Writing and naming ionic formulas1
ionic compound from its component ions,
including polyatomic ions (NH4+, OH‾, NO3‾,
HCO3‾, CO32‾, SO42‾ and PO43‾]1
• the formation of ionic compounds through
the transfer of electrons from metals to non-
metals, and the writing of ionic compound
formulas, including those containing
polyatomic ions and transition metal ions
3
Writing and naming ionic formulas
Key takeaway
The group number in s and p blocks signifies the number of valence electrons for an atom.
1
H
Periodic table of the elements 2
He
1.0 4.0
hydrogen helium
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
6.9 9.0 10.8 12.0 14.0 16.0 19.0 20.2
lithium beryllium boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
23.0 24.3 27.0 28.1 31.0 32.1 35.5 39.9
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.1 40.1 45.0 47.9 50.9 52.0 54.9 55.8 58.9 58.7 63.5 65.4 69.7 72.6 74.9 79.0 79.9 83.8
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.5 87.6 88.9 91.2 92.9 96.0 (98) 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
55 56 57–71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.9 137.3 178.5 180.9 183.8 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.1 197.0 200.6 204.4 207.2 209.0 (210) (210) (222)
caesium barium hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon
87 88 89–103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
(223) (226) (261) (262) (266) (264) (267) (268) (271) (272) (285) (280) (289) (289) (292) (294) (294)
francium radium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium copernicium nihonium flerovium moscovium livermorium tennessine oganesson
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Lanthanoids La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
138.9 140.1 140.9 144.2 (145) 150.4 152.0 157.3 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.1 175.0
lanthanum cerium praseodymium neodymium promethium samarium europium gadolinium terbium dysprosium holmium erbium thulium ytterbium lutetium
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

Actinoids Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
(227) 232.0 231.0 238.0 (237) (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (262)
actinium thorium protactinium uranium neptunium plutonium americium curium berkelium californium einsteinium fermium mendelevium nobelium lawrencium
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Writing and naming ionic formulas Elemental ion (n.)
Atom that has lost
or gained electrons
Key takeaway
to become a charged
Number of
Metal atoms lose electrons to become cations. Charge on particle.
Group # valence
elemental ion Species (n.)
Non-metal atoms gain electrons electrons
An atom, molecule or ion.
to become anions. 1 1 +1
Anion (n.)
2 2 +2 Negatively charged ion
formed when an atom
Deep dive 13 3 +3 gains one or more
valence electrons.
• For elemental ions look at the Group number.
14 4 Not usually ionic
Cation (n.)
• Add the word ‘ion’ after the name of the 15 5 –3 Positively charged ion
element to show it is a different species formed when one or more
to an atom. 16 6 –2 electrons are lost.
17 7 –1
Misconception
When writing the charge on an ion that gains
or loses more than one electron, the number
is written before the + or – sign e.g. Ca2+.
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Key takeaway Electrovalency (n.)
Valency of an ion after
Transition metals (groups 3-12) have variable electrovalencies except for Zn2+, Ag+. electron transfer.
1
H
He
1.0 4.0
hydrogen helium
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
6.9 9.0 10.8 12.0 14.0 16.0 19.0 20.2
lithium beryllium boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
23.0 24.3 27.0 28.1 31.0 32.1 35.5 39.9
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.1 40.1 45.0 47.9 50.9 52.0 54.9 55.8 58.9 58.7 63.5 65.4 69.7 72.6 74.9 79.0 79.9 83.8
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
85.5 87.6 88.9 91.2 92.9 96.0 (98) 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3
55 56 57–71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
132.9 137.3 178.5 180.9 183.8 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.1 197.0 200.6 204.4 207.2 209.0 (210) (210) (222)
87 88 89–103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
(223) (226) (261) (262) (266) (264) (267) (268) (271) (272) (285) (280) (289) (289) (292) (294) (294)
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
138.9 140.1 140.9 144.2 (145) 150.4 152.0 157.3 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.1 175.0
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

(227) 232.0 231.0 238.0 (237) (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (262)
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Deep dive
Roman numerals are used with the name
to signify the charge on the ion. Example
Roman Transition Charge on

Number Formula
numeral metal ion ion
I 1
iron(II) ion Fe2+ +2
II 2
iron(III) ion Fe3+ +3
III 3
copper(I) ion Cu+ +1
4
IV
Cu2+
copper(II) ion +2
V 5
VI 6 tin(II) ion Sn2+ +2
VII 7 tin(IV) ion Sn4+ +4
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Naming ions
Cations have the same name as the metal element, with the word ‘ion’ following.
1
H
He
Example 1.0 4.0
hydrogen helium
Na+ is sodium ion 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
6.9 9.0 10.8 12.0 14.0 16.0 19.0 20.2
Mg2+ is magnesium ion lithium beryllium boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Al3+ is aluminium ion 23.0 24.3
sodium magnesium
27.0
aluminium
28.1
silicon
31.0
phosphorus
32.1
sulfur
35.5
chlorine
39.9
argon
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
Cu2+ is copper(II) ion K
39.1
Ca
40.1
Sc
45.0
Ti
47.9
V
50.9 52.0
Cr
54.9
Mn Fe
55.8
Co
58.9
Ni
58.7
Cu
63.5
Zn
65.4
Ga
69.7
Ge
72.6 74.9
As Se
79.0
Br
79.9
Kr
83.8
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
85.5 87.6 88.9 91.2 92.9 96.0 (98) 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3
55 56 57–71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
132.9 137.3 178.5 180.9 183.8 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.1 197.0 200.6 204.4 207.2 209.0 (210) (210) (222)
87 88 89–103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
(223) (226) (261) (262) (266) (264) (267) (268) (271) (272) (285) (280) (289) (289) (292) (294) (294)
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
138.9 140.1 140.9 144.2 (145) 150.4 152.0 157.3 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.1 175.0
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

(227) 232.0 231.0 238.0 (237) (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (262)
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Key takeaway
Anions change their ending of the element to ‘ide’.
Example
Non-metal element Anion
nitrogen N nitride N3–
oxygen O oxide O2–
fluorine F fluoride F–
chlorine Cl chloride Cl–
sulfur S sulfide S2–
phosphorus P phosphide P3–
iodine I iodide I–
bromine Br bromide Br–
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Key takeaway Polyatomic ion (n.)
Two or more non-metal
Polyatomic ions contain more than one atom. atoms covalently
bonded with
an overall charge.
Name of polyatomic ion Formula Commonly confused with Did you know?
ammonium ion NH4+ ammonia NH3 You are expected
to know the formula
hydroxide ion OH– oxide O2–
and charge of these
nitrite NO2– polyatomic ions.
nitrate ion NO3–
nitride N3–
hydrogen carbonate ion HCO3–
carbonate ion CO32–
sulfate ion SO42–
phosphate ion PO43– phosphide P3–
Teacher’s tip!
Be careful with the spelling and formula of these ions. In year 12 you 10
© Louise Lennard & Edrolo 2022 will only gain marks if you spell the chemical names correctly.
Balancing ionic compounds
The ionic compound must have no overall charge.
Example
The number of cations must balance the charge for the number of anions.
Cl−
Ca2+ Overall charge: +2 + (−1) = +1
Ca2+ Cl− Cl−

Overall charge: +2 + (−2) = 0
Ionic formula: CaCl2

Ions are not shown to scale
This compound is named calcium chloride.
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Key takeaway
For ionic compounds, name the cation first, followed by the anion.
Example
Cation formula Anion formula Ionic compound formula Ionic compound name
Na+ Cl– NaCl sodium chloride
Li+ OH– LiOH lithium hydroxide
Mg2+ NO3– Mg(NO3)2 magnesium nitrate
Cu2+ S2– CuS copper(II) sulfide
Al3+ CO32– Al2(CO3)3 aluminium carbonate
NH4+ SO42– (NH4)2SO4 ammonium sulfate
Ca2+ P3– Ca3P2 calcium phosphide
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Worked example
Complete the following table.
(12 marks)
Cation Anion Ionic compound

Ionic compound name
formula formula formula
Na+ I–
K+ OH–
Ca2+ NO3–
Mg2+ S2–
Sn4+ HCO3–
NH4+ CO32–
Marking guide
Key criteria Mark allocation
Writes correct ionic compound formula 1 mark

Writes correct ionic compound name 1 mark
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Worked example
Complete the following table.
(12 marks)
Cation Anion Ionic compound

Ionic compound name
formula formula formula
Na+ I– NaI sodium iodide
K+ OH– KOH potassium hydroxide

Ca2+ NO3– Ca(NO3)2 calcium nitrate
Mg2+ S2– MgS magnesium sulfide
Sn4+ HCO3– Sn(HCO3)4 tin(IV) hydrogen carbonate
NH4+ CO32– (NH4)2CO3 ammonium carbonate
Marking guide
Key criteria Mark allocation
Writes correct ionic compound formula 1 mark

Writes correct ionic compound name 1 mark
14
Multiple choice activity
Identify the correct formula for copper(II)nitrate. A. Cu(II)NO3
B. CuNO3
C. Cu(NO3)2
D. NO3Cu
E. I don’t know.
15
Multiple choice – response
Identify the correct formula for copper(II)nitrate. A. Cu(II)NO3
B. CuNO3
C. Cu(NO3)2
D. NO3Cu
E. I don’t know.
16
Summary
What’s coming next
Ionic compounds and
equations (Part 2)
Ionic compounds have no overall charge.
Name of Key terms

Type of ionic Commonly
Naming ionic compound polyatomic Formula Elemental ion
compound confused with
ion
Species
Add the word ‘ion’ after the name ammonium
Elemental NH4+ ammonia NH3 Anion
of the element to show it is a ion
ions
different species to an atom. Cation
hydroxide ion OH– oxide O2–
Transition elements are named Electrovalency
Transition using Roman numerals to indicate nitrite NO2–
nitrate ion NO3– Polyatomic ion
metal the electrovalency (except for the nitride N3–
zinc ion (Zn2+) and silver ion (Ag+). hydrogen
HCO3–
carbonate ion
Ionic Named by starting with the cation
compounds followed by the anion. carbonate ion CO32–
Keep the elemental name with the

Cations sulfate ion SO42–
addition of the word ‘ion’.
Non–metal Endings change with ‘ide’ when phosphide P3–
phosphate ion PO43–
atoms becoming anions.
17
Image credits and question sources
Image attribution:
• Page 1: Image created by Racool_studiO – freepik.com
• Page 1: Image created by sentavio– freepik.com
• Page 1: Image © Immanuel Giel / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY–SA 3.0
Question sources:
• All questions are written by Louise Lennard.
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there may be errors. We'd appreciate it if you pointed these out to us!
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What do limestone cliffs and teeth have in common?

REACTIONS OF IONIC COMPOUNDS

Ionic compounds and

89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

Roman Transition Charge on

VI 6 tin(II) ion Sn2+ +2

VII 7 tin(IV) ion Sn4+ +4

89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

Non-metal element Anion

nitrogen N nitride N3–

oxygen O oxide O2–

chlorine Cl chloride Cl–

sulfur S sulfide S2–

phosphorus P phosphide P3–

bromine Br bromide Br–

Ca2+ Cl− Cl−

Ionic formula: CaCl2

Na+ Cl– NaCl sodium chloride

Li+ OH– LiOH lithium hydroxide

Mg2+ NO3– Mg(NO3)2 magnesium nitrate

Cu2+ S2– CuS copper(II) sulfide

Al3+ CO32– Al2(CO3)3 aluminium carbonate

NH4+ SO42– (NH4)2SO4 ammonium sulfate

Ca2+ P3– Ca3P2 calcium phosphide

Cation Anion Ionic compound

Writes correct ionic compound formula 1 mark

Cation Anion Ionic compound

Na+ I– NaI sodium iodide

K+ OH– KOH potassium hydroxide

Writes correct ionic compound formula 1 mark

Identify the correct formula for copper(II)nitrate. A. Cu(II)NO3

Identify the correct formula for copper(II)nitrate. A. Cu(II)NO3

Name of Key terms

Keep the elemental name with the

We do our best to make these slides comprehensive and up–to–date, however

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