STEPS IN HYPOTHESIS TESTING USING THE Z-TEST STEPS IN HYPOTHESIS TESTING USING THE T-

1. Formulate the hypothesis to be tested. TEST

H 0 : μ=x or μ1=μ 2 1. Formulate the hypothesis to be tested.
H a : two-tailed form: μ ≠ x or μ1 ≠ μ2 H 0 : μ=x or μ1=μ 2
one-tailed form: μ< x or μ1 < μ2 H a : two-tailed form: μ ≠ x or μ1 ≠ μ2
μ> x or μ1 > μ2 one-tailed form: μ< x or μ1 < μ 2
2. Determine the appropriate test to be used. μ> x or μ1 > μ 2
3. Determine the critical value c using the table. 2. Determine the appropriate test to be used.
TEST TYPE
One-tailed Two-tailed 3. Compute for the degrees of freedom df and
test test
determine the critical value c using the t−test
α =1 % c=±2.33 c=±2.575
LEVEL OF table.
α =2.5 % c=±1.96 c=±2.33
SIGNIFICANC 4. Compute the t−score.
E α =5 % c=±1.645 c=±1.96
a. For one-sample t-test: Where df =n−1
α =10 % c=±1.28 c=±1.645
x−μ
4. Compute the z−score. t= √n
s
a. For one-sample group:
x−μ b. For two-sample t-test with n1 and n2
z= √n  Two sample means with n1 =n2 or n1 ≠ n2 with
σ
unequal variance:
b. For two-sample groups with n1 and n2
Where df =n1 +n2−2
 Two sample means with n1 =n2=n :
x 1−x 2
z= x1 −x2

√
t=

√
2 2
s1 +s 2 2 2
s1 s 2
n +
n1 n2
 Two population means with n1 =n2=n :
μ1 −μ 2  Two sample means with n1 =n2=n with equal
z= variance:

√
2 2
σ 1 + σ2 Where df =2 n−2
n x 1−x 2
t=

√
 Two sample means with n1 ≠ n2: 2 2
s1 +s 2
x 1−x 2
z= n

√ √
2 2
( n1−1 ) s 1 + ( n2−1 ) s 2 1 1  Two population means with n1 =n2:
∙ +
n1+ n2−2 n1 n 2 Where df =n1 +n2−2
 Two population means with n1 ≠ n2: μ1−μ 2
t=

√
μ1−μ 2 2
σ 1 +σ 2
2
z=

√ √
2 2
( n1−1 ) σ 1 + ( n2 −1 ) σ 2 1 1 n
∙ +  Two sample means withn1 =n2or n1 ≠ n2with equal
n1 +n 2−2 n1 n2
5. Decide whether to accept or not accept H 0. variance:
Where df =n1 +n2−2
If z >c or falls in the rejection region, reject H 0. If
x 1−x 2
z <c or falls in the non-rejection region, fail to t=
reject H 0.
√ √
2 2
( n 1−1 ) s 1 + ( n2−1 ) s 2 1 1
∙ +
n1+ n2−2 n1 n2
 Two population means with n1 ≠ n2:
Where df =n1 +n2−2
μ1−μ2
t=

√ √
2 2
( n 1−1 ) σ 1 + ( n2−1 ) σ 2 1 1
∙ +
n1 +n2−2 n1 n2
5. Decide whether to accept or not accept H 0.