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Utilization of Potato Processing Waste for Compound Cattle Feed

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 Agricultural Engineering Today

Utilization of Potato Processing Waste for Compound Cattle Feed

Devinder Dhingra (LM-7559), Mona Michael, Hradesh Rajput,
and Sangeeta Chopra (LM-10274)
Agril Engg Division, KAB-II, PUSA, ICAR, New Delhi – 110012
E-mail: devinderdhingra.icar@nic.in
Date of Receipt: May 3, 2013 Date of Publication: October 2013

ABSTRACT
Feed constitutes about 60-70% of total cost of livestock production. By-products of fruit and
vegetable processing industries such as (potato pulp, rejected potato chips, apple pomace,
skin/seed of tomatoes etc.) can be used as feed ingredient through proper processing.
Compound cattle feed was prepared by partially replacing grain component by the by-
products of potato processing industry. Feed was prepared by using rejected potato chips
(P1) and potato pulp (P2) and compared with the locally available feed (M). P1with rejected
potato chips had the lowest moisture content (10.07 %) and maximum ether extract content
(17.57 %) than Mand P2. Hemicelluloses content was more and cellulose content was
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observed to be less in P1 and P2as compared to M. Bulk density and true density, 635.8
kg/m3 and 963.5 kg/m3 were highest for P1and lowest for P2 (629.9 kg/m3 and 960.06 kg/
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m3) respectively. P1 and P2 had good pellet durability index, because potato as a feed
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ingredient also acted as a binder. Physico-chemical characteristics of the feed samples

containing by-products of potato processing industry met the required quality standards of
compound cattle feed. Potato processing waste could partially replace the grain component
in feed pellets.
Keywords: Potato chips, potato pulp, pellet durability index, feed pellets

INTRODUCTION potatoes, potato pulp, chips; cutting fines, wash

Feed constitutes about 60-70 % of total cost of
production of livestock products. Feeding crop
residues and by-products of food processing
industries to livestock reduces dependence of
livestock on grains and eliminates costly waste
management systems. Due to rising cost of food
grains and low availability of green fodder the use
of un-conventional feed resources in livestock ration
are being tried. Crop residues and by-products
currently fed advantageously to livestock include
corn stalks, apple pomace, beet pulp, corn distiller’s
grain, fresh carrots, small grain straws, sugarcane
bagasse, bran and husk etc. (Huber et al., 1983,
Klopfenstein and Owen 1981).
Approximately 35% of the total processed potato
crop is discarded as a waste during processing
(El-Boushy and Vander der Poel, 1994). Potato
processing waste is obtained in the form of culled
water solids, peels, french fries, flakes, powder
etc. Potatoes are primarily a source of energy.
On a 100% dry matter (DM) basis, it has 81–82%
total digestible nutrient (TDN) and only about 10%
protein. Because of potato’s very low fiber content,
it is not considered a forage substitute but rather
an economical substitute of grains. Stanhope et al.
(1980) reported that potato-processing residue could
replace barley as an energy source for finishing beef
cattle. Using potato by-product in growing goat
ration saved 50% of yellow corn, which is used in
the ration and used at 60% of the control ration
without any adverse effect on goat performance
(Omer and Tawila, 2008). For ruminants, fiber is an
important part of the metabolism in the rumen. It is a
determining factor for the hydrolysis of all nutritional
ingredients in the feed. Acid Detergent Fibre (ADF)
and Neutral Detergent Fibre (NDF) are nowadays
commonly used as indicators of dietary energy

40

and intake. The present study was undertaken to
investigate the effect of partial replacement of grain
component of the compound cattle feed by potato
processing waste. The feed pellets with potato
waste were prepared, evaluated and compared for
their physico-chemical characteristics with the local
market sample (without potato component).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The rejected potato chips (RPC) were procured
from M/s PepsiCo India Holdings Pvt. Ltd. (Frito
Lay Division), Sangrur (Punjab). Potato pulp (PP)
was procured from M/s Merino Industries Hapur,
U.P. The other feed ingredients namely maize,
barley, rice bran, mustard seed meal, husk, mineral
mixture, molasses etc and commercial feed sample
for comparison with the compound feed containing
potato waste were purchased from local market.
All other chemicals and solvents used in this study
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were of analytical grade and procured from Fisher
Scientific (Mumbai, India).
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Preparation of compound cattle feed pellets:
Compound cattle feed was prepared by partially
replacing grain component by the by-products of
potato processing industry. Feed was prepared by
using rejected potato chips (P1) and potato pulp
(P2) and compared with the locally available feed
(M). Potato processing waste (30%) with other
feed ingredients like maize (20%), barley (20%),
mustard seed meal (10%), rice bran (10%), husk
(9%), molasses (0.25%) and mineral mixture (1%)
were used for making the feed. The grains, seed
meal and husk were milled in a hammer mill. Potato
waste was mixed with weighed quantity of other feed
ingredients after milling in ribbon blender (at 42 rpm)
for about 10 minutes. The mixed ingredients in form
of mash were passed through vertical pelletizer to
form compound feed pellets. The prepared feed
pellets were dried to moisture content of about 11%
(w. b.) and were kept at room temperature in sealed
polyethylene bags for further analysis.
Chemical and physical analysis: Moisture, ash,
protein, fat and crude fibre were analyzed as per the
standard AOAC (2000) methods. Nitrogen content
was estimated by Kjeldhal method and converted
to protein using a factor of 6.25. Neutral detergent
fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and acid
detergent lignin (ADL) were determined according
41
Vol. 37(4), 2013
to Goering and Van Soest (1970) and Van Soest
et al. (1991). Hemicellulose was calculated as the
difference between NDF and ADF, while cellulose
was calculated as the difference between ADF and
ADL. All analyses for samples were carried out in
triplicate and expressed as the mean value. Pellet
size (length and diameter) was measured with an
electronic digital caliper. Average weight of the pellets
was measured with electronic weighing balance.
Hardness of the pellets was measured by diametric
compression using a Texture-Analyzer (Stable
Micro system Ltd, Model TA-XT2i). Bulk density of
the pellets was determined according to ASABE
Standard S269.4 (2007) for cubes, pellets, and
crumbles. True density of the pellets was calculated
by dividing the mass by the volume of individual
pellets. The solid (rapeseed) displacement method
was used to determine the volume of individual
pellets. The pellets were put inside a cylindrical
container and covered with rapeseed. Pellet volume
was equal to the volume of rapeseed displaced.
Pellet durability was determined according to
ASABE Standard S269.4 (2007). A sample of pellets
was sieved on a No. 6 U.S. sieve with aperture size
of 3.36 mm to remove fines. About 100 g sample of
sieved pellets was tumbled at 50 rpm for 10 min in a
dust-tight enclosure. After tumbling, the sample was
removed and sieved, and the percentage of whole
pellets was calculated using the following formula:
All the experiments were conducted in triplicate and
the mean and standard deviation were calculated
using MS Excel software. Data for LSD at p<0.05
for significant difference in treatment means were
analyzed using JMP software (SAS Inc., Cary, NC,
USA).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Results of chemical analysis and cell wall constituents
of feed ingredients are presented in Table 1. Feed
mixture (without potato component, FM) contained
9.8% moisture, 19.5% CP (crude protein), 16.88%
CF (crude fibre), 12.45% EE (ether extract),
4.3% ash, 39.03% NDF (neutral detergent fibre),
26.45% ADF (acid detergent fibre), 5.8% ADL (acid
detergent lignin), 12.86% hemicellulose and 19.83%
cellulose, respectively. Rejected potato chips (RPC)
 Agricultural Engineering Today
Table 1: Chemical analysis and cell wall constituents of feed ingredients
Item Feed mixture (FM)*
Chemical analysis (%)
Moisture 9.8±0.16
Crude protein (CP) 19.5±0.05
Ether extract (EE) 12.45±0.02
Crude fibre (CF) 16.88±0.25
Ash 4.3±0.02
Cell wall constituents (%)
NDF 39.03±0.30
ADF 26.45±0.45
ADL 5.8±0.30
Hemicellulose 12.86±0.35
Cellulose 19.83±0.65
FM*: Feed mixture used in formulating the experimental rations contained 20 % maize, 20 % barley 10 % mustard seed meal, 10 % rice polish,
9 % husk, 0.25 % molasses and 1 % mineral mixture.
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Values are mean ± standard deviation, n = 3.
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had 4.85% moisture, 9.42% CP, 7.1% CF, 32.37%
EE, 3.9% ash, 40.3% NDF, 6.08% ADF, 3.13%
ADL, 33.41% hemicellulose and 2.9% cellulose
respectively. Potato pulp waste (PP) contained
80.73% moisture, 4.5% CP, 7.3% CF, 0.4% EE, 2.6%
ash, 40.1% NDF, 6.24% ADF, 3.38% ADL, 33.96%
hemicellulose and 2.80% cellulose respectively.
These results are comparable with those reported
by Gado et al. (1998), who observed that NDF,
ADF and ADL for potato waste were 41.5, 6.4%
and 3.9% respectively. Also, these results are in
agreement with those obtained by Onwubuemeli et
al. (1985) who reported that the potato waste had
CP in the range of 4 to 14.3% and CF 1.6 to 17.5%
respectively.
Chemical analysis of different compound cattle
feed: Chemical analysis and cell wall constituents
of the market feed and compound cattle feed
prepared with different potato waste components
is presented in Table 2. Moisture content of M,
P1and P2 was observed to be 11.03, 10.07 and
11.57%, respectively. Generally, moisture contents
of 11.0-12.0% (w. b.) were used for wheat and corn
based feed pelleting (Stevens, 1987). Srivastava
et al. (1981) reported that on increasing moisture
contents of grass hay (mixed with 20% alfalfa)
from 3 to 11% (w. b.), the wafer (150 mm diameter)
Rejected potato chips (RPC) Potato pulp (PP)
4.85±0.42 80.73±0.78
9.42±0.42 4.5±0.12
32.37±0.74 0.4±0.20
7.1±0.02 7.3±0.20
3.90±0.05 2.6±0.13
40.3±0.05 40.1±0.05
6.08±0.14 6.24±0.08
3.13±0.19 3.38±0.11
33.41±0.36 33.96±0.26
2.9±0.05 2.80±0.26
durability rating increased from 27 to 96%. Further
increase in moisture content from 11 to 25% (w.b.)
decreased the wafer durability rating from 96 to
20%. They concluded that the best binding effect
could be obtained at around the moisture content
of 11% (w. b.) for the feedstock. M had lowest CP
among the feeds made with different formulations in
this study. The CP of M, P1 and P2 were observed
to be 12.82%, 15.9% and 15.05% respectively.
During feed pelleting, the combined effects of heat,
moisture and shear result in protein denaturation,
which induces the binding functionality of protein
(Wood, 1987 and Thomas et al., 1998). Protein
derived from cereal grains with dough-forming
capabilities such as wheat (Winowiski, 1988), rye
and barley (Moran, 1989) and soybean meal also
helps in improving pellet durability.
The EE of the samples in this study ranged from
3.87 to 17.57%. The EE content of P1was observed
to be significantly higher than those of M and P2.
Fat acts as a lubricant between the feed particles
and between the feed, and the pellet mill die wall,
resulting in pellets with lower durability (Briggs et al
1999, Richardson and Day 1976 and Angulo et al
1996). Among all the samples, P1 had the highest
EE of 17.57% because of rejected potato chips used
as one of the ingredients in the concentrate feed
42
 Vol. 37(4), 2013

Table 2: Chemical analysis and cell wall constituents of livestock compound feed with different potato waste
component
Feed Moisture Crude Ether Crude Ash NDF ADF ADL Hemice- Cellulose
type protein extract fibre llulose
M 11.03b 12.82a 3.87 b 18.27a 5.95 a 37.13a 30.10 4.40 a 7.08b 25.7 a
±0.06 ±0.17 ±0.10 ±0.08 ±0.05 ±0.21 a
±0.16 ±0.50 ±0.16 ±0.04
P1 10.07c 15.9 b 17.57 14.29 4.0c 39.42 20.53 5.01b 18.89a 14.03c
±0.03 ±0.05 ±0.02
a c
±0.04 ±0.02 ±0.44
b b
±0.04 ±0.41 ±0.35 ±0.04
P2 11.57a 15.05b 9.71c 13.8 b 3.82b 39.94 20.72 5.27 b 19.22 c 14.75 b
±0.17 ±0.07 ±0.34 ±0.09 ±0.23 ±0.21
b b
±0.07 ±0.26 ±0.40 ±0.08
ANOVA, <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001
p<0.05
LSD 0.22 0.22 0.41 0.14 0.27 0.61 0.21 0.81 0.65 0.11
(0.05)
Values are mean±standard deviation, n = 3.
Means with superscripts having the same letter are not significantly different

Table 3: Physical properties of compound livestock feed pellets with different types of potato waste
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Feed Average Average Average Bulk True density Breaking Pellet

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type weight (g) length diameter density (kg/ (kg/m3) strength durability
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(mm) (mm) m3) (MPa) index (%)

M 4.28a±0.03 36.0b±0.55 12.46a±0.05 631.8b±0.77 960.36b±0.45 0.62±b0.03 95.45b±0.08
P1 3.35b±0.04 40.2a±0.61 10.13b±0.05 635.8a±2.21 963.5a±0.52 0.79 a±0.03 96.15a±0.13
P2 3.44b±0.06 39.73c±0.75 10.03b±0.05 629.9b±1.60 960.06b±2.37 0.82a±0.11 96.06a±0.11
ANOVA, <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001
p<0.05
LSD 0.09 1.28 0.11 3.20 2.85 0.07 0.22
(0.05)
Values are mean±standard deviation, n = 3
Means with superscripts having the same letter are not significantly different

mixture, which had high EE of 32.37%. Besides,
having high EE content, P1 had good pellet durability
as potato is a good source of starch which acts as
a binder (Wood, 1987 and Thomas et al., 1998).
On the other hand CF content of M, P1 and P2 was
observed to be 18.27, 14.29 and 13.8% respectively.
Whereas, ash content of M, P1 and P2 was recorded
to be 5.95, 4.0 and 3.82% respectively.
The NDF is considered a close estimate of total
fibre constituents of feed stuffs since it measures
cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin. The NDF
content of M was observed to be slightly lower than
those of P1 and P2. NDF concentration is negatively
correlated with dry matter intake i.e. as NDF in the
feed ration increases, animal consumes less forage.
With addition of potato processing waste the NDF
content increased slightly in comparison to control
sample M. Omer et al. (2010) also reported that
replacement of yellow corn by potato processing
waste had no significant effect (P>0.05) on feed
intake. Dry matter intake was in the same range
for all the experimental rations i.e. with and without
potato component. This might indicate that addition
of potato processing waste had no adverse effect
on palatability.
The ADF values refer to the cell wall portions of
plant that are made up of cellulose and lignin.
These values are important because they relate
to the ability of an animal to digest the feed. As
ADF increases the ability to digest or digestibility

43
 Agricultural Engineering Today
of the forage decreases. The ADF content of ‘M’
was observed to be significantly higher than those
of P1 and P2, which indicate that on addition of
potato waste the digestibility of feed is expected
to increase. These results are in agreement with
those reported by Omer et al (2010) and Omer
et al. (2011), who observed similar trends in feed
composition on partial replacement of yellow corn
with potato processing waste in ossimi lambs and
growing rabbit’s diet.
Physical properties of different compound
feeds: The average weight of samples of M, P1
and P2 was measured to be 4.28, 3.35 and 3.44
g respectively. Average weight of M was observed
to be more than the other two samples. P1 had the
longest pellet (40.2 mm) as compared to M (36 mm)
and P2 (39.73 mm). Average diameter of the pellets
of M, P1 and P2 was observed to be 12.46, 10.13
and 10.03 mm, respectively. The average diameter
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of M was observed to be significantly higher than that
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of P1 and P2. Another physical property measured,
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indicating the quality of pellets, was bulk density. Bulk
density is essential for the calculation of efficiency
of the conveying and packaging machinery and in
the choice of capacity of silos and flat storage. Bulk
density of the three samples ranged from 631.8 to
635.8 kg/m3. Theerarattanoon et al. (2010) reported
that pellets with relatively high moisture content had
low bulk density values. Likewise, P1 had the highest
bulk density of 635.8 kg/m3 with moisture content of
10.07%, whereas, P2 had the lowest bulk density
of 629.9 kg/m3 with moisture content of 11.57%.
True density of M, P1 and P2was observed to be
960.36, 963.5 and 960.06 kg/m3 respectively. Like
bulk density, true density of pellets also decreased
with increased in moisture content because pellets
increased in volume when they absorbed more
moisture (Theerarattanoon et al. 2010). Pellets of M,
P1 and P2 had 0.62, 0.79 and 0.82 MPa of hardness,
which was observed to be satisfactory for handling
and transportation.
Durability is defined as the ability of pellets to
withstand destructive loads and force during
transport and is the most important physical quality
of a pellet (Tabil and Sokhansanj, 1996). Durability is
considered high when the computed value is above
80%, medium when the value is between 70% and
80%, and low when the value is below 70% (Colley
44
et al., 2006). Pellet durability index for M, P1 and
P2 was observed to be 95.45, 96.15 and 96.06%,
respectively. Significant difference was observed in
pellet durability among the different feed samples.
Pellet durability of P1 and P2 was observed to be
more than M as P1 and P2 contained potato as one
of the feed ingredients, which acts as a binder to bind
all of the components of the feed into an integral,
pelletizable product (Anderson, 2002).
CONCLUSIONS
From the present study it is concluded that
physico-chemical properties of the pellets with
30% potato processing waste can be used as an
alternative and economic source of energy instead
of grains in dairy cattle rations. Addition of potato
waste as an alternate ingredient of feed resulted
in nutritional value, which was at par with other
traditional ingredients. Also no problem was faced in
processing and production. As the cost of grain, oil
cake and other ingredients is on the rise, utilization
of waste of potato and other food industries may
help in reducing the price of feed. The pellets with
potato waste component were equally good as the
commercial feed available in local market without
potato waste.
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