Journal of Cleaner Production 258 (2020) 120595

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Journal of Cleaner Production

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jclepro

Review

Systematic literature review on adaptation towards climate change

impacts among indigenous people in the Asia Pacific regions
Hayrol Azril Mohamed Shaffril a, *, Nobaya Ahmad b, Samsul Farid Samsuddin c,
Asnarulkhadi Abu Samah b, Mas Ernawati Hamdan a
a
Institute for Social Science Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Putra Infoport, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
b
Faculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
c
Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The indigenous people uphold their cultural and social uniqueness, and social, economic, cultural, and
Received 8 October 2019 political institutions, by detaching from the main or bigger society or culture. Similar to other groups,
Received in revised form indigenous people are facing the formidable impacts of climate change due to their high reliance on
13 February 2020
nature stability. However there were still insufficient studies that systematically review the existing
Accepted 14 February 2020
Available online 17 February 2020
literature on the indigenous people in the Asia pacific region. Hence the present article conducted a
systematic literature review on the adaptation strategies towards climate change impacts among the
Handling Editor: Prof. Jiri Jaromir Kleme
s indigenous people in Asia Pacific regions. The present study integrated multiple research designs and the
review was based on the publication standard, namely ROSES (RepOrting standards for Systematic Ev-
Keywords: idence Syntheses). This study selected articles using two leading databases namely Scopus and Web of
Systematic literature review Science and one supporting database namely Google Scholar. Based on the thematic analysis, this review
Indigenous people has seven main themes namely 1) technology assisted; 2) traditional and local knowledge; 3) livelihood
Climate change diversity; 4) government and organizations support; 5) food and water securities; 6) social related ac-
Adaptation
tivities and 7) physical infrastructure. The seven main themes have further produced 20 sub-themes. The
Asia pacific region
study offered several significant contributions for practical purposes and the body of knowledge. The
findings explained the importance of integrating indigenous knowledge into adaptation strategies, as
follow: 1) to encourage respect for traditional knowledge and the role of indigenous peoples in policy
development; 2) to strategise adaptation plan that is in line with the needs, abilities and interests of the
indigenous people; and 3) to inform on the specific areas and content of researches that should be the
focus of the future studies.
© 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Contents

1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1. Research gap-the existing studies related to adaptation towards climate change impacts among the indigenous people . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1. The review protocol - ROSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2. Formulation of research questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.3. Systematic searching strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.3.1. Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.3.2. Screening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.3.3. Eligibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: hayrol82@gmail.com (H.A. Mohamed Shaffril), nobaya@upm.
edu.my (N. Ahmad), samsulfarid@gmail.com (S.F. Samsuddin), asnarulhadi@gmail.
com (A.A. Samah), masernah@gmail.com (M.E. Hamdan).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120595
0959-6526/© 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
2 H.A. Mohamed Shaffril et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 258 (2020) 120595

2.4. Quality appraisal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2.5. Data abstraction and analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3. Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.1. Background of the selected articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2. - the themes and the sub-themes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2.1. Technology-assisted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2.2. Traditional and local knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2.3. Social-related activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.2.4. Livelihood diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.2.5. Government support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.2.6. Food and water securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.2.7. Physical infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4. Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5. Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Declaration of competing interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Acknowledgement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

1. Introduction changing climate. The temperature kept rising at the rate of

0.14
Ce0.20
C per decade since the 1960s in countries such as
Indigenous people are one of the culturally distinct groups. The Bangladesh, Nepal, India, and Maldives (Hijioka et al., 2014). Li et al.
United Nation Working Group on Indigenous Population (1981) (2019) revealed that the highest coastal mean sea level trend is in
defined the indigenous people as those who are attached to their Oceania with 3.85 ± 0.60 mm a1. Furthermore, some regions are
geographically distinct traditional habitats or ancestral territories. facing more than 75% glacier loses such as New Zealand (Shannon
They recognise themselves as a part of a distinct cultural group, and et al., 2019). Consequently, these impacts affect the socio-economic
the decesdant from groups settled in the area prior to the existence routines of indigenous people. The impacts differed depending on
of modern states and current borders established. This group the socio-economic routines. For farmers, the rising temperature
usually upholds their cultural and social uniqueness, and social, increases the irrigation cost that force them to change the farming
economic, cultural and political institutions, by detaching from the schedule, reduce water supply, and control the increase of pest
main or bigger society or culture. The World Bank Statistic (2019) attack and shelter lost (Arunrat et al., 2017; Shaffril et al., 2018). For
stated that there are roughly 370 million indigenous peoples fishermen, extreme waves and winds reduce their operation days
across the globe, which constitute 5% of the world population. and increase risks associated with the fishing operation (Shaffril
According to Food and Agriculture Organization of the United et al., 2019). For the hunters, the rising temperature can diminish
Nation (2018), the majority of them (260 million or 70%) are ice or cause bush fire or wildfire that kills their potential hunt.
settling in Asia Pacific countries, including the Lajamanu Besides affecting the indigenous people’s socio-economic routines,
(Australia), the Naxi (China), the Dzumsa (India), and the Khasia, climate change also causes air pollution, and allergens, dissemi-
Tripura, and Garo (Bangladesh). Interestingly, the indigenous peo- nates diseases carried by vectors, mental health, and stress and
ple in some Asia Pasific countries, form a big portion of the total affects food security (Center for Disease Control and Prevention,
population. In New Zealand, the Moari represents 15% of the total 2019). The impacts have negative consequences to the indigenous
population, and there are approximately 104 million indigenous people, particularly to 15% of them who are considered as
people that take up 8.4% of the population in India. In the extremely poor as they have a high reliance on the stability of na-
Philippines, the indigenous people take up between 10% and 20% of ture for their livelihood (World Bank, 2019). The best way to
the national population while the indigenous people in Vietnam, counteract this situation is by strengthening the adaptation stra-
represent 14.6% of the with a total population of 98 million people tegies for the worsening climate change impacts.
(International Work Group of Indigenous Affairs, 2019). Generally,
most of the indigenous people are involved with activities related
to natural resources. In the Asia Pacific region, most of the indige- 1.1. Research gap-the existing studies related to adaptation towards
nous people are small scale farmers, small scale fishermen and climate change impacts among the indigenous people
hunters. Some of them gather resources from the nearby forest,
while some are involved in animal husbandry, and traditional Scholars are attracted on how the indigenous people adapt to
economic activities that support agriculture and artisans such as the impacts of climate change and examined it from multiple
weavers, carpenters, carvers, and blacksmiths (Lasimbang, 2008). perspectives such as Balehegn et al. (2019), Son et al. (2019), Iticha
One of the main issues faced by indigenous people is related to and Husen (2019), Nursey-bray and Palmer (2018), Kodirekkala
the status of their land. Most of them settled in areas that are (2017), Ingty (2017), and Granderson (2017). Although there are
partially given the recognition of officially or rightfully belong to many studies that focused on the adaptation of indigenous people
them. Another main issue is the increasing need to support the to climate change but there were still an insufficient amount of
indigenous systems for resilience and livelihoods. It is believed that scholars who reviewed systematically the existing studies. To re-
one of the main reasons that drive this issue is the formidable view past studies systematically is important and according to
climate change impacts. Robinson and Lowe (2015) traditional literature review faces
Notably, climate change occurs across the globe and the impacts several issues related to rarely comprehensive, highly susceptible to
kept deteriorating. The Asia Pacific region is also affected by the reviewer bias and seldom take into account differences in the
quality of studies. The present paper attempt to contribute to the
 H.A. Mohamed Shaffril et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 258 (2020) 120595
existing body of knowledge by developing a systematic literature
review on the indigenous climate change adaptation strategies
towards climate change impacts. A systematic literature review is
one of the ways to review existing literature in more systematic
ways. Moreover, according to Dewey and Drahota (2016), SLR is a
process that classifies, selects, and critically appraises the previous
studies to answer the formulated question. In SLR, the protocol or
plan is specified before the review process. SLR is an organised and
transparent process where the searching effort is conducted over
several databases and a similar process can be replicated and
reproduced by other researchers. It covers a rigorous search strat-
egy that enables researchers to answer a defined question (Xiao
and Watson, 2019). The systematic review offers details on the
performed review process (e.g., keywords used, articles selection)
for others to reproduce the investigation, confirm the analysis or
study the generality. Although there are some studies that
attempted to systematically review the issue on indigenous peo-
ple’s adaptation towards climate change impacts, nevertheless,
their focus is not on the groups settled in the Asia Pacific region. A
study by Jaakkola et al. (2018) for example, place their focus on
groups settled in the European Union while Ford et al. (2019), place
their focus on Africa and Asia. Lack of studies on the indigenous
people from the Asia Pacific region has driven to a lack of under-
standing and failure to comprehend the related existing literature
in a systematic way.
The review is guided by the central research question e What
are the climate change adaptation strategies practiced by the
indigenous people in the Asia Pacific region? This study aimed to fill
the gap by review previous related studies systematically to gain
more understanding of recognising and describing the adaptation
pattern of climate change among the indigenous people in Asia
Pacific region. The region was selected due to several reasons. First,
70% of the global indigenous population is placed in the Asia Pacific
region and it is believed that most of these groups are affected by
climate change impacts. Second, past empirical data revealed the
occurrence of climate change and its formidable impacts on Asia
Pacific regions and its community (Li et al., 2019; Shaffril et al.,
2018, 2019; Shannon et al., 2019; Struzik, 2016; Hijioka et al., 2014).
The study offers several significant contributions with regard to
the practical and the body of knowledge. By referring to the study,
the interested parties such as policy maker, public, researchers and
environmentalist can now understand that there is a mounting
need to integrate indigenous knowledge in any adaptation and
natural resource management strategies in response to environ-
mental and other forms of change. This can narrow down the gap in
available information on traditional knowledge and climate change
adaptation, and to encourage respect for traditional knowledge and
the role of indigenous peoples in policy development. Furthermore,
the study enables the interested parties to understand the current
adaptation practiced and enables them to strategise adaptation
plan that is in line with the needs, abilities and interests of the
indigenous people in the Asia Pacific region. For the researchers
specifically, the study informed on the specific areas and content of
researches that should be the focus of their studies.
2. Methodology
2.1. The review protocol - ROSES
The present study was guided by ROSES review protocol. ROSES
or RepOrting standards for Systematic Evidence Syntheses are
designed specifically for systematic review and maps for environ-
ment management field (Haddaway et al., 2018). ROSES aims to
prompting researchers to ensure they offer the right information
with the correct level of detail. Based on this review protocol, the
3
authors started its SLR by formulating appropriate research ques-
tions for the review. Then, the authors explain on the systematic
searching strategy which consists of three main sub-procceses
namely identification, screening (inclusion and exclusion criteria)
and eligibility. Then, the authors proceed to appraisal of quality on
the selected articles whereby the authors explain on the strategy
applied to ensure the quality of the articles to be reviewed. Lastly,
the authors explain on how the data were abstracted for the review
and how the abstracted data were analysed and validated.
2.2. Formulation of research questions
The formulation of research question for this study was based
on PICo. PICo is a tool that assist authors to develop suitable
research question for the review. PICo is based on three main
concepts namely Population or Problem, Interest and Context.
Based on these concepts, the authors have included three main
aspects in the review namely Indigenous people (Population),
climate change adaptation strategy (Interest) and Asia Pacific
(context) which then guide the authors to formulate its main
research question e What are the climate change adaptation stra-
tegies practiced by the indigenous people in Asia Pacific region?
2.3. Systematic searching strategies
There are three main processes in the systematic searching
strategies process namely identification, screening, and eligibility
(refer to Fig. 2).
2.3.1. Identification
Identification is a process to search any synonym, related terms,
and variation for the main keywords for the study namely climate
change, adaptation ability, and indigenous people. It aims to pro-
vide more options for selected database to search for more related
articles for the review. The keywords are developed based on the
research question as suggested by Okoli (2015) and the identifica-
tion process relied on online thesaurus, keywords used by past
studies, keywords suggested by Scopus, and keywords suggested
by experts. The authors managed to enrich the existing keywords
and developed full search string (based on Boolean operator, phrase
searching, truncation, wild card, and field code functions) on the
two main databases namely Scopus and Web of Science (Table 1).
These two databases have the ability to be leading databases in a
systematic literature review due to several advantages it possesses
such as advance searching functions, comprehensive (indexing
more than 5000 publishers), it controls the articles’s quality and
have multidicspilinary focus, including environment management
related studies (Martin-Martin et al., 2018; Gusenbauer and
Haddaway, 2019). The third database, namely Google Scholar was
selected as an additional database. Whenever appropriate, combi-
nation of keywords such as “climate change”, “Climate variability”,
“Global Warming”, Indigenous peoples” and aborigines were
practiced via functions of phrase searching and Boolean operator
(OR, AND). The selection of Google Scholar as additional database is
in line with suggestion by Haddaway et al. (2015) who noted the
ability of Google Scholars to act as supporting database in sys-
tematic review process. Furthermore, the selection of Google
scholars is based on several advantageous. First it produces enor-
mous results as Gusenbauer (2019) in their study concluded that
389 millions documents are available in this database. Orduna-
Malea et al., (2017) on the other hand concluded that there are
165 millions articles journals available in Google Scholar while
Google Scholar seems excellent at retrieving known scholarly items
(including from established publishers) compared with discovery
tools (Loan and Sheikh, 2018). The searching process in these three
4 H.A. Mohamed Shaffril et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 258 (2020) 120595

Table 1
The search string.

Database Search string

Scopus TITLE-ABS-KEY (( "Climat* chang*" OR "Climat* risk*" OR "climat* variabilit*" OR "climat* extrem*" OR "climat* uncertaint*" OR "global warming*" OR
"temperature ris*" OR "sea level ris*" OR "el-nino" OR "la-nina") AND ("Adapt* abilit*" OR "adapt* strateg*" OR "adapt* capacit*" OR "adapt* capabilit*" OR
"adapt* strength*" OR "adapt* potential*" OR "adopt* abilit*" OR "adopt* capacity*" OR "adopt* capabilit*" OR "Adopt* potential*" OR "adopt* strategy*")
AND ("indigenous people*" OR "indigenous communit*" OR "indigenous group*" OR "native* people*" OR "primitive* people*" OR "primitive* communit*"
OR "primitive* group*" OR "aboriginal* people*" OR "aboriginal* communit*") )
Web of TS¼ (( "Climat* chang*" OR "Climat* risk*" OR "climat* variabilit*" OR "climat* extrem*" OR "climat* uncertaint*" OR "global warming*" OR "temperature
Science ris*" OR "sea level ris*" OR "el-nino" OR "la-nina") AND ("Adapt* abilit*" OR "adapt* strateg*" OR "adapt* capacit*" OR "adapt* capabilit*" OR "adapt*
strength*" OR "adapt* potential*" OR "adopt* abilit*" OR "adopt* capacity*" OR "adopt* capabilit*" OR "Adopt* potential*" OR "adopt* strategy*") AND
("indigenous people*" OR "indigenous communit*" OR "indigenous group*" OR "native* people*" OR "primitive* people*" OR "primitive* communit*" OR
"primitive* group*" OR "aboriginal* people*" OR "aboriginal* communit*") )

databases namely Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholars have
resulted in a total of 200 articles. Fig. 1.
2.3.2. Screening
This study screened all the 200 selected articles by choosing the
criteria for articles selection which is done automatically based on
the sorting function available in the database. The selection criteria
are based on the research question as suggested by Kitchenham
and Charters (2007). As it is almost impossible for the researchers
to review all the existing published articles, hence, Okoli (2015)
suggested the researchers should determine range of period that
they able to review. Higgins and Green (2011) on the other hand
stated that restriction on timeline publication should be activated
only if it is known that related studies could only have been re-
ported during a specific time period. Based on the searching pro-
cess on the selected database, it was realized that the number of
studies related to indigenous people’s adaptation strategies to-
wards climate change impacts have multiplied starting from 2010.
Meanwhile, the reason for limiting the search to 2018 was due to
the searching process that started in May 2019 and the year still
have not come to end. Therefore, based on this, the timeline be-
tween 2010 and 2018 was selected as one of the inclusion criteria.
Furthermore, to ensure the quality of review, only articles with
empirical data and published in a journal are included. Moreover,
only articles published in English are incorporated in the review to
avoid confusion in understanding. For the study’s objective, only
articles published in Asia Pacific countries are selected (Table 2).
This process had excluded 71 articles as they did not fit the inclu-
sion criteria and removed 18 duplicated articles. The remaining 111
articles were used for the third process e eligibility.
2.3.3. Eligibility
Eligibility is the third process where the authors manually
monitored the retrieved articles to ensure all the remaining articles
(after the screening process) are in line with the criteria. This
process was done by reading the title and abstract of the articles.
This process excluded 86 articles due to focus on vulnerability
rather than adaptation, focus on perception on climate change
rather than adaptation on climate change, focus on socio-ecological
changes and not climate change, conducted in non-Asia Pacific
countries, focus on review not empirical data, focus on barriers on
adaptation, the methodology section is not clearly defined, and
published in the form of chapter in book. Overall, there were only
25 selected articles.
2.4. Quality appraisal
In ensuring the quality of the articles’ content, the remaining
articles were presented to two experts for quality assessment.
Petticrew and Roberts (2006) suggested that experts should rank
the remaining articles into three quality categories namely high,
moderate, and low. Only articles categorised as high and moderate
should be reviewed. The experts focused on the methodology of the
articles to determine the rank of the quality. In order for the articles

Fig. 1. The research gap.

 H.A. Mohamed Shaffril et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 258 (2020) 120595 5

IDENTIFICATION Records retrieved using

databases (Scopus, Web of
Science, Google Scholar)
(n =200)

Records excluded due to published before 2009, published in a form of ar cle

review, chapters in book, book series, book, conference proceeding, published
in Non-english, studies conducted in Non-asia pacific countries
(n = 71 )
SCREENING

Total records a er screened Duplicates records are

removed (n = 18)
(n = 129)
ELIGIBILITY

Full-text ar cles assessed for Full-text ar cles excluded due heavy

eligibility (Title and abstract focus on vulnerability rather than
screen) adapta on, focus on percep on on
(n = 111) climate change rather than
adapta on on climate change, focus
on socio-ecological changes and not
climate change, conducted in non-
Asia Pacific countries, focus on
QUALITY APPRAISAL Ar cles ready for quality
review not empirical data, heavily
appraisal focus on barriers on adapta on, its
methodology sec on is not clearly
(n = 25)
defined, not clearly stated whether
The expert reviewers their target groups are indigenous
categorized 18 ar cles people or not, published in a form of
chapter in book
as high quality and (n = 86)
seven ar cles as
moderate quality
Ar cles ready for
qualita ve synthesis
DATA ABSTRACTION
AND ANALYSIS (n = 25)

Fig. 2. The Flow diagram (adapted from Shaffril et al. (2019).

6 H.A. Mohamed Shaffril et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 258 (2020) 120595
Table 2
The inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Criteria Inclusion
Timeline 2010e2018
Document type Article journal (empirical data)
Language English
Regions Asia pacific countries
to be included in the review, both authors must mutually agreed
that the quality must at least at a moderate level. Any disagreement
were discussed between them before deciding on the inclusion or
exclusion of the articles for the review. This process had ranked 18
articles as high and seven articles as moderate. Thus, all of the
remaining articles were eligible for the review.
2.5. Data abstraction and analysis
This study relied on integrative review. This technique allowed
diverse research designs (quantitative, qualitative, mixed-method)
to be included in the review. According to Whittemore and Knafl
(2005), the best way to synthesise or analyse integrative data is
by using qualitative or mixed-method techniques that enable the
researcher to conduct iterative comparisons across the primary
data sources. The present study selected the qualitative technique.
The researcher read the 25 articles thoroughly particularly in the
sections of abstract, results and discussions. The data abstraction
was conducted based on the research questions, it denotes that any
data from the reviewed studies that are able to answer the research
questions were abstracted and placed in a table. Subsequently, the
researcher performed thematic analysis that identified themes and
sub-themes based on efforts related to noting patterns and themes,
clustering, counting, noting similarities, and relationship that
existed within the abstracted data (Braun and Clarke, 2006). The-
matic analysis is considered as the most suitable in synthesizing a
mixed research design (integrative) (Flemming et al., 2018). It is
explained as a descriptive method that reduces the data in a flexible
mode that merges with other data analysis techniques (Vaismoradi
et al., 2013).
The first step of a thematic analysis is to generate themes. In the
process, the authors tried to identify patterns that emerged among
the abstracted data of all reviewed articles. Any similar or related
abstracted data were pooled in a group and eventually, a total of
seven main groups were created. The authors then re-examined the
seven groups of data and found other 22 sub-groups. The next
process involved reviewing the accuracy of these themes, in this
process the authors re-examined all the main and sub-themes
generated in order to ensure its usefulness and accurate repre-
sentations of the data. Within this process, two sub-themes were
excluded e one theme under the theme of technological assistance,
and another one under the theme of food and water security. Once
the process was completed, the finalized patterns are seven main-
themes and twenty sub-themes. Afterwards, the authors proceeded
to the next stage by naming the themes for each group and their
sub-group. The authors started naming the themes for the main
group first before naming the themes for the sub-group. Table 3.
The development of themes was done using this technique in a
group consisting of corresponding author and co-authors with the
theme of the findings. During the development of the themes, the
researcher discussed on any inconsistencies, thought, puzzles, or
any ideas that could be associated with the interpretation of the
data until the point of agreement on the adjustment of the devel-
oped themes and sub-themes. The developed themes and sub-
themes were presented to two-panel experts e both of them are
experts in qualitative technique and community development
Exclusion
<2010
Article review, chapters in book, book series, book, conference proceeding
Non-English
Non-Asia Pacific countries
study. The experts were asked to evaluate seven themes and 20
sub-themes subjectively. Both of them agreed that the themes and
sub-themes were appropriate and relevant to the results of the
review.
3. Results
3.1. Background of the selected articles
The review managed to obtain 25 selected articles. Based on the
thematic analysis, seven themes were developed namely
technology-assisted, traditional and local knowledge, social-related
activities, livelihood diversity, government support, food and water
securities, and physical infrastructure. Further analysis of the
themes has resulted in 20 sub-themes. Out of 25 selected articles,
eight studies were conducted in Australia, six studies were con-
ducted in India, two studies were conducted in Nepal, and one
study was conducted in these countries namely China, New Zea-
land, Vietnam, Philippines, Fiji, Vanuatu, and Bangladesh. There
was one study conducted simultaneously in Canada and Nepal e for
this article, only data related to Nepal were included while another
study was conducted simultaneously in Fiji and Vanuatu, data from
both countries are considered as both are Asia Pacific countries. Out
of 25 selected articles, two were published in 2010, one in 2011, four
in 2013, three in 2014, two in 2015, six in 2016, six in 2017 and one
article published in 2018.
3.2. - the themes and the sub-themes
3.2.1. Technology-assisted
Technology evolution related to ICT offers various benefits to
indigenous people including their adaptation to climate change.
The majority of indigenous people in Australia still prefer using the
traditional ICT such as radio, television, video recording in
disseminating, sharing or getting related information while in the
Philippines, the indigenous are relying on early warning systems to
proactively prepared against climate related disasters (Petheram
et al., 2010; Aldon et al., 2016; Nursey-bray and Palmer, 2018).
Race and Mathew (2016) on the other hand found that the
aboriginal fire management experience and knowledge are inte-
grated with remote sensing technology and contemporary science.
Instead of ICT related tools, other indigenous groups are relying on
others related technology device or tools to assist them in their
adaptation efforts. Petheram et al. (2015) for example, noted that
the indigenous communities in Nothern Territory Australia are
relying on mini van to take them out hunting on a regular basis
while, the Kharay clans in India purchased and use Liquefied Pe-
troleum Gas (LPG) to reduce the use of fuel woods (Shimrah, 2017).
3.2.2. Traditional and local knowledge
Most of the indigenous people in the Asia Pacific region use
traditional and local knowledge for hunting, fishing, gardening, and
water preservation (Green et al., 2010; Sayles and Mulrennan, 2010;
Race and Mathew, 2016; Rigby et al., 2011; Petheram et al., 2010).
Sayles and Mulrennan (2010) stated that the familiarity of the
environment with traditional knowledge, local experience and
Table 3
The themes and the sub-themes.
Studies Years Region Technology Traditional Livelihood Government Food and Social Physical
assisted and local diversity and water related infrastructure
knowledge organizations securities activities
support

ICT OT HF WF IN AG LD SC EC EN FQ WS KE SS CV M KS SA BN DP

1. Petheram et al. 2010 Australia / / / / / / / /

2. Green et al. 2010 Australia / /
3. Rigby et al. 2011 Australia / / /
4. Piya et al. 2013 Nepal / / / / /
5. Leonard et al. 2013 Australia / / / /
6. Zander et al. 2013 Australia / / /
7. Son 2013 Vietnam / / /
8. McNamara and Prasad 2014 Fiji and / / / / / /
Vanuatu
9. Aryal et al., 2014 Nepal / / / /
10. Manning et al. 2014 New / / / /
Zealand
11. Petheram et al. 2015 Australia / / /
12. Rautela and Karki 2015 India / / /
13. Aldon et al. 2016 Philippines / / / / / /
14. Race et al. 2016 Australia / / / / /
15. Rahman and Alam 2016 Bangladesh / / / / /
16. Janif et al. 2016 Fiji / / / / /
17. Shukla et al. 2016 India / / /
18. Zhang et al. 2016 China / / /
19. Ingty 2017 India / / / / / / / / /
20. Kodirekkala 2017 India / /
21. Granderson 2017 Vanuatu / / / / / / / / /
22. Jha et al. 2017 India / / /
23. Thontorn and Comberti 2017 Nepal / / / /
24. Shimrah 2017 India / / /
25. Nursey Bray and Palmer 2018 Australia / / / /

Technology Traditional and local Livelihood diversity Government and Food and water Social related activities Physical infrastructure
assisted knowledge organizations securities
support

ICT ¼ ICT devices related HF ¼ hunting, fishing, gardening; water and land preservations IN ¼ Income/Skill related diversities SC ¼ Social support FQ ¼ Food quota and food storage KE ¼ Knowledge and BN ¼ Building new or
OT ¼ Others WF ¼ weather forecasting AG ¼ Agriculture EC ¼ Economic support WS ¼ Quantity and Quality of experience sharing strengthening the
related diversities EN ¼ Environmental support water supply SS ¼ Strong social existing infrastructure
LD ¼ Land/sites relationship DP ¼ Disaster
diversification SI ¼ Social influence prevention and
CV ¼ Cultural value management
M ¼ Migration
KS ¼ Kinship
support
H.A. Mohamed Shaffril et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 258 (2020) 120595

SA ¼ Strengthen
safety and security
7
8 H.A. Mohamed Shaffril et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 258 (2020) 120595
memories of earlier generations offer a stable base for the indige-
nous people to face uncertainty and unpredictability. In terms of
climate change adaptation, having traditional and local knowledge
is a great advantage as they know the suitable time of ‘when and
where’ for their socio-economic routines. In Australia, the Laja-
manu and the Mirriwong communities perform regular patch
burning at specific times of the day and season for individual
species which reduce the risks of wildfire, reduces vegetation
density, enhance the growth of fresh grass and bush food, incease
access for land and waterways and force wildlife out for hunting
which consequently conserve certain plants and animal species
(Race and Mathew, 2016; Leonard et al., 2013). Leonard et al. (2013)
added that the Mirriwong people are using riparian vegetation to
reduce the temperatures during hot season to provide safe habitat
for aquatic life. Petheram et al. (2010) on another important note,
revealed that some indigenous seniors use traditional knowledge of
the natural environment to combat extreme weather impacts. For
example, they harvest water from particular trees during dry con-
ditions or dry and preserve food for storage without refrigeration.
Meanwhile, the Lepcha community in India adopted the use of
mulch (straw, leaf of plant and herbaceous plant) to conserve the
soil moisture and manage soil temperature and rely on traditional
agroforestry system to control microclimate and temperature
during the summer season (Shukla et al., 2016).
The indigenous people still rely on environmental indicators
(clouds, star, behaviour of wildlife, direction of the tide flow,
snowdrifts, and direction of currents) to predict changes in the
climate which are vital for their survival and lessening the impacts
of the climate change (Green et al., 2010; Nursey-bray and Palmer,
2018; Kodirekkala, 2017; Ingty, 2017; Granderson, 2017; Son, 2013;
Leonard et al., 2013; Petheram et al., 2010). The Mirriwong people
in Australia on the other hand are observing the behaviour and
reproduction of flora and fauna to alert them on seasonal changes,
for example, the Mirriwong observe when the Woolegalegeng
flowers to alert on the thunderstorm, and the arrival of thunder-
storm signals the start of the bush melon season (Leonard et al.,
2013). The indigenous in Vatelulu Island Fiji are practicing the
same technique by observing the hornet, whereby they stated that
when the hornet starts to build their nest closer to the ground than
usual, it is a signal of tropical cyclone is approaching (Janif et al.,
2020). In India, the community of Lachenpas and Dokpas utilise a
complex system of forecasting seasons founded on the phenolog-
ical stages of specific species in the surrounding biodiversity. They
rely on the migration season of the bird to notice the beginning and
end of the monsoon season. The indigenous peoples also linked the
changing migration patterns of the bird to the altered rainfall
patterns (Ingty, 2017). In Vanuatu, people’s knowledge of biocli-
matic indicators that connect changes in cloud formation, wind
direction, tides, and other environmental circumstances with the
behaviour of flora and fauna allows them to take proactive actions
against any possible impacts of climate change. For example, the
appearance of the Palolo sea worm (Eunice Viridis) which indicates
the rain and time to plant yams in Tongoa and other parts of
Vanuatu (Granderson, 2017).
3.2.3. Social-related activities
Under this theme, this study obtained six sub-themes. First is
the knowledge or experience sharing. In Vietnam, the locals in
northern region rely largely on their experience, traditional prac-
tices and knowledge gained from environmental observations (Son,
2013). In Australia, the indigenous peoples shared stories regarding
local activities to assist others in remembering how the traditional
culture is connected to land while in other Australian region such as
Arabana, the olders are teaching the youth on their family histories
dealing with climate variability (Rigby et al., 2011; Nursey-bray and
Palmer, 2018). Leonard et al. (2013) stated that the Mirriwong
people use their seasonal calendar to enhance scientific under-
standing of climate change and as effective ways to disseminate and
share traditional ecological knowledge with the younge generation.
In Fiji, the communities practiced storytelling and oral instruction
and considered both as the most culturally valid methods for
communicating their adaptation knowledge to the younger gen-
eration (Janif et al., 2020).
A strong social relationship is developed as the second sub-
theme under social-related activities. In Australia, the Lajamanu
community linked the social capital as they managed to establish
strong linkage and networking with outsiders and organizations to
obtain new information and alternative skills and additional re-
sources in adapting to the changing climate (Race and Mathew,
2016). Strong leadership and respect for village and community
leaders, mutual supports, good relationship with the government
officers and political representatives have accelerated the rescue
process and strengthen the indigenous people’s adaptation ability
(Aryal et al., 2014; Granderson, 2017). The Dzumsa community in
India pooled and redistributed fees to offer an economic assistance
to the poor community (Ingty, 2017). Furthermore, people in Tala-
kot and Simikot are involved in business (hotel and teashop) due to
several social influence factors. After they saw others successfully
undertaking a novel and alternative livelihood, they are encouraged
by their successful colleagues after gaining useful advice from
colleagues in similar occupation (Thontorn and Comberti, 2017).
The cultural value emerged as the third sub-theme. To maintain
cultural value is a vital adaptation strategy as claimed by Petheram
et al. (2010) and Nursey-bray and Palmer (2018). Leonard et al.
(2013) noted that the Mirriwong people in Australia have cultural
protocol that restrict them to harvest, hunting and collecting water
in certain time period. Understandably, fail to abide to this cultural
protocol will result in negative outcomes such as bad weather and
physical ill while in India, indigenous people of higher Himalaya in
Uttarakhand, are abide to customary laws and practising conser-
vation ritual to conserve their forest and its resources (Rautela and
Karki, 2015). In Vitu Levu Island, Fiji, the indigenous considered the
climate change happens due to God’s will and the best thing they
should do to make God help them to reduce the impacts is by
praying more and be a good people with good hearts (Janif et al.,
2020). In Arabana Australia, to maintain their cultural values, the
indigenous people are establishing Cultural Revitalization Centres
and Cultural keeping Centres (Nursey-bray and Palmer, 2018).
Migration is another effective adaptation strategy practised by
the indigenous peoples (Granderson, 2017; Aldon et al., 2016; Janif
et al., 2020; Zander et al., 2013). During difficult weather conditions
such as drought or stressor on resources, the mobility ability of
Dzumsa community in India assisted them in lessening the impacts
(Ingty, 2017). This strategy is also practised by the indigenous
groups in Australia where they migrated to avoid extreme weather
to continue operating their routine (e.g., hunting, ceremonywhile
in the Philippines, the locals relocate their family temporarily to a
safer place to protect them from the climate related disaster
(Petheram et al., 2010; Aldon et al., 2016) The Majhigaun seasonal
migration to the urban regions by indigenous youth in India helped
to diversify their livelihood sources (Aryal et al., 2014).
The next sub-theme is kinship support. In Vanuatu, the indig-
enous peoples seek help from their kins if they need clean water
supply (Granderson, 2017) while in Nepal, borrowing food or
money or seeking assistance during disaster from the community is
a common practice (Piya and Lall, 2013). . The last theme is
strengthening safety and security aspects. In The Philippines, they
indigenous have prepared survival kits in case of disasters (Aldon
et al., 2016) while in Fiji, the older villagers are moved to village
evacuation center and the young villagers offer their assists to
 H.A. Mohamed Shaffril et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 258 (2020) 120595
Fig. 3. Recommendation for future studies.
others in preparing their houses and moved the seniors to the
evacuation center (McNamara and Prasad).
3.2.4. Livelihood diversity
The first sub-theme under this livelihood diversity is income/
skill related diversities. The majority of indigenous people are
diversifying via alternate employment and income sources
(Thontorn and Comberti, 2017; Ingty, 2017; Jha et al., 2017; Rahman
and Alam, 2016; Aldon et al., 2016; Aryal et al., 2014; Piya and Lall,
2013). In Nepal, having alternatives income that is non-climate
related (e.g. clerks, office-guards, carpenters) offer advantages to
the communities since the income flow is not affected to any
climate change related impacts (Piya and Lall, 2013). Activities
related to re-selling foodstuff and alcohol for example, have
significantly increased profits for the Taklalot shopkeepers in Nepal
(Thontorn and Comberti, 2017). In India, despite relying on their
household leader for generating income, other members were
actively involved in various occupations such as hotel owners,
tourist taxi drivers, and porters (Ingty, 2017) while in Bangladesh,
the tribes of Khasia, Tripura, and Garo initiated handicrafts busi-
ness, involving fish farming and livestock rearing for extra earnings.
The second sub-theme is agriculture-related diversity. The
indigenous peoples in India, Vanuatu and Nepal are switching their
main crops to alternative crops (Kodirekkala, 2017; Jha et al., 2017;
Granderson, 2017; Rautela and Karki, 2015; Shukla et al., 2016; Piya
and Lall, 2013). The Konda Reddis community in India is adapting to
climate change by shifting from jeelugu (forest-based food re-
sources) to an alternative species of tati, Tanghkul community in
India on the other hand, grown peas and broad beans after the
harvest of maize, potatoes and cucurbits. In VanuatuVanuatu, they
plant surplus crops (tabu garden) during extreme weather and in
Nepal, the indigenous people are diversified from subsistence
farming to cash crops (tomatoes, vegetables, and pulses)
(Granderson, 2017; Kodirekkala, 2017; Shimrah, 2017). The various
types of crop and livestock ensure they can enjoy sufficient food
supply which reduces their vulnerability (Jha et al., 2017; Ingty,
2017; Zhang et al., 2016; Rahman and Alam, 2016; Aryal et al.,
2014; Piya and Lall, 2013). In China, the Naxi community relied
on 136 edible plants to fulfil their food demand during drought;
9
while in India, the indigenous peoples practised mixed cropping in
small strips of land to maximise their incomes and food production
(Jha et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2016; Rautela and Karki, 2015). In
Nepal, as the livestock is less affected to climate change compared
to crops such as cereals, the livestock is reared and sold during
emergencies such as droutht (Piya and Lall, 2013). The indigenous
people introduced crops that are more tolerant of extreme weather.
The Dzumsa in India has high altitude crops including maize, cab-
bages, and pumpkins at Lachen (2700 m amsl), while other groups
such as in Fiji are encouraged to plant yam and tapioca which can
survive the harsh conditions before the onset of the dry season,
Chepang household in Nepal adopted short duration improved
maize varieties during delayed onset of post-winter rains, H’mong
people in Vietnam used drought resistant maize though it is lower
in its productivity compared to thehybrid variety, while the Naxi in
China introduced life-saving famine plants for extreme drought
conditions (Ingty, 2017; Zhang et al., 2016; Mcnamara and Prasad,
2014; Son, 2013; Piya and Lall, 2013). The naxi also maximised
the usage of every part of the edible plants, including fruits, roots,
seeds, aerial parts, whole plants, tender stems and leaves, tender
stems without leaves, kernels, flowers, and leaves Zhang et al.
(2016).
Some areas in the indigenous settlement are formidably affected
by climate change and some of them practise land or site diversi-
fication. The Tanghkul community in India are selective in their
agricultural field to ensure that it suits and capable to response to
the changing climate (Shimrah, 2017). while those in China maxi-
mise nearly all the land to produce edible plants (Zhang et al.,
2016).
3.2.5. Government support
The next theme is government support and it can be divided
into three sub-themes namely social supports, economic supports,
and environmental supports. Several past studies stated that the
social supports offered by the government and related organiza-
tions were effective adaptation strategies (Ingty, 2017; Thorntorn
and Comberti, 2017; Aldon et al., 2016; Manning et al., 2014;
Rigby et al., 2011; Petheram et al., 2010). Most of the social sup-
ports were done by providing related programs and training that
10 H.A. Mohamed Shaffril et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 258 (2020) 120595
are directly and indirectly preparing and strengthening their
adaptive capacity. For example, the Maori Specific Institution in
New Zealand conducted Te Ru  nanga Papatipu o Arowhenua in
bringing people together to ‘get things done’ (Manning et al., 2014)
while the Alaskan Federation of Natives provided conspecific
learning and visions of fundamental change within the rural energy
systems among the native leaders, villagers, and tribes (Thorntorn
and Comberti, 2017). Rigby et al. (2011) demonstrated the signifi-
cant roles of community-based aboriginal health programs in
Australia. The programs offer social support and emotional health
during drought and they aim to educate the indigenous peoples to
have better health and behaviour in responding to dry and hot
weather. In another region of Australia, in the Nothern territory,
schools authority have organized school hunting trips for the
indigenous children (Petheram et al., 2015).
Providing the second sub-theme namely the economic supports
can strengthen the adaptation ability (Ingty, 2017; Thorntorn and
Comberti, 2017; Petheram et al., 2010). In Australia, the Commu-
nity Development Employment Programs (CDEP) was established
and aimed to maximise job opportunities and offer income support
scheme (Petheram et al., 2010). Dzumsa Institution in India controls
the resources usage to avert overuse and maintain resource buffers
to create economic security (Ingty, 2017) The third sub-theme is
environmental supports. The climate change impacts are expected
to cause formidable effects on the environment and natural re-
sources. Hence, traditional institutions like the Dzumsa protect
their resources to prevent overuse and maintain resource buffers
(Ingty, 2017). Institution like the Marae and the Arowhenua
Mataitai Roopu in New Zealand assessed the waterways across the
Arowhenua area to identify any threatening environmental im-
pacts. In India, the Tanghkul community have the formal institution
such as Traditional Village Council which is responsible to ensure
that natural resources are governed and managed effectively while
at the same time, they also established informal institution consists
of youth association, women association, religious group, clan
(shang) and locality (tang) that responsible to manage and control
water harvesting and maintenance of trees (Shimrah, 2017).
3.2.6. Food and water securities
The first sub-theme focuses on food quota and food storage.
People in Vanuatu are restricting the community to operate their
fishing activities in certain marine fishing areas or harvesting fruits
or nuts in the forest for a period of one to five years. The Dzumsa in
India has a similar practice whereby they forbid the slaughter and
sale of sheep for three years and only allow it after the stock has
become stable (Ingty, 2017). Some of the indigenous people planted
highly resistance crops (legumes) as well as preserved, stocked, and
stored their food and fodder to prevent crop reduction and have
continuous food supply during extreme weather conditions
(Granderson, 2017; Ingty, 2017; Zhang et al., 2016; Janif et al., 2020;
Mcnamara and Prasad, 2014). The villagers in Naselesele, Fiji, for
example are encouraged to plant sweet potatoes before December
as they will have continuous food supply during cyclone while
other groups in Fiji are burying to ferment “cyclone foods” like
breadfruit and plantain (Janif et al., 2020; Mcnamara and Prasad,
2014). In Australia, the indigenous people rely on bushfoods,
particularly marine foods and for them, such adaptation strategy
play important role to strengthen community resilience to climate
shocks (Petheram et al., 2015). The Naxi in China and the Chepang
in Nepal on the other hand, used supplementary edible plants as
their main diet because the staple edible plants are limited during
drought (Zhang et al., 2016; Piya and Lall, 2013).
The second sub-theme is the quantity and quality of water
supply. Some of them constructed water storage facilities to allow
them enjoy continuous water supply for daily and agriculture usage
(Jha et al., 2017; Rahman and Alam, 2016; Shukla et al., 2016;
Rautela and Karki, 2015; Aryal et al., 2014; Piya and Lall, 2013;
Mcnamara and Prasad, 2014). In India and the Philippines, the
indigenous people built wells while some in India constructed
percolation tanks, and ponds to conserve and harvest surface water
and groundwater (Aldon et al., 2016; Aryal et al., 2014) In Nepal,
there were community-level drinking water supplies (taps) that
offer water consistently throughout the year (Jha et al., 2017). In
Vanuatu, Granderson, (2017) stated that the indigenous people
tried to relocate their farms to nearer spring and gardens while
placing taboo on certain usage of rainwater (e.g., bathing and
washing clothes) or certain activities (e.g., piggeries near water
sources). Instead of having enough water supply, the indigenous
people tried to control the quality of the water supply (Zander et al.,
2013). Jha et al. (2017) and Granderson, (2017) noted that the
increased access to water had offered safe drinking water.
3.2.7. Physical infrastructure
Two sub-themes are discussed under this theme. First is related
to constructing or strengthening the existing infrastructure. Some
of the strategies are building walls to protect property (Rahman and
Alam, 2016; Aldon et al., 2016; Manning et al., 2014), renovate
house to withstand extreme events (Rahman and Alam, 2016; Race
and Mathew, 2016; Janif et al., 2020; Zander et al., 2013), construct
new roads and reconstruct existing one to have better access to
neighbouring communities and nearest town (Rahman and Alam,
2016; Race and Mathew, 2016; Zander et al., 2013) and tying the
roof down with rope and fastening it to a large sturdy tree
(Mcnamara and Prasad, 2014). Interestingly, indigenous peoples in
Vanuatu are still relying on traditional styles and materials such as
wild cane to construct weather-resilience settlement (Granderson,
2017).
The second sub-theme is related to constructing related infra-
structure to prevent or manage disaster. In Vanuatu, the commu-
nities tried to lessen the risks by building their settlement away
from flood-prone areas while people who opt to stay dug drains
around their settlement and replanted vegetation for flood and
shoreline protection in flood-prone areas (Granderson, 2017). In
Bangladesh, people who stay in flood-prone areas are planting
more trees surrounding the locality (Rahman and Alam, 2016). Race
and Mathew (2016) noted that indigenous people in Australia
opted to stay in their houses with comfortable buildings and set-
tings during extreme weather to lessen the risks. The Lamnio vil-
lagers in Vanuatu on the other hand are building their own
evacuation center using bamboo, sugarcane and banana leaves, the
evacuation center is also known as the hurricane house among the
locals (Mcnamara and Prasad, 2014).
4. Discussion
The thematic analyses developed seven themes and 20 sub-
themes. This section presented further discussions of the devel-
oped themes. Livelihood diversity is one of the effective strategies
practised by the aborigine people to absorb climate change im-
pacts. Having alternate employment and income sources, some of
the adaptation strategies related to livelihood diversity by Taklalot
shopkeepers in Nepal, the Khasia, Tripura, and Garo in Bangladesh,
the Konda Reddis community in India and the Naxi community in
China. Having more diverse livelihood options noted the decreasing
of sole and heavy reliance of these groups on single income-
generating activity e a term coined as the ‘specialisation trap’ by
Coulthard (2008). The diverse skills offer them opportunities to
maximise the flexible use of all available capitals to sustain their
livelihood and reduce the risks and vulnerability associated with
the climate change impacts (Zhang et al., 2019). In avoiding failure,
 H.A. Mohamed Shaffril et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 258 (2020) 120595
any community’s plan on livelihood diversification must consider
all the community’s needs, abilities, interests, and influential fac-
tors such as age, experience, household size, and household income
(Shaffril et al., 2017; Asfaw et al., 2019; Samuel and Sylvia, 2019). It
is believed that the failure to consider all these factors can result in
incorrect targeting and produce fewer impacts that can reduce the
community’s welfare. Asfaw et al. (2019) noted the failure of tar-
geting the diversification strategies to the right group in his study
in which the livelihood diversification strategies are not suitable in
areas dominated by rich people as they opt for better options in
responding to climate-related risks (e.g. technology usage)
compared to the areas settled by the poor where livelihood diver-
sification is one the limited strategies available for them.
The indigenous people in the Asia Pacific region practised social-
related activities associated with knowledge and experience
sharing, strong social relationships, social influence, cultural value,
kinship support, and strengthening safety and security aspects.
Active involvement in social-related activities can result in a
cohesive community that has a stronger sense of belonging to the
community which enables them to disseminate and share knowl-
edge, information, materials, and innovation (Dapilah et al., 2019;
Cherng et al., 2019; Shaffril et al., 2017). The processes develop
diverse skills, greater understanding of cultures, gaining valuable
previous experience, and getting more social supports that are vital
in the community’s climate change adaptation process (Almazan
et al., 2019). This strategy promotes cooperation and reduces so-
cial conflicts to act proactively and reactively before, during, or after
the impacts while expediting the rescue works, minimising asso-
ciated risks, and reducing the number of deaths (Shaffril et al.,
2017). Despite its advantages, strong social cohesiveness that is
related to active involvement in social-related activities is prone to
one problem e the decrease in behavioural diversity (Cherng et al.,
2019). For example, if an individual in a cohesive community
adapted a strategy, most or all households will adopt the behaviour;
when it comes to a situation that requires skill diversity to sustain
and survive, the community might face failure (Cherng et al., 2019).
Migration is another social related activities practiced. Although it
offers several advantageous to the indigenous people such as
earning addional income and to get better climate conditions,
nevertheless, migration creates several problems such as inter-
rupting their children education, abandoned their children and
reducing their men in social activities and local networks (Aryal
et al., 2014).
The indigenous people in Vanuatu, Bangladesh, and Australia
practised building better infrastructure facilities and constructing
them in less prone areas. For example, renovating houses with
stronger materials offers advantages related to the stronger ability
of infrastructure to withstand climate change shocks and stressor in
the long term; while regularly upgrading, replacing, preserving,
and anticipating climate change impacts are vital for in-
frastructures longevity (The Fourth Regional Plan, 2016). Besides
that, building walls will provide stronger protection to the com-
munity, offer more time for preparation or evacuation, reduce
associated risks, and prevent injuries and deaths. Construction of
new roads and reconstruction of the existing one will expedite
community access to important sources and accelerate the rescue
process during emergencies (Bastakoti et al., 2014).
The traditional and local knowledge in the modern world within
the context of climate change adaptation among the indigenous
people plays a significant role. In this review, the knowledge ac-
quired from generation to generation was proven to help the locals
to conduct their socio-economic routines and predict weather. The
traditional knowledge was considered as the most trusted and
reliable sources of local climate information; however, this local
knowledge will disappear due to the climate change impacts and
11
situation where people are opting for more advanced ways of
dealing with climate change stressors (Iticha and Husen, 2019;
Markkula et al., 2019). Nevertheless, some scholars suggested
several ways to ensure its relevance to the modern world. Iticha and
Husen (2019) suggested the integration of indigenous and
contemporary forecasting systems that nurture the prediction ef-
ficiency and applicability of climate information. Active sharing
process can ensure that the knowledge will be continuously
informed between generations, practising information and expe-
rience sharing, storytelling and recording the knowledge in the
form of printed form, audio, or video (Zetten, 2017; Herman, 2016).
Some scholars looked into the possibilities of integrating traditional
knowledge into climate policy such as a study by Shawoo and
Thornton (2019) who evaluated the possibility of greater repre-
sentation and participation of the aborigines within the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
Technologies associated with transportation and ICT related
devices can assist the adaptation of the indigenous people for
reducing the risks, travelling more quickly, weather forecasting,
disseminating, sharing or getting related information. According to
Imam et al. (2017), there is a huge untapped potential of ICT usage
in strengthening the community’s adaptation towards climate
stressors. Within the context of indigenous people’s adaptation, the
strategy is increasingly accepted at the community level due to the
raising awareness at the grassroots level, widening access to related
knowledge and information, and facilitating learning and sharing of
practical knowledge. According to Haworth et al. (2018), several
technical and social factors related to financial, languages, com-
munity partnerships, user collaboration, high quality and local in-
formation via low-tech platforms, organisational trust, clear
business models, and adaptability must be considered before
incorporating technology related devices to community’s adapta-
tion practices. Furthermore, the technology-assisted strategies
require extra costs which might not be the preference among the
poor as they opt for more traditional and less cost adaptation
practices (Asfaw et al., 2019).
The indigenous people practised strategies related to food quota
and food storage, planting highly resistance crops (legumes), pre-
serving, stocking, storing their food and fodder, securing the
quantity and quality of water supply. During extreme weather or
emergency situations, there is a high possibility of scarcity of water
supply and food resources. This strategy allows constant supply of
clean water and food which reduces climate-related risks to the
community and allows them to maintain and secure their
agriculture-related outputs. Ignoring this strategy will cause
formidable impacts. Rakib et al. (2019) discussed the emergence of
health insecurities as the lack of clean water and food supplies can
increase the spread of human diseases (e.g., diarrhoea and starva-
tion) and some studies looked into household financial instability
due to the increasing cost of treatment of health problems, as well
as quality and quantity reduction of agriculture productivity due to
extreme weathers (Rakib et al., 2019; Pandey et al., 2018).
In any strategies related to climate risk reduction, there is the
need for government assistance for social, economic, and envi-
ronmental supports. Shaffril et al. (2019) investigated whether the
government can provide continuous supports and the suitability to
the community’s needs, interests, and abilities. It is believed that
ignoring these aspects will result in useless supports from the
government. Furthermore, any planned programs between the
government, private body, and NGOs should be centralised. The
action is vital as it might avoid conflicts and further strengthen
their cooperation in planning the best policies and strategies while
establishing partnerships with pertinent stakeholders as well as
strengthening the community’s adaptation ability (McCarney et al.,
2011).
12 H.A. Mohamed Shaffril et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 258 (2020) 120595
5. Recommendation
This study suggested several recommendations for the consid-
eration of future scholars. First, more studies are needed to review
climate change adaptation among the indigenous people in Asia
Pacific territories e 70% of the global population of indigenous
people are from this region and the impacts of climate stressor can
have formidable impacts. The systematic review process revealed
that future studies should consider conducting more climate-
related studies on the indigenous people at small island terri-
tories (e.g., American Samoa, Cook Islands, Nauru, New Caledonia,
Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu) within the Asia Pacific region by focusing
on their climate change adaptation practices. The studies are
important due to several reasons. First, the community’s sensitivity
on the nature stability is high in which environment changes might
distract their livelihood as some socio-economic routines are
obstructed by changing climate; second, this region is highly
vulnerable towards climate change impacts especially the rising sea
level (Jamero et al., 2019; Klo € ck and Nunn, 2019). Based on the
pattern from previous studies, this study agreed with Klo €ck and
Nunn (2019) that the available existing studies are unable to offer
clear explanation of how the adaptation towards climate change
impacts in reducing small islands community vulnerability and
increasing their resilience. Therefore, future studies should
consider these gaps. Future scholars can investigate the negative
impacts of adaptation strategies related to technology-assisted,
traditional and local knowledge, livelihood diversity, government
and organizations support, food and water securities, social-related
activities and physical infrastructure. For example, relying too
much on the technology assisted device in order to adapt to the
change might place financial burden to the indigenous while too
much reliance on the government might create passive response
among the community against the climate extremes. Based on the
review, most of the existing studies focused on the positive sides of
adaptation approaches and adding the negative sides might offer
comprehensive understanding among the scholars (refer to Fig. 3).
6. Conclusion
The main purpose of this study is to systematically review the
adaptation of climate change impacts on the indigenous people.
The study offers several significant contributions for practical
purposes and the body of knowledge. From the review, the inter-
ested parties especially the policy maker, public, researchers, and
environmentalist can generate short and long term adaptation
strategies for the native groups. The result offer some basics on how
to integrate local knowledge with scientific findings for the for-
mation of a climate change adaptation policy besides providing
some ideas on the role of the indigenous people in policy devel-
opment. Furthermore, the results inform the researchers on the
specific areas and content of studies related to climate change
adaptation that should be the focus of their studies. The review
concluded that the indigenous people in the Asia Pacific region
practiced the traditional method when responding to climate
change impacts. Social-related activities mostly require inclusion
and cooperation of the surrounding community such as knowledge
sharing, kinship support and cultural values in the adaptation
strategies. The inherited local and traditional knowledge are widely
used for hunting, fishing, gardening, water and land preservation,
and weather forecasting that enable the indigenous people to plan
their proactive and reactive plan for their survival in the worsening
climate change period. It is important to diversify the livelihood
skills in ensuring the sustainability of the indigenous people be-
sides the food and water supply. Despite their heavy reliance on the
old ways for climate change adaptation, some of them rely on a
more advanced method using the available technologies (vehicles
and IT related devices). Moreover, the government assistance of
social, economic, and environmental supports are required to
strengthen the adaptation of indigenous people.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing
financial interests or personal relationships that could have
appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgement
The team would like to thank Universiti Putra Malaysia for
providing research grant (GP/2018/9624300) for this study.
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