Social Planning: ® Ecopolis 2010 Page 1

Social Planning
® ECOPOLIS 2010 PAGE 1

What is Social Planning?
 Social Planning is population-focused planning oriented
towards enhancing people’s capacities to meet their
own needs by means of improved ‘social infrastructure’
• Homes, schools, health centers, dispensaries, hospitals,
sanitaria, orphanages, homes for the aged, etc.
– and the provision of public services such as
• police stations, fire stations, prisons & rehabilitation
centers, sports & recreation facilities, cemeteries and
memorial parks, etc.
 Social planning utilizes knowledge and tools from
demography, geography, anthropology, psychology,
economics, sociology, community development,
management, natural science, architecture, and
engineering.
Three Schools of Thought in
Socio-Economic Development and
Poverty Alleviation
 Increase Income
– Economic Growth at all Costs
– ‘Development as Raising Incomes’
– Nobel Laureates Robert Solow & Simon Kuznets
– Neo-Liberals Milton Friedman & Friedrich von Hayek
 Meet Needs
– Social Development
– ‘Development as Meeting Needs’
– Nobel Laureate Dag Hammarsjkold et.al.
 Build Capacities
– Sustainable Development
– ‘Development as Capacitation or Capability-Building’
– Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen

Basic Needs Approach To Development
(Bariloche, 1976; Galtung, 1977 )
Basic Material Needs Basic Human Needs

1. Food (Nutrition) 1. Freedom
2. Clothing
3. Water 2. Security
4. Sanitation 3. Identity
5. Health Care 4. Well-being
6. Shelter and Sleep
7. Income/Employment 5. Communion with Nature
8. Sex and Pro-creation -- Ecological Balance
9. Recreation
10. Education
11. Electricity
12. Transportation
13. Communication
Basic Needs Approach by Imelda Romualdez-
Marcos and Jose Conrado Benitez (1976-86)
1. Food (Nutrition)
2. Clothing
3. Water
4. Sanitation
5. Health Care
6. Shelter and Sleep
7. Education
8. Income/Employment
9. Pro-creation (Family Planning)
10. Recreation
11. Electricity
12. Transportation
13. Communication
Minimum Basic Needs (MBN, Philippines)
Pres. Fidel V. Ramos administration

Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
• Need for self-actualization -

• Need for esteem
• Need for love and belongingness --
• Need for safety –
• Physiological / Survival Needs - food, water,
clothing, shelter and sleep, sex and
reproduction
Millennium Development Goals, 2000-15
1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

2. Achieve universal primary education
3. Promote gender equality and empower women
4. Reduce child mortality
5. Improve women’s reproductive health
6. Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases
7. Ensure environmental sustainability
8. Develop global partnership for development
• 8 MDG’s
 18 targets--examples
– Halve the proportion of people whose income is less that one
dollar a day (PPP)
– Halve proportion suffering from hunger
– Eliminate gender disparity in education
 50 + indicators
The Meaning of ‘Empowerment’ by the
World Bank
 Empowerment is the expansion of assets and capabilities of poor people
to participate in, negotiate with, influence, control, and hold
accountable institutions that affect their lives. It means the expansion of
freedom of choice and action. For poor people, freedom is severely
curtailed by their voicelessness and powerlessness in relation
particularly to the State and markets. Powerlessness is embedded in the
nature of institutional relations
 Since poverty is multidimensional, poor people need a range of assets
and capabilities at the individual level (such as health, education, and
housing) and at the collective level (such as the ability to organize and
mobilize to take collective action to solve their problems). Empowering
the poor requires the removal of formal and informal institutional
barriers that prevent them from taking action to improve their
wellbeing— individually or collectively—and limit their choices. The
key formal institutions include the state, markets, civil society, and
international agencies; informal institutions include norms of social
exclusion, exploitative relations, and corruption.
 The four (4) elements of Empowerment
– Access to Information
– Inclusion and Participation
– Accountability
– Local Organizational Capacity
Development as Capability Building
“Hologram” indicates
the shape and contours
of present development;
whether it is ‘holistic,’
well-rounded, or not.

Measures of Development
Indices Indicators
HDI Life expectancy Adult literacy rate Gross enrolment GDP per capita
at birth ratio (PPP US$)
*
HPI-1 Probability at Adult illiteracy rate Percentage of Percentage of
birth of not population not children under 5
surviving to age using improved who are
40 water sources underweight
HPI-2* Probability at Percentage of Percentage of Long-term

birth of not adults lacking people living unemployment
surviving to age functional literacy below the rate
60 skills poverty line
GDI Female and Female and male Female and male Female and male
male life adult literacy rate gross enrolment estimated earned
expectancy at ratio income
birth
GEM Female and Female and male Female and male Female and male
male shares of shares of shares of estimated earned
parliamentary positions as professional and income
seats legislators, senior technical
officials and positions
managers
 Human Poverty Index-1 is used for Developing countries while HPI-2 is used for OECD, Central
Europe & Eastern Europe.
 GDI stands for Gender Development Index while GEM stands for Gender Empowerment Measure
used since 2000.

Human Development Index
 Conceptualized by Amartya Sen & Mahbub ul Haq for UNDP
 Initiated in 1990 and reported in annual UNDP Human
Development Reports.
 HDI is based on 3 indicators:
– Longevity (life expectancy at birth)
– Knowledge (School Enrolment & adult literacy rate)
– Standard of living (level of poverty, GDP per capita)
 HDI= 1/3(Income index)+1/3(Life expectancy
index)+1/3(education index)
 Ranks 175 countries into 3 groups
– Low human development = 0.00-0.099
– Medium human development = 0.5-0.799
– High human development = 0.80-1.00

Human Development Index 2000
As computed by UNDP
And as mapped by DENR

‘Quality of Life’ (QOL)
 “The challenge of development is to improve the quality of life.” (World Bank, World
Development Report, 1991)
 Improved Quality of Life involves higher incomes, better education, higher standards of health
and nutrition, less poverty, a cleaner environment, more equality of opportunities, greater
individual freedom, and a richer cultural life.
 Economic factors
– Material well being – GDP per capita, economic vitality & community prosperity
– Capital - financial market, goods market
– Labor – job security, unemployment rate, health, longevity, educational opportunities,
workforce preparedness
– Natural Resources – Environment & Geography, Latitude, Mild versus Harsh climate;
– Technology – transportation, disamenities of Traffic, Level of Pollution
 Non-economic factors (institutional, social, values)
– attitudes toward life and work
– public and private structures
– cultural traditions - cultural opportunities and leisure activity, Community Life, People
(caring people and healthy lives), Family Life, divorce rate, Group tension, Amenities,
Diverse Choices
– systems of land tenure, property rights
– integrity of government agencies, political stability and security ratings, political
participation and accountable leadership, political freedom, Incidence of Crime
– Gender equality - Ratio of average male and female earnings

Social Participation
 Development is only meaningful if the people
participate in the process of their own
development.
 The very process of participating is, in and of
itself, educational, liberating, and empowering
 People are the principal actors of
development; they are the agents of change.
 Specialists have to challenge People to “Be the
Change They Want to See”
 People are not mere recipients or passive
beneficiaries of dole-outs.
 Ancient Chinese saying 2500 BC:
“Give people fish and they eat for a day. Teach people
how to fish and they eat for a lifetime.”
 People are most effective as groups rather
than as individuals : hence the value of
“community organizing” as shown by Barrack
Obama’s work in Chicago from 1992 to 2002.
Social Participation
Sherry Arnstein, member of the Advocacy Planning

school of thought, authored the classic “Eight
Rungs in the Ladder of Citizen Participation” (1969)
Social Capital
 “Social Capital” is a collective term for non-monetary assets
such as trust, reciprocity, cooperation, solidarity, unity,
arising from people’s connectedness to social networks and
people’s embeddedness in social relationships.
 A society with lots of social capital would have a lasting
sense of security and stability – would not have to spend
massive public resources on petty crimes, riots, social chaos
and disorder, workers strikes, lockouts.
 Japan with its age-old code of personal honor, delicadeza or
sense of shame of public officials, fundamental honesty of
ordinary citizens, basic integrity in borrowing and paying
loans, fatherly attitude of employers towards employees
which treat “corporations as families” – partially explains
why Japan with its limited land area is the second largest
economy in the world today.
– Nan Lin, “Building a Network Theory of Social Capital” in
Connections 22 (1), Dept. of Sociology, Duke University, 1999,
pp. 28-51

Social Capital
 Collective: Features of social organization -
such as networks and values, including
tolerance, inclusion, reciprocity, participation
and trust - that facilitate coordination and
cooperation for mutual benefit. Social capital
inheres in the relations between and among
actors. (UNDP 1997).
 Individual: The social resources (networks,
membership of groups, relationship of trust,
access to wider institutions of society) upon
which people draw in pursuit of livelihoods
(Carney 1998:7).
 Not only positive—those in power or blocking
reforms also have social capital

Demography
 ‘Demography’ is the scientific study of the characteristics
and patterns of human population
 Social Planning is based on Demography.
 Population is a planning variable. Population must always be
considered in planning.
 Social Development is reflected in the characteristics of
people as producers, consumers, end-users.
 Past and present data and information are useful in
analyzing existing conditions of a planning area.
 Population projections serve as inputs in setting goals,
objectives, and targets; formulating policies and strategies;
and identifying programs and projects, which form part of
the plan.
 Sources of population data:
• NSO Census of Population (every 10 years)
• National Statistics Office surveys (every 3 years)
• Vital registration system (Local Civil Registrar)
• LGU barangay counts

Time Relationship Between a Life Cycle of
Individual and Future Service Requirements

Different Age-Groups have different needs to be
addressed in planning and development
Health care – important for individuals below 15 years
old, women of childbearing ages (15-49), and the
elderly
Education – demand for this service is highest from age
5 – 20, then declines thereafter
Food – demand is highest among young age groups,
especially teenagers
Employment – demand is highest among the working
age population (15-64)
Housing – demand peaks at ages when people start
living independently or start their own families

Definitions of Demographic Concepts
 Population size (or population level) – total number
of members of a population
 Population composition (or population structure) –
characteristics of a population for a particular period,
e.g., age-sex composition
 Population growth – a change in population size over
two points in time as a result of births, deaths, in-
migration and out-migration
 Population distribution – spatial distribution or
location of the members of a population
 Median age – the age that divides a population into
equal halves
 Sex Ratio - the ratio between the total number of men
and the total number of women
total no. of men
total no. of women x 100
Annual Growth Rate of Population
 “Annual Growth Rate is the
average increase of the total
population on a yearly basis.”
 The Philippines’ AGR between
the years 2000 and 2007 was
2.04% per annum.
 The Government’s target AGR
for 2008-2010 is between 1.7 to
1.9% per annum.
 The ideal growth rate is called
“Replacement Growth Rate”
where the average number of
babies born equals the average
number of deaths.
 Replacement growth rate is
between 1.0% to 1.3% per
annum.
 In a country where health care
has improved and life
expectancy is lengthened, there
would be less deaths, and
® ECOPOLIS 2010 PAGE 23 therefore less babies are needed.
Philippine Census’es 1799-2007
Year Population Average annual rate of increase (%) Source of data
1799 1,502,574 - Fr. Buzeta
1800 1,561,251 3.91 Fr. Zuniga
1812 1,933,331 1.80 Cedulas
1819 2,106,230 1.23 Cedulas
1829 2,593,287 2.10 Church
1840 3,096,031 1.62 Local officials
1850 3,857,424 2.22 Fr. Buzeta
1858 4,290,381 1.34 Bowring
1870 4,712,006 0.78 Guia de Manila
1877 5,567,685 2.41 Census
1887 5,984,727 0.72 Census
1896 6,261,339 0.50 Prof. Plehn's estimate.
1903 7,635,426 2.87 Census
1918 10,314,310 2.03 Census
1939 16,000,303 2.11 Census
1948 19,234,182 2.07 Census
1960 27,087,685 2.89 Census
1970 36,684,486 3.08 Census
1975 42,070,660 2.78 Census
1980 48,098,460 2.71 Census
1990 60,703,206 2.35 Census
1995 68,616,536 2.32 Census
2000 76,504,077 2.36 Census
2007 88,574,614 2.04 Census
Population Distribution by Region, 2007
Annual Growth
Region Total Population
Rate
Philippines 88,574,614 2.04
NCR 11,553,427 2.11
CAR 1,520,743 1.50
I - Ilocos 4,545,906 1.10
II - Cagayan Valley 3,051,487 1.13
III - Central Luzon 9,720,982 2.36
IVA - CALABARZON 11,743,110 3.24
IVB - MIMAROPA 2,559,791 1.49
V - Bicol 5,109,798 1.23
VI - Western Visayas 6,843,643 1.35
VII - Central Visayas 6,398,628 1.59
VIII - Eastern Visayas 3,912,936 1.12
IX - Western Mindanao 3,230,094 1.83
X - Northern Mindanao 3,952,437 1.67
XI - DAVAO 4,156,653 1.71
XII - SOCKSARGEN 3,829,081 2.41
XIII - Caraga 2,293,480 1.25
ARMM
® ECOPOLIS 2010 PAGE 25 4,120,795 5.46
Philippine Cities with biggest pop’n 2007
Rank City Pop’n 2007
1. Quezon City 2,679,450

2. City of Manila 1,660,714
3. Metro Cebu (Cebu, 1,400,914
Lapulapu, Mandaue)
4. Kalookan City 1,378,856
5. Metro Davao 1,363,337
6. Zamboanga City 774,407
7. Pasig City 617,301
8. Taguig City 613,343
9. Valenzuela City 568,928
10. Cagayan de Oro City 553,966
11. Las Piñas City 532,330
12. General Santos City 529,542

Population Structure / Composition
 Population structure is determined by way of age-sex
decomposition.
 The Philippine population had a median age of 21 years in 2000,
the same median age in 1995. This means that half of the
population is 21 years old and below.
 Philippine Sex ratio is 101.43. Of the total population in 2000,
about 50.36 percent were males while 49.64 percent were
females. Males slightly outnumbered females with a sex ratio of
101.43 males for every 100 females.
 There were more males than females in the age groups 0-19 and
25-54 years. Females dominated in the older age-groups, meaning
females tend to live longer than males.

Age-Sex distribution:
the population
pyramid

Philippine Total Population by Age Group and Sex, 2000
Total
Age Group Male Female Sex Ratio
Population
Philippines 76,504,077 38,524,267 37,979,810 101.43
Under 1 1,917,431 986,506 930,925 105.97
1 to 4 7,752,071 3,965,426 3,786,645 104.72
5 to 9 9,694,781 4,962,013 4,732,768 104.84
Source: NSO, 2000 Census of Population and Housing

10 to 14 8,949,614 4,541,197 4,408,417 103.01
15 to 19 8,017,298 4,017,830 3,999,468 100.46
20 to 24 7,069,403 3,522,518 3,546,885 99.31
25 to 29 6,071,089 3,053,616 3,017,473 101.20
30 to 34 5,546,294 2,804,522 2,741,772 102.29
35 to 39 4,901,023 2,496,821 2,404,202 103.85
40 to 44 4,163,494 2,120,314 2,043,180 103.78
45 to 49 3,330,054 1,696,712 1,633,342 103.88
50 to 54 2,622,316 1,318,632 1,303,684 101.15
55 to 59 1,903,649 943,133 960,516 98.19
60 to 64 1,633,150 786,137 847,013 92.81
65 to 69 1,138,843 533,469 605,374 88.12
70 to 74 797,970 361,614 436,356 82.87
75 to 79 505,356 218,622 286,734 76.25
80 and
® ECOPOLIS over
2010 PAGE 29 490,241 195,185 295,056 66.15
Components of Population
Change
Sources of population change:
1. fertility
2. mortality
3. migration

Fertility
Crude birth rate = no. of births
midyear total population x 1000
Age-specific fertility rate = births in a specific age group of women

population of women in that age group
 “Total Fertility Rate is the average number of births per woman of reproductive age.”
 It will tend to average lower than ordinarily observed because of the number of women
who postpone marriage, women who stay unmarried, women who are sterile, and celibate
women like religious nuns, etc.
 The total fertility rate in the Philippines was 3.5 births per woman in 2000 Total fertility
rate = the number of births a woman is expected to have through her entire child bearing
period, subject to prevailing ASFRs
Gross reproduction rate = total fertility rate that includes only female births
Net reproduction rate = number of female births that will be born, given age specific fertility
rates and taking into account some women giving these births might not complete their
child-bearing because of maternal deaths

Mortality
Crude death rate = no. of deaths x 1000
midyear total pop.
Infant mortality rate = no. of infant deaths x 1000
no. of live births
Below 5 mortality rate =
no. of deaths among 1-5 y.o. population x 1000
population 1-5 y.o.
Maternal mortality rate =
no. of maternal deaths
x 100,000
no. of births

Migration
- permanent change of residence that requires
crossing an administrative boundary from
place of origin to place of destination
Rate of migration (assumed) =

Population growth rate of
municipality/city/province MINUS national
population growth rate

Dependency Ratios
= Total no. of young dependents + total no. of old dependents
working age population x 100
= P0-14 + P65+
P15-64
 Young Dependents – Ages 0-14
 Old Dependents – Age 65-above
 Working Population – Ages 15-64
 The dependency ratio indicates how many people are

potentially working to support those who are too young and
too old to work. It doesn’t take into account those who are
of working age but are unemployed or still studying or those
who are of dependent age but are working.
 The 2000 Philippine dependency ratio was 69.04. This
meant that for every 100 persons in the working age group
(15-64 years), they had to support about 63 young
dependents
® ECOPOLIS 2010 PAGE 34 and about six old dependents.
Growth Momentum
 Even if the present
generation will uniformly 30
and drastically reduce the

number of their children, 25
the total population of the

country will continue to
increase because of the 20
‘momentum’ built from

previous years. – “J – 15
shape”
 Population growth patterns 10
cannot be changed nor

halted overnight. 5
 Population management has

to take root over multiple
generations. 0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17

Population Policy & Population Management
 Because of intense opposition from the
Catholic Church hierarchy, President Gloria
Arroyo reversed the Population Management
Policies of previous administrations into one
expressly adopting “Responsible Parenthood
and Natural Family Planning” (January 22,
2003)
 This is a “One Shoe Fits All” type of policy.
 This policy ignores Artificial Contraception
especially for those with low levels of income
and education who are hard-put to
understand, much more adopt, “Responsible
Parenthood”
 4 pillars of population policy of PGMA
– “Responsible Parenthood
– “Respect for Life
– “Birth Spacing
– “Informed choice
Philippines performs poorly behind Asian
neighbors in terms of demographic indicators
Indicators Philippines Thailand Malaysia Indonesia Singapore
GDP in US$ 979.21 1,962.05 3,854.66 728.09 23,070.26
(nominal) 2002
Population Growth 2.36% 1.05% 2.6% 1.49% 2.8%
Rate 2000 (due to 9.3% PGR of
non-residents)
Population 76.5 60.6 23.27 206.3 4

(millions) 2000
Poverty Incidence 34% 12.9% 8.1% 23.4% -
Unemployment 10.1% 2.4% 3.1% 6.1% 4.4%
Rate 2002
Total Fertility 3.5 2.1 3.1 2.5 1.6
Rate
Contraceptive 49% 72% 55% 55% 74%
Prevalence Rate
Maternal Mortality 172 44 39 450 6
Rate
Under-5-yrs Child 40 33 11 51 6
Mortality Rate
Infant Mortality 29 28 8 41 3
®Rate
ECOPOLIS 2010 PAGE 37
Computing Population Growth Rates
Projecting population size using growth
models
1. Arithmetic
2. Geometric
3. Exponential

Population Projection/Forecasting:
Arithmetic Method / Linear
P0+n = P(0) + mn
where:
n = no. of years between 0 and 0+n
P(0+n) = population to be forecast at time 0+n
(the projection year)
P(0) = population at time 0 (the base year)
m = gradient
Year Population
1951 100 000
1961 110 000
1971 120 000
1981 130 000
1991 ?
Geometric Method
Pt = P0 (1+r)t
r = ln (Pt /P0)
t
where:
Pt = projected pop. for a certain year
P0= base year
r = rate of growth
t = time interval between the base and projected
years
Geometric Method
(Example):
Given: P2000 76 498 735
P1995 68 616 536
r = ln (Pt /P0)
t
= ln (76,498,735 / 68,616,536)
5
r = 0.0217
Pt = P0 (1+r)t
P2010 = P2000 (1+ 0.0217)10
P2010 = 76 498 735 (1.0217)10
P2010 = 94 817 431
Exponential Method
3. Exponential Method
Pt = P0 ert
r = [ log (Pt /P0) ]
t log e
where:
Pt = projected population for a certain
year
P0 = base year
e = constant (the e of 1 is 2.71828)
r = rate of growth
t = time interval between the base and
projected years

Exponential Method
Given: P2000 76 498 735
P1995 68 616 536
r = [ log (Pt /P0) ]

t log e
= [ log (76,498,735 / 68,616,536 ) ]
5 log e
= .047225464
2.011679619
= 0.0234 or 2.34%
Pt = P0 ert
P2010 = P2000 e .0234 (10)
P2010 = 76 498 735 e .234
P2010 = 96 667 190
Projecting Population Size using
Component Method
Pt = P0 + B – D + IM – OM
where:
Pt = population at a given period (projected
population)
P0 = population at the base year (base pop)
B = number of births
D = number of deaths
IM = in-migration
OM = out-migration
Manually Projecting population size
using ‘cohort survival’ technique
Male No. Survival Survivors
Rate
0 – 14 20 000 0.85 15 400
15 – 29 10 000 0.75 17 000
30 – 44 12 000 0.65 7 500
45 – 59 5 000 0.50 7 800
60+ 3 000 0.20 3 100
Female No. Survival Survivors Birth Rate Births

Rate
0 – 14 20 000 0.90 15 400 0 26 000 + 10 800
15 – 29 10 000 0.80 18 000 2.6
30 – 44 12 000 0.70 8 000 0.9
45 – 59 5 000 0.60 8 400 0
60+ 3 000 0.40 4 200 0
Population Doubling Time
• the number of years it takes for a
population to double
Doubling time = 0.693

r
Example
= 0.69
AGR 2000-07 0.0204 Doubling Time of Various
Rates of Growth
Doubling time 2007= 33.8 years
Rates of Growth Doubling Time
Philippine population will double in 34 (%) (years)
years
The expansion of the Philippine 0.5 138
population reflected a 2.04 percent 1 69
average annual growth rate in the 2 35
2000097 period. If the average
annual growth rate continues, the 3 23
population of the Philippines is 4 17
expected to double in 34 years.

Population Density
 Gross population density
No. of persons
unit of land area (hectare or sq km)
 The gross population density is crude since

not all lands in municipality are liveable
 Net population density

No. of persons
unit of alienable and disposable land

Housing /
Shelter

Types of Housing
 Single-Detached, Stick-built
 Row Houses (socialized housing)
 Modular Homes – duplex, triplex, quadriplex
 Apartment Complex
 Townhouses (medium-rise)
 High Rise Condominium
 Manufactured Housing – pre-fabricated
 Mobile Housing (trailer vans)
 Converted-use Property
 Cooperative Housing – Time-share?

Filipino designs for mass housing for CDE socio-
economic classes –are unimaginative, bland, stale,
drab, without character

Home Designs for American
Middle Class
Georgian Style
Tudor style
North American style
Victorian Style
Contemporary Style
Post-Modern Style
Design Guidelines for Building Homes

Computation of Housing Need

Computation of Housing Need
Housing Backlog- Number of dwelling units needed at the
beginning of planning period; add-up the following:
– Doubled-up households- one dwelling unit is shared by two or more
households
– Displaced units (relocation need)-- New housing units needed to replace
those occupied located in dangerous and uninhabitable areas or those living
on land which is needed by the government for a major infrastructure
project or in areas where there is a court order for eviction and demolition
– Homeless- Individuals or households living in parks, along sidewalks, and
all those without any form of shelter
– Formation of New Households – new families who opt to live independently
– Obsolescent Housing, Units for Upgrading-
• Tenure need- households living in units with inadequate security of tenure on
the land they occupy, need to improve land tenure status, i.e. no legal title or
any other written contract on land
• Infrastructure Improvement- households living in units that lack access to one
or more basic services such as water supply, sanitation, drainage, road access,
garbage disposal, and electricity
• Structural Improvement Need - Households living in units that require
improvement
® ECOPOLIS 2010 PAGE 54 of structure to minimum acceptable level
REVISED MINIMUM DESIGN STANDARD FOR P.D. 957 & B.P. 220
Approved per HLURB Board Res. No. 699 subject for some revision
Series of August, 2001
PRESIDENTIAL DECREE BATAS PAMBANSA 220

957 (P.D. 957) (B.P. 220)
PARAMETERS OPEN MEDIUM
ECONOMIC SOCIALIZED
MARKET COST
HOUSING HOUSING
HOUSING HOUSING
1. Max Selling Price Above Above 500,000 180,000

2M 500,000 In no case
shall an
to 2M approved and
developed
Socialized
Housing
Project be
upgraded to
other types of
housing project
despite
improvement
of facilities.
375,000
2. Project Location
Within suitable sites for housing for an outside
potential hazard prone and protection areas.
PRESIDENTIAL DECREE 957 (P.D. BATAS PAMBANSA 220 (B.P.
957) 220)
PARAMETERS OPEN MARKET MEDIUM COST ECONOMIC SOCIALIZED
HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING
3. Land Allocation for project

1 hectare and above
a. Saleable Area a. 70% (maximum) a. Variable
b. Non Saleable Area b. 30% (maximum) b. See open space requirements as
per b.1, b.2 and b.3
b.1. Area allocated for Mandatory allocation for parks and playground per tabulation below
parks and playground for Density Density
Percentage of %age of %age of
projects 1 ha & above Density
Gross Area (No. of Gross Area (No. of Gross Area
(No. of Lots or Allocated for Lots or Allocated for Lots or Allocated for
Dwelling Unit Parks and Dwelling Parks and Dwelling Parks and
Per Hectare) Playgrounds Playground Playground
Unit Per Unit Per
Hectare) Hectare)
20 & Below 3.5 % 100 & Below 3.5 % 150 & Below 3.5 %
101 – 120 151 – 160
21 – 25 4.0 % 4.0 % 4.0 %
121 - 130 161 - 175
26 – 35 5.0 % 5.0 % 5.0 %
PRESIDENTIAL DECREE 957 BATAS PAMBANSA 220
(P.D. 957) (B.P. 220)
PARAMETERS OPEN MEDIUM COST

ECONOMIC SOCIALIZED
MARKET HOUSING
HOUSING HOUSING
HOUSING
Density Density
b.1. Area allocated for Percentage
%age of %age of
Density of Gross (No. of Gross Area (No. of Gross Area
parks and playground
for projects 1 ha. & (No. of Lots Area Lots or Allocated Lots or Allocated
or Dwelling Allocated for Dwelling for Parks Dwelling for Parks
above
Unit Per Parks and Unit Per and Unit Per and
Hectare) Playgrounds Hectare) Playgroun Hectare) Playgroun
d d
36 - 50 6.0 % 131 - 6.0 % 178 -200 6.0 %

140
51 - 65 7.0 % 7.0 % 200 - 7.0 %
141 - 225
Above 65 9.0 % 150 9.0 % 9.0 %
Above
Above 225
® ECOPOLIS 2010 PAGE 57 150
957) 220)
PARAMETERS OPEN MARKET MEDIUM COST
ECONOMIC SOCIALIZED
HOUSING HOUSING
HOUSING HOUSING
b.2. Area allocated for In no case shall an area allocated for parks and playgrounds be less than
Community Facilities 100 sq. m.
Mandatory provision of areas for Density Density

%age of %age of
community facilities such as schools, (No. of Gross Area (No. of Gross Area
places of worship, hospitals, health Lots or Allocated for Lots or Allocated for
centers, barangay health centers and Dwelling Community Dwelling Community
other similar facilities and amenities (per Unit Per Facilities Unit Per Facilities
P.D. 1216) for subdivision projects one (1) Hectare) Hectare)
hectare and above. Provided, however,
that areas allocated for the same in 100 & 150 &
excess of the requirements per 3.b.1 Below 1.0 % Below 1.0 %
above are deemed saleable. Provided
further that the specific use of the area 101 - 150 1.5 % 151 - 225 1.5 %
shall be indicated in the plan and Above 150 Above 225
2.0 % 2.0 %
annotated in the title.
b.3. Circulation Observe hierarchy of roads.

System
957) 220)
ECONOMIC SOCIALIZED
HOUSING HOUSING
HOUSING HOUSING
4. Minimum Lot Areas

a. Single Detached 120 sq. m. 100 sq. m. 72 sq. m. 64 sq. m.
b. Duplex/Single Attached 96 sq. m. 80 sq. m. 54 sq. m. 48 sq. m.
c. Rowhouse 60 sq. m. 50 sq. m. 36 sq. m. 32 sq. m.
For Open Market Saleable lots designated as

Housing Project duplex/single-attached and/or rowhouse
Saleable Lots lots shall be provided with housing
designated as components.
Duplex and/or
Price of saleable lots shall not exceed
Rowhouse lots shall
40% of the minimum.
be provided with
Housing
Components

957) 220)
ECONOMIC SOCIALIZED
HOUSING HOUSING
HOUSING HOUSING
5. Minimum Lot Frontage

5.1 Single Detached
a. Corner Lot 12 m. 8 m.
b. Regular Lot 10 m. 8 m.
c. Irregular Lot 6 m. 4 m.
d. Interior Lot 3 m. 3 m.
5.2. Single Attached/Duplex 8 m. 6 m.

5.3 Rowhouse 4 m. 4 m.
6. Length of Block Maximum length of block is 400 meters, however, blocks exceeding 250 meters
shall be provided with a 4 meter alley approximately at midlength.
957) 220)
ECONOMIC SOCIALIZED
HOUSING HOUSING
HOUSING HOUSING
15. Shelter Component

15.1 Minimum Floor Area
a. Single Detached 42 sq. m. 30 sq. m. 22 sq. m. 18 sq. m.
b. Duplex 42 sq. m. 30 sq. m. 22 sq. m. 18 sq. m.
c. Rowhouse 42 sq. m. 30 sq. m. 22 sq. m. 18 sq. m.
Mandatory provision of firewall for Structural design shall consider for loft.
duplex/semi attached and Mandatory provisions of firewall for
rowhouses. duplexes/semi-attached and at least
every 4 units for rowhouses.
In no case shall the no. of
rowhouses exceed 20 units per In non case shall the number of
block. rowhouses exceed 20 units per
block/cluster but in no case shall be
more than 100 meters in length.

PRESIDENTIAL DECREE 957 BATAS PAMBANSA 220 (B.P.
(P.D. 957) 220)
ECONOMIC SOCIALIZED
HOUSING HOUSING
HOUSING HOUSING
15.2 Minimum Level of

Completion
Complete House Complete House Shell House
a. Single Detached (Base on the submitted specification) (Base on the (with doors and
Submitted Windows to
Specification) enclose the unit)
b. Duplex/Semi-attached same same same
c. Rowhouse same same same
16. Setback/Easements
a. Front 3 m. 1.5 m.
b. Side 2 m. 2.0 m.
c. Rear 2 m. 2.0 m.

Neighborhood as Social Region
 A Neighborhood is a small “social region” which is usually bound by
similar socio-economic traits, such as income, education, age, and family
structure. Neighborhood implies that people live in the same area either
permanently or semi-permanently.
 In neighborhood, people share concerns and interact daily. Much social
activity takes place on the street, the corner store, school, plaza, and church.
 Neighborhood can be ethnically and economically diverse, yet residents
think of themselves as a social unity sharing similar values.
 Where social consensus exists regarding home maintenance, child rearing,
everyday behavior, and public order, people enjoy a sense of safety and
security. Some form of ‘social homogeneity’ is celebrated.
 It is at the neighborhood level that “Space becomes Place.” ‘Place’ is a
social and symbolic setting that has meaning and value for individuals.
 People acquire sentiments and attachments to the “Place” as it is imbued
with subjective meanings.
 ‘Place’ is the context of ‘Identity’. Social attachment becomes basis for
social and political action.

Neighborhood Planning

Principles of Neighborhood Unit
by Clarence Perry, 1872-1944
 Clarence Perry adopted Garden City ideas in
the planning of neighborhood.
 The concept of “Neighborhood” is the
American equivalent to the British
“Precinct.”
Six principles of Neighborhood Unit
 (1) Size to support an elementary school,
generally a half mile in diameter at most,
 (2) bounded on all sides by arterial streets,
 (3) open spaces for small parks and
recreation of about 10% of the total
neighborhood area,
 (4) institutions such as schools, community
centers, and churches grouped around a
central point,
 (5) local shops around the circumference at
traffic junctions, and
 (6) internal street system with lots of cul-de-
sacs and street widths sized to facilitate
internal traffic and discourage through
traffic.

Clarence Perry’s Neighborhood Unit

Community Development
 Neighborhoods break down because of the loss of ‘community spirit,’ failure
of leadership, decline of altruism, and the rise of selfish interests.
 Liberal youth can resist “social homogenization” and rebel against community
mores and norms. Post-modern urbanites and “Yuppies” may adopt self-
centered lifestyles not oriented towards family or community.
 The breakdown of communities result in
– Lack of communal action on urgent issues
– Faltering community services / utilities
– More crime and disorder, loss of safety and security inside subdivisions
– Falling real estate values
– Start of urban blight: invasion of space by low-income individuals with no concern
for community good (e.g. slummization and ghettoization)
 Psychological disorder called “urban anomie” – the individual is overcome by
‘anonymity’ and feels like a faceless, nameless statistic, unconnected to
everyone else.
 Non-economic factors may be the key to stable settlements & neighborhoods
– Symbolism
– Reputation
– Centeredness on Families
– Social Networks
‘Broken Windows Theory’ in Community
Development
by James Q Wilson and George Kelling 1982 Wilson James Q and Kelling
George; The Atlantic Monthly; March 1982; Broken Windows; Volume 249,
No. 3; 29-38
‘if the first broken window in a building is not

repaired, then people who like breaking
windows will assume that no one cares about
the building and more windows will be
broken. Soon the building will have no
windows....’

Principles for the Design of
Neighborhoods and Subdivisions
 visually-pleasing landscape elements to create human
scale and positive visual character.
 Preservation of natural topographic patterns and their
incorporation into overall plans;
 Preservation of broad-leaf hardwood trees;
 Orientation of structures in relation to sun and wind
movements to conserve energy;
 Orientation and intensity of lighting;
 Compatible height and scale of structures, including
signs, with the surrounding area;
 Compatible architectural styles;
 Balance between horizontal and vertical design
elements;
 Avoidance of monotony of texture, building lines, or
mass;
 Variation in roof planes and exterior building walls;
 Avoidance of blank walls;
 Coordination of colors;
 Screening of roof flashing, rain gutters, vents, and
roof-mounted mechanical equipment;
 Parking and landscaping.
Other Sub-sectors in
Social Planning

Use of Planning
Standards
 Anthropometrics – the
science of the average
physical dimensions of
human population in
relation to its various
activities -- it is usually
the basis of minimum
standards
 Also called “ “

Education
 DepEd Standard classroom-student ratio 1:50. A classroom
should accommodate at most 50 students.
 Standard Teacher-Student ratio
 Level Acceptable Student-Teacher Ratio

 Kindergarten 1:30
 Elementary 1:45
 Secondary 1:40
 College 1:25
Graduate School 1:15

Pre-School / Kindergarten
 Classroom size should be 1.5 square meters per child
 School site must have a minimum lot area of 500 square
meters. The area may be divided into a minimum of 140 square
meters for the classroom and 360 square meters for the
playground. This area is only good for not more than 4 classes
 Space for playground must be provided, otherwise, easy and
safe access to the nearest part of open space or not more than
200 meters walking distance from the school site may be
presented as an alternative.
 Ideal class size is 25-30 children per teacher. Class size may be
increased to 30-40 pupils per teacher if there is a teacher aide.
 There should be at least one toilet seat for every 25 children at
one time, preferably with separate bathroom for boys and girls
 Lighting and ventilation should be proper and adequate. There
should be natural and electric lighting. For a classroom 7 x 9
meters, there should be at least two fluorescent lamps and one
wide window and electric fans to allow cross ventilation.
Pre-School / Kindergarten
Site requirements:
1. Pre-School (Kindergarten Level)
a. Minimum lot area:
500m2 140m2 = classroom
(if < 4 classes) 360m2 = playground
b. Provide playground, OR
alternative playground site ≤ 200m safe access
from school site
c. Class size:
25 – 30 children = 1 teacher
30 – 40 children = 1 teacher + teacher’s aide
d. Classroom size: 1.5m2 = 1 child
e. 1 toilet = 25 children
f. For 7m x 9m classroom = 2 fluorescent lamps + 1 wide
window + electric fans
Elementary Schools
 a. Maximum distance:
3-km walk, or
30 minutes by PUV
 b. > 200m from ‘places of ill-repute,
recreational establishments of questionable
character, manufacturing / industrial plants,
military barracks’
 c. Lot occupancy of school buildings, etc.
< 40% of site / lot size

Elementary Schools
Standard Sizes for Elementary School sites Rural
Areas
1-2 classes and no Grade 4 above (rural primary 0.5
school)
3 – 4 classes (for non-central school) 1
≥ 6 classes (for central school) 1
5 – 7 classes 1.5
7 – 9 classes 2
>12 classes 4

Elementary Schools
Standard Sizes for School Sites (in hectares)
In case of difficulty in meeting standards due to lack of space in
urban areas, the following may be allowed for URBAN areas:
6 – 10 classes 0.5
11 – 20 classes 0.75

Elementary Schools
A. Minimum Standards for Instructional and
Administrative Spaces
Classroom 1.40m2 / pupil
School shop 2.50m2 / pupil
Administrative office 5m2 / place
Library 2.40m2 / person
(10% of total enrolment)
Medical / dental clinic 28m2
Guidance room 28m2
Corridor above ground level,
2.0m clear width Minimum
as provided for by National
Building Code
Secondary Schools
 The maximum distance for a student to walk from residence to
school site is three (3) kilometers while the maximum travel time
from residence to school on board a vehicle of public conveyance
is 30 minutes
 The school should be located beyond 200 meters of places of ill-
repute, recreational establishments of questionable character,
manufacturing, and industrial plants and military barracks.
 The ground area occupied by the school buildings and other
structures should not exceed 40% of school site in order to
provide adequate open spaces for assembly and co-curricular
activities as well as to conform with the national and local
regulations and standards pertaining to setbacks and distances
between buildings

Secondary Schools
A. Standard Sizes for School Sites
Urban (minimum) hectares
12 sections 0.5
13 – 25 sections 1
26 – 50 sections 1.5
51 – 75 sections 2
For every 25 sections > 75 sections 0.5
Rural (minimum) hectares
Barangay high school 1
General / trade high school 3
Agricultural high school 3
for freshwater fishponds and / or 2
for brackish water fishponds 2
B.
Secondary Schools
Minimum Standards for Instructional Spaces
Classroom 1.40m2 / pupil
Science lab 2.10m2 / pupil
Shops:
Practical arts / technology
and economics 2.50m2 / pupil
Girls’ trade / homemaking 2.50m2 / pupil
Wood trades 5m2 / pupil
Metal trades 5m2 / pupil
Mechanical trades 7m2 / pupil
Electrical trades 4m2 / pupil
Drafting / drawing 2.50m2 / pupil
Farm mechanical 5m2 / pupil
Farm machinery 6.50m2 / pupil
Fish capture / culture /
preservation 2.50m2 / pupil
Secondary Schools
C. Minimum Standards for Administrative Spaces /
services:
Administrative office 5m2 / place
Medical / dental clinic 28m2
Guidance room 28m2
Library / 2.40m2 / person
Learning resources center (10% of total
enrolment)
Corridor above ground level,
2m clear width
Institutions of Higher Learning –
Colleges and Universities
Minimum Standards for Instructional and
Administrative Spaces
≤500 students 0.50 hectare (ha.)
501 – 1,000 1 ha.
1,001 – 2,000 2 has.
2,001 – 3,000 3 has.
Same ratio for enrolment in excess of 3,000
≥7,000 students 7 has.
10,000 students 7 has.
For open space 2.50m2 / person
For indoor facility 0.90m2 / person
Hospitals and Health Care
Hospital area requirement:
CAPACITY AREA
(beds) (has.)
25 1.5
100 1.5
200 2.5
300 3.5
Rural Health Unit Personnel Standards:

Municipal Health Officer 1: 20,000 popn
Nurse 1: 20,000 popn
Rural Sanitary inspector 1: 20,000 popn
Rural Midwife 1: 3,000 – 5,000 popn,
depending on the terrain
Hospitals and Health Care
Accessibility parameters: (for proposed hospital sites)
≥ 35 kms away from existing gov’t hospital
< 35 kms but >3hrs away by usual mode of travel
< 35 kms away <3hrs away by usual mode of travel
Catchment population parameters:
≥ 75,000 and accessible as referral to at least 3 RHUs or main health centers
< 75,000 but > 25,000
< 25,000
Distance ≥35kms <35kms but <35kms and

Pop ≥ 3hrs travel < 3hrs
travel
> 75,000 District Municipal RHU
Hospital Hospital Infirmary
< 75,000 but > Municipal Extension None
25,000 Hospital
< 25,000 Extension RHU Infirmary None
Health Care Facilities
Nomenclature Clinical Service No. of Beds
Facility
BHS – RHU SUB-SYSTEM
Barangay health station Primary None
RHU Primary None
RHU Infirmary Primary 5 – 10
HOSPITAL SUB-SYSTEM
Extension hospital Primary capability / 10
secondary facility
Municipal hospital Secondary 10 – 25
District hospital Secondary 25 – 75
Provincial / general hospital Tertiary 100 – 250
Regional Teaching - training 300 – 500

Fire Protection Services
 Establishment of fire station – there shall be
established at least 1 fire station with adequate
personnel, firefighting facilities, and equipment in
every provincial capital, city and municipality
 At least 1 fire station for every city/municipality
 1 municipal fire marshall
 1 fireman per 500 population for every highly
urbanized cities (HUCs)
 1 Fireman per 2000 population for other cities and
municipalities (minimum)

Sports and Recreation
 Minimum of 500 sq.m per 1,000
population for a city and municipal
park or designed plaza
 Minimum of 5,000 sq.m or half-
hectare per 1,000 population as
open playfield/athletic field
 At least 30% of the entire gross
area of an open-market subdivision
kept as unbuilt and 6% as Open
Space. (PD 957)

Sports and Recreation
Passive Recreation 1.6 ha. / 1,000 popn.
1. Picnicking
2. Passive water sports 1 lake / lagoon / 25,000
popn.
3. Zoos 0.4 ha. / 1,000 popn.
Others
1. Parking at recreation area 0.4 ha. / 1,000 popn.
2. Indoor recreation center 0.4 ha. / 1,000 popn.
(billiards, bowling,
badminton, etc.)
(Source: Department of Education)
Standards for Recreational Facilities
Type of Activity Space Requirement for Activity per
Program
Active Recreation
1. Children’s play area 0.2 ha. / 1000 popn.
2. Field play areas for young children 0.6 ha. / 1000 popn.
3. Older adult 0.6 ha. / 1000 popn.
Field Sports Activities
4. Tennis / outdoor basketball 4.6 ha. / 5000 popn.
5. Swimming 1 outdoor pool / 2500 popn.
6. Major boating activities 40.5 ha. / 50000 popn.
7. Hiking / camping / horseback riding / 4 ha. / 1000 popn.
nature study
8. Golfing 1-18 hole course / 50000 popn.
(Urban Planning and Design Criteria By De Chiara & Koppelman)

Social Welfare Services
 One Day Care per barangay as per RA 6972
 Minimum area requirement for Day Care Center-
– 2 sq.m. per 3 children indoor
– 1 sq.m. per child outdoor
 One Senior Citizen Care Center per city/municipality per RA
7876
 Minimum area of 500 sq.m. for Senior Citizen Care Center
 Source: Dept. of Social Welfare Development

Thank You!

Social Planning: ® Ecopolis 2010 Page 1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Social Planning: ® Ecopolis 2010 Page 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Social Planning

® ECOPOLIS 2010 PAGE 1

® ECOPOLIS 2010 PAGE 3

Basic Material Needs Basic Human Needs

® ECOPOLIS 2010 PAGE 6

• Need for self-actualization -

1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

® ECOPOLIS 2010 PAGE 10

HPI-2* Probability at Percentage of Percentage of Long-term

® ECOPOLIS 2010 PAGE 11

® ECOPOLIS 2010 PAGE 12

® ECOPOLIS 2010 PAGE 13

® ECOPOLIS 2010 PAGE 14

Sherry Arnstein, member of the Advocacy Planning

® ECOPOLIS 2010 PAGE 17

® ECOPOLIS 2010 PAGE 18

® ECOPOLIS 2010 PAGE 19

® ECOPOLIS 2010 PAGE 20

® ECOPOLIS 2010 PAGE 21

1. Quezon City 2,679,450

® ECOPOLIS 2010 PAGE 26

® ECOPOLIS 2010 PAGE 27

® ECOPOLIS 2010 PAGE 28

Source: NSO, 2000 Census of Population and Housing

® ECOPOLIS 2010 PAGE 30

Age-specific fertility rate = births in a specific age group of women

® ECOPOLIS 2010 PAGE 31

® ECOPOLIS 2010 PAGE 32

Rate of migration (assumed) =

® ECOPOLIS 2010 PAGE 33

 The dependency ratio indicates how many people are

and drastically reduce the

the total population of the

‘momentum’ built from

cannot be changed nor

 Population management has

® ECOPOLIS 2010 PAGE 35

Population 76.5 60.6 23.27 206.3 4

® ECOPOLIS 2010 PAGE 38

® ECOPOLIS 2010 PAGE 42

r = [ log (Pt /P0) ]

Female No. Survival Survivors Birth Rate Births

Doubling time = 0.693

® ECOPOLIS 2010 PAGE 46

 The gross population density is crude since

 Net population density

® ECOPOLIS 2010 PAGE 47

® ECOPOLIS 2010 PAGE 48

® ECOPOLIS 2010 PAGE 49

® ECOPOLIS 2010 PAGE 50

North American style

® ECOPOLIS 2010 PAGE 52

® ECOPOLIS 2010 PAGE 53

PRESIDENTIAL DECREE BATAS PAMBANSA 220

1. Max Selling Price Above Above 500,000 180,000

3. Land Allocation for project

PARAMETERS OPEN MEDIUM COST

36 - 50 6.0 % 131 - 6.0 % 178 -200 6.0 %

Mandatory provision of areas for Density Density

b.3. Circulation Observe hierarchy of roads.

4. Minimum Lot Areas

c. Rowhouse 60 sq. m. 50 sq. m. 36 sq. m. 32 sq. m.

For Open Market Saleable lots designated as