mutation

MUTATION
Prepared by:
Ms. Rechel C. Mantes

www.reallygreatsite.com
MUTATION
Mutation refers to any change in the DNA sequence.

Mutation may be induced by factors called mutagens.

Mutagens are anything that causes the change in the DNA and
is commonly in the form of toxic chemicals and harmful
radiation.
 Substitution

POINT 01 Bases are swapped for different ones

MUTATIONS Insertion
large category of mutations that describe a
change in single nucleotide of DNA, that
02 Extra base pair is added to a sequence of
bases

causes that DNA to be different from the

normal type gene sequence.
Deletion
03 Extra base pair is deleted from a
sequence
 Substitution
01 Bases are swapped for different ones

Read the two sentences:

THE DOG BIT THE CAT

THE DOG BIT THE CAR
A change in a single letter also changes
the meaning of the sentence.

The same thing with mutation, a change

in nitrogenous base may yield to a
different amino acid and a corresponding
change in the structure and function of
the protein.
 Insertion
02 Extra base pair is added to a sequence of
bases

Read the two sentences:

THE DOG BIT THE CAT

THE DOC GBI TTH ECA
An inserted letter in a sentence changes
the structure and meaning of the
sentence..

The same thing with mutation, an

inserted base may change the reading
frame of the codon leading to frameshift
mutation.
 Deletion
03 Extra base pair is deleted from a
sequence

Read the two sentences:

THE DOG BIT THE CAT

THE DOB ITT HEC AT
A deleted letter in a sentence changes
the structure and meaning of the
sentence.

The same thing with mutation, a deleted

base may change the reading frame of
the codon leading to frameshift
mutation.
MUTATION
Mutations can occur in two different types of cells: reproductive cells
and body cell.

Mutations affect the reproductive cells of an organism by changing the

sequence of nucleotides within a gene in a sperm or an egg cell. If
these cells are fertilized, then mutated gene becomes a part of the
genetic make up of the offspring. If mutation is severe, the resulting
protein may be nonfunctional, and the embryo may not function. Note
that, only mutations in sex cells are pass on to the offspring.
MUTATION
Many disease are caused by the effects of inherited genes. In most
cases, there is only a small difference between DNA sequences in the
defective gene and a normal one. This difference is enough to cause
serious and often fatal diseases. These disease-causing genes are the
result of a mutation. They may be passed from one generation to next if
present in gametes.
MUTATION
The figure shows changes in the
sequences of bases in normal
hemoglobin and the one affected
by mutation.
A recessive gene causes sickle-
cell anemia, where most of the
red blood cells stiffen and
become sickle shape in affected
people. These disease carry less
oxygen than normal cells. People
affected by the disease eventually
die.
MUTATION
Most mutations are harmful. Some mutations in a body cell are
known to cause cancer, while mutations in sex cells can cause birth
defects. A sever mutation may lead to cell death and may have no
effect on the body.

Sometimes mutations may be useful for species. For example, a

mutation in blood proteins prevents viruses and parasites to thrive
in host organisms.
 References:
Science 10 Learner's Material pp. 281-284

https://kidshealth.org/content/dam/patientinstructions/en/images/gene_a_enI
L.jpg

https://s3.us-east-
2.amazonaws.com/yaletbl/transfusion_sickle_cell/sickle_cell_mutation.jpg
End of Presentation