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2 Carbohydrates
Learning outcomes:
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
a) State the classes of carbohydrates such as
monosaccharide, disaccharide and polysaccharide
b) Illustrate the formation & breakdown of maltose
c) Compare the structures & functions of starch,
glycogen and cellulose
Carbohydrates
Disaccharides
Monosaccharides Polysaccharides
Starch
Aldose
Glycogen
Ketose
Cellulose
3
1.2 Carbohydrates
• Organic molecule containing the element
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a ratio of
1:2:1
• The empirical formula (CH2O)n ;
** n = number of carbon
1.2 Carbohydrates
Divided into 3 main classes
1
3
Monossacharides Polysaccharides
(simple sugar; 1 sugar (many sugar molecules)
molecule)
2
Disaccharides
(2 sugar molecules)
1.2.1 Monosaccharides
• Greek words, monos = simple; sacchar = sugar
• The basic unit of carbohydrate
(the simplest sugar molecule)
CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
CARBOHYDRATE
Glyceraldehyde
-Ribose -Glucose
-Deoxyribose -Galactose
-Fructose
H C OH C O
HO C H HO C H
H C OH H C OH
H C OH H C OH
CH2OH CH2OH
glucose
D-glucose Dfructose
-fructose
Structure of Monosaccharides
• Have the same chemical formula (C6H12O6) but
with different structures
• Known as isomers.
Structure of Monosaccharides
16
Monosaccharides as reducing sugar
• Aldoses and ketoses are reducing sugars
• What are the properties of reducing sugars?
When a reducing sugar is heated with alkaline
solution of copper (II) sulphate (Benedict’s
solution) the aldehyde or ketone groups
reduces the Cu2+ .
Figure: Free aldehyde group in glucose molecule
18
Hexose (6C)
• Example of hexose is:
1. Glucose : the immediate source of energy for
cellular respiration
2. Galactose : sugar found in milk and yogurt
3. Fructose : sugar found in honey and some fruits
1 C 6 CH
2OH 6 CH
2OH
2
CH2OH
H C OH 5C
O H 5C O 6
3 H H H O
H H 5 H
HO C H
H H H
4C 1C 4C 1C
4
OH OH 4
OH
1
H C OH H H
O HO 3 2 OH
OH OH
5 3 C 2C 3C 2C OH
H C OH
H OH
6 H OH H OH
H C OH
Ring chain
Straight chain
22
Isomers of glucose
• Glucose can exist in two possible ring forms known as:
24
α-glucose
β-glucose
1.2.2 Disaccharides
• Disaccharides are formed when two
monosaccharides joined together
+ H20
5
5
4 1 4 1
2 3 2
3
Hydrolysis
+ H2O
CH2OH CH2OH
O O
H H H H
H H
Maltose +
OH H OH H
HO OH HO OH
H OH
H OH
α-glucose
α-glucose
1.2.3 Polysaccharides
• Polysaccharide are polymers that formed
from condensation of many monosaccharides
• The chains of monosaccharide molecules are
linked together by glycosidic bond.
• The chains may be branched or unbranched.
Function of polysaccharides
Energy source - starch & glycogen
Basic component of structure - cellulose &
hemicelluloses
Protection & immunization - heparin in
mammals blood prevent/dissolve blood clotting
• A polymer of α-glucose
α-1,6 glycosidic
bond
CH 2OH CH 2OH
H O O
glycogen
H H H
H H
OH H OH H 1
O
OH
O α-1,6 glycosidic
H OH H OH
bond
CH 2OH CH 2OH 6 CH 2 CH 2OH CH 2OH
H O H H O H H 5 O H H O H H O H
H H H H H
OH H OH H 4 OH H 1 4 OH H OH H
O O O O OH
OH
3 2
H OH H OH H OH H OH H OH
Cellulose
• Monomer: ß- glucose
• Type of bond :
ß - 1,4 glycosidic bond
• Function: main component
of cell wall