Q-Deformations of Compact Lie Groups As Compact Quantum Groups

q-deformations of compact Lie groups as
Compact Quantum Groups
Manabendra Giri
Indian Statistical Institute, Delhi
April 13, 2023
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Manabendra Giri q-deformations of compact Lie groups as Compact Quantum Gro

q-deformations of compact Lie groups as
Compact Quantum Groups
Indian Statiscal Institute ( Delhi )
August 26, 2020

Introduction
SUq (2)
SUq (n + 1)
Compact Matrix Pseudogroups
Compact Quantum groups
q-deformations of compact Lie groups as Compact Quantum

Introduction
Lie algebra
Universal enveloping algebra
q-deformation
Compact real form

Introduction
Some Observations

Locally compact Hausdorff X =⇒ C0 (X ), || • ||∞ ,
(non-unital ) C* -algebra

Compact Hausdorff X =⇒ C (X ), || • ||∞ ,
unital C* -algebra, Here C0 (X ) = C (X ).
Theorem (Gelfand-Naimark-Segal Theorem)

Abelian unital C* -algebra A =⇒ A ' C (X ); compact
Hausdorff X

Introduction : Encode group structure
G compact group, C (G ) unital C* algebra,

continuous ∆ : C (G ) → C (G × G );
G × G → G; ∆(f )(g , g 0 ) = f (gg 0 )
(g , g 0 ) 7→ gg 0 : C (G ) → C, (f ) = f (e)
eg = ge = g ( ⊗ id)∆(f ) = (id ⊗ )∆(f ) = f
continuous S : C (G ) → C (G )
g 7→ g −1 [S(f )](g ) = f (g −1 )
g −1 g = gg −1 = e m(S ⊗ id)∆(f ) =
m(id ⊗ S)∆(f ) = (f )1A

tentative definition
A is unital C* algebra.
∆ : A → A ⊗ A such that (id ⊗ ∆)∆ = (∆ ⊗ id)∆
: A → C such that ( ⊗ id)∆ = (id ⊗ )∆ = id
S : A → A such that
m(S ⊗ id)∆(a) = m(id ⊗ S)∆(a) = (a)1A
where m : A ⊗ A → A and such that m(a ⊗ b) = ab,
But in general, and S does not behave well.

Cancellation property
Semigroup with both cancellation property is a group.
In the C ∗ -algebraic formulation, one uses non-commutative

version of cancellation property instead of looking directly at
the existence of or S.
For C (G ) [G is compact semigroup], density condition is

equivalent to cancellation property.

Density Condition
G is compact semigroup.
subcollection F
Subalgebra of C (G × G ) that separate ponts in G × G
Closed under complex conjugation and 1 ∈ F
θ map
θL : G × G → G × G such that θL (w , x) = (w , wx)
θR : G × G → G × G such that θR (w , x) = (wx, x)
Density Condition
[ Left ] F ◦ θL is dense in C (G × G )
[ Right ] F ◦ θR is dense in C (G × G )

Cancellation property as a density condition
Left Cancellation as Injective θL
If wx = wz =⇒ x = z ∀w , x, z then
θL (w , x) = θL (y , z) =⇒ (w , wx) = (y , yz)
=⇒ w = y , wx = yz = wz
=⇒ w = y, x = z
=⇒ (w , x) = (y , z) ∀w , x, y , z
θL is injective
Conversely, for injective θL
wx = wz =⇒ (w , wx) = (w , wz)
=⇒ θL (w , x) = θL (w , z)
=⇒ (w , x) = (w , z), i.e. x = z ∀w , x, z
Left cancellation to left density

Left cancellation holds.
θL is injective
F separate points.
(w , x) 6= (y , z) =⇒ θL (w , x) 6= θL (y , z) =⇒ ∃F such
that F ◦ θL (w , x) 6= F ◦ θL (y , z)
F ◦ θL separate points and subalgebra of C (G × G ) and
closed under complex conjugation. Moreover, 1 = 1 ◦ θL
By Stone-Weierstrass theorem, F ◦ θL is dense in
C (G × G )

Left density to left cancellation

F ◦ θL is dense in C (G × G )
C (G × G ) separate points.
(w , x) 6= (w , z) =⇒ ∃F such that F (w , x) 6= F (y , z)
∃E ∈ F such that E ◦ θL (w , x) 6= E ◦ θL (y , z)
θL (w , x) 6= θL (y , z)
θL is injective.
Left cancellation law holds.

subcollection F
Subalgebra of C (G × G ) that separate ponts in G × G
Closed under complex conjugation and 1 ∈ F
Density as Cancellation
Left cancellation law holds iff F ◦ θL is dense in C (G × G )
Similarly we can show that Right cancellation law holds iff
F ◦ θR is dense in C (G × G )
Corrolary
If F = C (G ) ⊗ C (G ) then
F ◦ θL = (C (G ) ⊗ 1)∆C (G ) and
F ◦ θR = (1 ⊗ C (G ))∆C (G )

Definition
Definition (Compact Quantum Group)

Compact Quantum Group (A, ∆) :
unital C ∗ -algebra A
unital *-homomorphism, comultiplication
∆ : A → A ⊗ A such that
∗ coassociativity (∆ ⊗ id)∆ = (id ⊗ ∆)∆
∗ cancellation [(A ⊗ 1)∆(A)] = A ⊗ A = [(1 ⊗ A)∆(A)]
.
[S] is closed linear span of S ( in some Banach space )
A ⊗ A is completion of A ⊗alg A with respect to maximal C ∗
-norm

Example-1
commutative CQG (A, ∆)

If C ∗ algebra of A is commutative
Example (commutative)
Compact Hausdorff Group G =⇒ CQG (A = C (G ), ∆)
∆ : C (G ) → C (G ) ⊗ C (G ); f 7→ ∆(f ) : (g , g 0 ) = f (gg 0 )


Example-2
Let flip map σA : A ⊗ A → A ⊗ A is C ∗ automorphism st

σA (a ⊗ b) = b ⊗ a
cocommutative CQG (A, ∆)
If ∆(A) ∈ {x : x = σA (x)}
Example (Cocommutative)
Let G be discrete group. HG = l 2 (G ). Tg on HG by eg 0 7→ egg 0
A = Cr∗ (G ) = closed linear span of{Tg : g ∈ G }
∆(Tg ) = Tg ⊗ Tg

Example-3
Quantum SU(2) group

0<q<1
C (SUq (2)) is universal unital C ∗ -algebra generated by α
and β such that
∗ αα∗ + q 2 ββ ∗ = 1 = α∗ α + β ∗ β
∗ αβ − qβα = 0 = αβ ∗ − qβ ∗ α
∗ ββ ∗ = β ∗ β
∆(α) = α ⊗ α − qβ ∗ ⊗ β
∆(β) = β ⊗ α + α∗ ⊗ β
It is an example of compact quantum group that is neither

commutative nor cocommutative

Example-4
Example (Compact Matrix Pseudogroup)

∗
B unital C*-algebra, matrices (ui,j )i,j , (ui,j )i,j invertible.
A = unital C* subalgebra generated by {ui,j }
∆ : A → AP⊗ A unital *-homomorphism st
∆(ui,j ) = k ui,k ⊗ uk,j

(A, ∆) CQG =⇒ A ' C (G ); G compact
(A, ∆) Commutative Compact Quantum Group.

Proof.
A is unital commutative C ∗ algebra
A∼ = C (G ), G = {ψ : A → C multiplicative functional }
G is compact Hausdorff with weak* topology
A ⊗ A = C (G ) ⊗ C (G ) ∼ = C (G × G )
Let g1 , g2 ∈ G . Define (g1 .g2 )(a) := (g1 ⊗ g2 )∆(a)
So a(g1 .g2 ) = (g1 .g2 )(a) = (g1 ⊗ g2 )∆(a) = ∆(a)(g1 , g2 )
associativity follows from coassociativity.

Proof.
A = C (G ), commutative unital c∗ algebra
G compact Hausdorff space
G semigroup.
Let g1 g2 = g1 g3 ∈ G
(f 0 ⊗ 1A )∆(h0 )(g1 , g2 ) = f 0 (g1 )h0 (g1 g2 ) = f 0 (g1 )h0 (g1 g3 )

= (f 0 ⊗ 1A )∆(h0 )(g1 , g3 ) ∀f 0 , h0
So (f ⊗ h)(g1 , g2 ) = (f ⊗ h)(g1 , g3 ) ∀f , h
Therefore (g1 , g2 ) = (g1 , g3 )

So g2 = g3


Proof.
A = C (G ), commutative unital c∗ algebra
G = compact Hausdorff space
G = semigroup with both cancellation law
Compact semigroup with both cancellation law is

compact group

Haar State
Compact group
µ Haar measure / probability measure, G compact group
ν ∗ µ = µ ∗ ν = ν(G )µ ,any measure ν
χE (gg 0 )dµ(g )dν(g 0 )
RR
(µ ∗ ν)(E ) =
G ×G
R
Haar state h on C (G ) by h(f ) = g ∈G f (g )dµ. h is
unique as µ is.
Compact quantum group

(A, ∆) Compact quantum group =⇒ ∃ unique Haar state h
on A such that f ∗ h = h ∗ f = f (1A )h. f ∗ h = (f ⊗ h)∆
L2 (A, ∆) := Hilbert space of GNS-representation defined by h

Haar State
Theorem
(A, ∆) Compact quantum group =⇒ ∃ unique Haar state h
on A such that f ∗ h = h ∗ f = f (1A )h. f ∗ h = (f ⊗ h)∆
Proof outline.
state f =⇒ ∃h state st. f ∗ h = h ∗ f = f (1A )h
0≤g ≤f,
f ∗ h = h ∗ f = f (1A )h =⇒ g ∗ h = h ∗ g = g (1A )h
F = {g1 , g2 , ..., gn } =⇒ hF ∗ gi = gi ∗ hF = hF
h is weak* limit of {hF } as F increasing.

Existence of Haar State-I
state f =⇒ ∃ state h st. f ∗ h = h ∗ f = f (1A )h

f ∗n = f ∗ f ∗ ... ∗ f (n times )
fn = n1 nk=1 f ∗k ; h = weak* limit of {fn }
P
f ∗ fn = fn ∗ f = n1 n+1 ∗k
= fn + n1 (f ∗(n+1) − f )
P
k=2 f
f ∗ h = h ∗ f = h by weak* limit

Existence of Haar State-III
1 state f =⇒ ∃h state st. f ∗ h = h ∗ f = f (1A )h

2 0≤g ≤f,
f ∗ h = h ∗ f = f (1A )h =⇒ g ∗ h = h ∗ g = f (1A )h
3 F = {g1 , g2 , ..., gn } =⇒ hF ∗ gi = gi ∗ hF = hF
gF = n1 (g1 + g2 + ... + gn ) state.

By 1st step: ∃ state hF st.
gF ∗ hF = hF ∗ gF = gF (1A )hF = hF
0 ≤ n1 gi ≤ gF ; Then by 2nd step :
( n1 gi ) ∗ hF = hF ∗ ( n1 gi ) = ( n1 gi )(1A )hF = n1 hF

Haar State
L2 (A, ∆) := GNS representation of h

(πh , L2 (A, ∆)) is GNS representation of A defined from h.
h(a∗ b) =< πh (a)uh , πh (b)uh >
h(b) =< uh , πh (b)uh >
< uh , uh >= ||h|| = h(1)
πh (1) = Id
Span{ πh (a)uh : a ∈ A } is dense in L2 (A, ∆)

Finite dimensional representations
H is complex Hilbert space (finite), (A, ∆) is CQG

Leg numbering notation
1 ≤ n ≤ m; and j : {1, ..., n} → {1, ..., m} injective.
For j, embedding A⊗n ,→ A⊗m as X 7→ Xj(1)j(2)...j(m)
As example, n = 2, m = 4 we have
(a ⊗ b)32 = 1 ⊗ b ⊗ a ⊗ 1
Definition (Representation on H, finite dimensional )

U ∈ B(H) ⊗ A invertible, and (i ⊗ ∆)(U) = U12 U13

H is Lcomplex Hilbert space (finite), (A, ∆) is CQG

Pk : j HjL → Hk be projection operator.
ik : Hk → j Hj be inclusion operator.
Definition (Direct sum of representations)

U, V representation,
U ⊕ V = (iU ⊗ 1A )U(PU ⊗ 1A ) + (iV ⊗ 1A )V (PV ⊗ 1A )

H is complex Hilbert space (finite), (A, ∆) is CQG

Definition (Tensor product of representations)
U, V representation , and U T V = U13 V23
Definition (Intertwiner of representations)

U, V representations. operator T : HU → HV intertwiner if
(T ⊗ 1A )U = V (T ⊗ 1A )
Mor (U, V ) is collection of intertwiners
Definition (Equivalent representations)

U, V are equivalent if Mor (U, V ) contains an invertible
element

We know
For compact group G
Any finite dimensional representation is equivalent to some
unitary representation and direct sum of irreducible unitary
representations.
Similarly here we also have

For (A, ∆) CQG
Any finite dimensional representation is unitarizable and direct
sum of irreducible unitary representations.

Hopf-*-algebra
(A, ∆) CQG; U representation

Ex,y
H Hilbert space, x, y ∈ H
Then Ex,y : B(H) → C such that Ex,y (T ) =< x, Ty >,
functional on B(H)
Matrix coefficients
for x, y ∈ HU ; (U)x,y = (Ex,y ⊗ id)U

Hopf-*-algebra
(A, ∆) CQG
Matrix coefficients of representations
Γ : Set of equivalence classes of f.d. unitary
representations
For Uα ∈ Γ, {ei : 1 ≤ i ≤ dim(Uα )} O.N.B. for Hilbert
space Hα
A0 := Span{(Uα )i,j : Uα ∈ Γ, 1 ≤ i, j ≤ dim(Uα )}
We have A0 is unital dense *-subalgebra of A
Span{ πh (a0 )uh : a0 ∈ A0 } is dense in L2 (A, ∆)
∆(A0 ) ⊆ A0 ⊗alg A0

Hopf-*-algebra
(A, ∆) CQG
Matrix coefficients of representations
A0 := Span{(Uα )i,j : Uα ∈ Γ, 1 ≤ i, j ≤ dim(Uα )}
We have A0 is unital dense *-subalgebra of A
Span{ πh (a)uh : a ∈ A } is dense in L2 (A, ∆)
∆(A0 ) ⊆ A0 ⊗alg A0
((Uα )i,j ) = δi,j
S((Uα )i,j ) = (Uα )∗j,i
(A0 , ∆|A0 , , S) forms Hopf-*-algebra

Recall C (SUq (2))
Quantum SUq (2) group

0<q<1
C (SUq (2)) is universal unital C ∗ -algebra generated by α
and β such that
∗ αα∗ + q 2 ββ ∗ = 1 = α∗ α + β ∗ β
∗ αβ − qβα = 0 = αβ ∗ − qβ ∗ α
∗ ββ ∗ = β ∗ β
∆(α) = α ⊗ α − qβ ∗ ⊗ β
∆(β) = β ⊗ α + α∗ ⊗ β
(α) = (α∗ ) = 1 ; (β) = (β ∗ ) = 0
S(α) = α∗ , S(α∗ ) = α; S(β) = −qβ, S(β ∗ ) = −q −1 β ∗

Recall C (SUq (2))
Quantum SUq (2) group

0<q<1
Span[{αi β j β ∗k , β j β ∗k , α∗i β j β ∗k : i ≥ 1; j, k ≥ 0}] dense
in C (SUq (2))
Haar state h such that
αi β j β ∗k 7−→ 0 for i ≥ 1
j ∗k
ββ 7−→ 0 for j 6= k
1 − q2
β k β ∗k 7−→ for k ≥ 0
1 − q 2k+2
α∗i β j β ∗k 7 →0
− for i ≥ 1

Recall C (SUq (2))
Haar state
H separable Hilbert space
{en,k : n, k ∈ Z; n ≥ 0} be O.N.B. of H
p
π(α)en,k = 1 − q 2n en−1,k
π(β)en,k = q n en,k+1
h(a) = ∞ 2n
P
n=0 q < en,0 , π(a)en,0 >

Recall C (SUq (2))
Finite dimensional Irreducible Representations

n ∈ {0, 21 , 1, 1 12 , ...}
For each n, there exists a unique irreducible
representations of dimension 2n + 1.

Another approach
Another class of quantum groups that have been studied in

detail are q-deformations of classical Lie groups using the
universal envelopping algebra of their Lie algebras.
q-deformation of U (sl(2))
its compact real form

su(2)
sl(2, C) = trace 0 complex matrices of order 2

= CH + CX + CY
su(2) = trace 0, skew-Hermitian
complex
matrices
= R iH + R i X + Y + R X − Y

1 0 0 1 0 0
Here H = ;X = ;Y =
0 −1 0 0 1 0

Representations
Lie group representation

SL(2, C) = determinant 1 matrices, Lie group.
(π, V ) is representation of SL(2, C) where
π(Q) ∈ B(V ), ∀Q ∈ SL(2, C) and
π(Q1 )π(Q2 ) = π(Q1 Q2 )
Lie algebra representation

sl(2, C) = trace 0 matrices, Lie algebra.
(π, V ) is representation of sl(2, C) where
π(Q) ∈ B(V ), ∀Q ∈ sl(2, C) and
π([Q1 , Q2 ]) = π(Q1 )π(Q2 ) − π(Q2 )π(Q1 )

Representations
Representation ( group to algebra )

(π, V ) is Lie group representation of SL(2, C)
Q ∈ sl(2, C) =⇒ {e tQ : t ∈ R} subgroup of SL(2, C).

d
Define π̃(Q) = dt t=0
π(e tQ )
Representation ( algebra to group )

(π̃, V ) is Lie algebra representation of sl(2, C)
T ∈ SL(2, C) =⇒ T = e t1 Q1 .e t2 Q2 ...e tn Qn for some
ti ∈ R, Qi ∈ sl(2, C).
Define π(T ) = e t1 π̃(Q1 ) .e t2 π̃(Q2 ) ...e tn π̃(Qn )

Tensor product of representations
Tensor product of representations on algebra

(π̃1 , V1 ), (π̃2 , V2 ) representations of sl(2, C)
Get corresponding representations (π1 , V1 ), (π2 , V2 ) of
SL(2, C).
(π1 ⊗ π2 , V1 ⊗ V2 ) representation of Sl(2, C).
For Q ∈ sl(2, C),

d
1 ⊗ π2 )(Q) =
(π^ dt t=0
(π1 ⊗ π2 )(e tQ )
d
d

= ( dt π (e tQ )) ⊗ IV2 + IV1 ⊗ ( dt
t=0 1
π (e tQ ))
t=0 2
= π̃1 (Q) ⊗ IV2 + IV1 ⊗ π̃2 (Q)

Universal Envelopping algebra
Representation
U (sl(2)),unital associative algebra, contains sl(2, C).
For Q1 , Q2 ∈ sl(2, C) implies [Q1 , Q2 ] = Q1 Q2 − Q2 Q1 in
U (sl(2))
sl(2, C) is C-Span of {H, X , Y }
[H, X ] = 2X ; [H, Y ] = −2Y ; [X , Y ] = H
U (sl(2)) is unital associative algebra generated by
{H, X , Y } such that
XY − YX = H; HX − XH = 2X ; HY − YH = −2Y
Representation of sl(2, C) has unique extension on
U (sl(2))

Tensor product of representations

(π̃1 , V1 ), (π̃2 , V2 ) representations of U (sl(2))
π̃1 , π̃2 restrictions on sl(2, C)
For Q ∈ sl(2, C),
1 ⊗ π2 )(Q) = π̃1 (Q) ⊗ IV2 + IV1 ⊗ π̃2 (Q)

(π^
= (π̃1 ⊗ π̃2 )(Q ⊗ 1 + 1 ⊗ Q)
= (π̃1 ⊗ π̃2 )(∆(Q))
where ∆(Q) = Q ⊗ 1 + 1 ⊗ Q
1 ⊗ π2 to π̃1 T π̃2 on U (sl(2))
Extend π^

Hopf Structure
∆ : U (sl(2)) → U (sl(2)) ⊗ U (sl(2)) such that
∆(Q) = Q ⊗ 1 + 1 ⊗ Q ∀Q ∈ sl(2, C)
: U (sl(2)) → C such that (1) = 1 and
(Q) = 0 ∀Q ∈ sl(2, C)
S : U (sl(2)) → U (sl(2)) such that S(1) = 1 and
S(Q) = −Q ∀Q ∈ sl(2, C)
Representation
π̃1 T π̃2 = (π̃1 ⊗ π̃2 )∆
π̃ ∗ (Q) = π̃(S(Q))tr

su(2)
sl(2, C) = trace 0 complex matrices of order 2

= CH + CX + CY
su(2) = trace 0, skew-Hermitian
complex
matrices
= R iH + R i X + Y + R X − Y
Here we want to think sl(2, C) as a complexification of
su(2) via the complexification map ω.

1 0 0 1 0 0
Here H = ;X = ;Y =
0 −1 0 0 1 0

su(2)

su(2) = {R iH + R i X + Y + R X − Y }
sl(2, C) = complexification of su(2) via complexification
map ω.
Therefore ω(iH) = iH,
ω(i(X + Y )) = i(X + Y ) and ω(X − Y ) = X − Y
So ω(H) = −H,
−ω(X ) − ω(Y ) = X + Y and ω(X ) − ω(Y ) = X − Y
Then we get ω(H) = −H, ω(X ) = −Y , ω(Y ) = −X
∗ on U (sl(2)) such that H ∗ = −ω(H), X ∗ = −ω(X ),
Y ∗ = −ω(Y )

∗-structure on U (sl (2))
∗-structure on U (sl(2))
1∗ = 1
H ∗ = −[ω(H)] = S[ω(H)] = S[−H]
(−H)∗ = −[ω(−H)] = S[ω(−H)] = S[H]
X ∗ = −[ω(X )] = S[ω(X )] = S[−Y ]
Y ∗ = −[ω(Y )] = S[ω(Y )] = S[−X ]

Deformed algebra :Uq (sl (2))
0 6= q( not root of unity) complex number

structure
Uq (sl(2)) is unital associative algebra generated by
{K , K −1 , X , Y } such that
KK −1 = K −1 K = 1
KX = q 2 XK ; KY = q −2 YK
XY − YX = q−q1 −1 (K − K −1 )

Hopf Structure
∆(K ) = K ⊗ K ; ∆(X ) = X ⊗ K + 1 ⊗ X
∆(Y ) = Y ⊗ 1 + K −1 ⊗ Y
(1) = 1 = (K ) = (K −1 ) and (X ) = 0 = (Y )
S(K ) = K −1 ; S(X ) = −XK −1 ; S(Y ) = −KY
Now our intention was to give a ∗-structure.

∗-structure on Uq (sl(2))
∗ map on U (sl(2)) ∗ map on Uq (sl(2))
1∗ = 1 1∗ = 1
H ∗ = S[−H] K ∗ = S(K −1 ) = K
(−H)∗ = S[H] (K −1 )∗ = S(K ) = K −1
X ∗ = S[−Y ] X ∗ = S(−Y ) = KY
Y ∗ = S[−X ] Y ∗ = S(−X ) = XK −1
For this ∗ map on Uq (sl(2)), q should be non-zero real

number

Deformed *-algebra :(Uq (sl (2)),*)
∗-structure on Uq (sl(2))
1∗ = 1; K ∗ = K ; (K −1 )∗ = K −1 ; X ∗ = KY ; Y ∗ = XK −1
This ∗ map (extending by antimultiplicative and
conjugate linearity) gives ∗-structure on Uq (sl(2))
So (Uq (sl(2)),*) becomes a Hopf *-algebra

Matrix coeficients of representations

(π, V ) representation of some associative algebra A.
For f ∈ V ∗ , v ∈ V ; πf ,v is functional on A such that
πf ,v (Q) = f [π(Q)](v ) for all Q ∈ A
{πf ,v } are called matrix coeficients of representation π.
For V Hilbert space; w , v ∈ V ;
πw ,v (Q) = fw [π(Q)](v ) =< w , [π(Q)](v ) >

C (SUq −1 (2))

Let A = Uq (sl(2)), A∗ =dual of A
f ∗ g = (f ⊗ g )∆
1A∗ = A , A∗ (f ) = f (1A ), [SA∗ (f )](a) = f [SA (a)]
[∆A∗ (f )](a ⊗ b) = f (ab).
If A has *-structure, then f ∗ (a) = f (SA (a)∗ )
In general, ∆A∗ (A∗ ) * A∗ ⊗ A∗
A0 = {f ∈ A∗ : ∆A∗ (f ) ∈ A∗ ⊗ A∗ } has Hopf structure
with above maps.

C (SUq −1 (2))

Let A = Uq (sl(2)), A∗ =dual of A
A0 = {f ∈ A∗ : ∆A∗ (f ) ∈ A∗ ⊗ A∗ } has Hopf structure .
A00 = span of matrix coeficients of all finite dimensional
representations on A, Hopf subalgebra of A0
(K ∗ = K , X ∗ = KY , Y ∗ = XK −1 ) ∗-structure on A
impose ∗-structure on A0 .
A00 with ∗-structure given above is Hopf ∗-subalgebra of
A0

Finite dimensional irreducible representations
Let (πm , V ) is (m + 1)-dimensional irreducible representation

Then there exists basis {vi : 0 ≤ i ≤ m} of V such that
Irreducible representations
Type-I Non Type-I
πm (K )vi = q m−2i vi πm (K )vi = −q m−2i vi
πm (Y )vi = vi+1 πm (Y )vi = vi+1
πm (X )vi = πm (X )vi =
[i]q [m − i + 1]q vi−1 −[i]q [m − i + 1]q vi−1
q n −q −n
Here v−1 = vm+1 = 0 and [n]q = q−q −1
, for n ∈ Z

Deformed algebra :A = Uq (sl (2))
2 dimensional irreducible Representation

π is irreducible type-I representations on V = Ce0 + Ce1 .
Then
π ∗ (Q) = π(S(Q))tr for all Q ∈ Uq (sl(2))
π(1A )(e0 ) = e0 and π(1A )(e1 ) = e1
π(K )(e0 ) = qe0 and π(K )(e1 ) = q1 e1
π(K −1 )(e0 ) = q1 e0 and π(K −1 )(e1 ) = qe1
π(X )(e0 ) = 0 and π(X )(e1 ) = e0
π(Y )(e0 ) = e1 and π(Y )(e1 ) = 0

Matrix coeficients
π is irreducible representations on V = Ce0 + Ce1 . Then
1A K K −1 X Y
1
π00 1 q q
0 0
π01 0 0 0 1 0
π10 0 0 0 0 1
1
π11 1 q
q 0 0

Relations between matrix coeficients

π is irreducible representations on V = Ce0 + Ce1 . Then we
have the following relations
π00 π01 = q −1 π01 π00
π00 π10 = q −1 π10 π00
π11 π01 = qπ01 π11
π11 π10 = qπ10 π11
π01 π10 = π10 π01
(π00 π11 − q −1 π01 π10 ) = (π11 π00 − qπ01 π10 ) = A = 1A∗
A00 is infact algebra generated by π0,0 , π0,1 , π1,0 , π1,1 satisfying

the relations above

C (SUq −1 (2))
Matrix coeficients
π is irreducible representations on V = Ce0 + Ce1 .
Let K ∗ = K ; X ∗ = KY , Y ∗ = YK −1
(π ∗ )fv ,fw = (πv ,w )∗ and S(πv ,w ) = (π ∗ )fw ,fv = (πw ,v )∗
Then we have
(π00 )∗ = (π ∗ )00 = π11
(π11 )∗ = (π ∗ )11 = π00
(π01 )∗ = (π ∗ )01 = −q −1 π10
(π10 )∗ = (π ∗ )10 = −qπ01
By above *-structure,
A00 with ∗-structure is ∗-algebra generated by π0,0 , π1,0
satisfying the previous relations
C (SUq −1 (2))
Matrix coeficients
π is irreducible representations on V = Ce0 + Ce1 .
Then A00 with ∗-structure satisfy following properties
∗ ∗
π10 π10 = π10 π10
∗ −2 ∗ ∗ ∗
π00 π00 + q π10 π10 = 1 = π00 π00 + π10 π10
−1 ∗ −1 ∗
π00 π10 − q π10 π00 = 0 = π00 π10 − q π10 π00
∆(π00 ) = π00 ⊗ π00 − q1 π10

∗
⊗ π10
∗
∆(π10 ) = π10 ⊗ π00 + π00 ⊗ π10
S(πi,j ) = (πj,i )∗ for i, j ∈ {0, 1}

C (SUq −1 (2))
C (SUq−1 (2))
A00 with ∗-structure is Hopf-* algebra
Those previous relations are same as given in compact
quantum group example C (SUq−1 (2))

Thanks
for your
attention!
Example-2
Cocommutative
Let G be discrete group. HG = l 2 (G ). Tg on HG by eg 0 7→ egg 0
A = Cr∗ (G ) = closed linear span of{Tg : g ∈ G }
∆(Tg ) = Tg ⊗ Tg
Example
G = S3
G =Z
G = S3 × Z
G = SL2 (Z) , acting on C2


Proof.
A is unital commutative C ∗ algebra
A∼ = C (G ), G = {ψ : A → C multiplicative functional }
G is compact Hausdorff with weak* topology
A ⊗ A = C (G ) ⊗ C (G ) ∼ = C (G × G )
Let g1 , g2 ∈ G . Define (g1 .g2 )(a) := (g1 ⊗ g2 )∆(a)
So a(g1 .g2 ) = (g1 .g2 )(a) = (g1 ⊗ g2 )∆(a) = ∆(a)(g1 , g2 )
associativity follows from coassociativity.


Proof.
A = C (G ), G compact Hausdorff semigroup.
Let g1 g2 = g1 g3 ∈ G
(f 0 ⊗ 1A )∆(h0 )(g1 , g2 ) = f 0 (g1 )h0 (g1 g2 ) = f 0 (g1 )h0 (g1 g3 )

= (f 0 ⊗ 1A )∆(h0 )(g1 , g3 ) ∀f 0 , h0
So (f ⊗ h)(g1 , g2 ) = (f ⊗ h)(g1 , g3 ) ∀f , h
Therefore g2 = g3


Proof.
A = C (G ), G compact Hausdorff semigroup with cancellation
property. Let g ∈ G
Hg = closure of {g n : n ≥ 1}, compact subsemigroup
Hg is commutative.
I , J ideal in Hg . φ 6= IJ = JI ⊆ I ∩ J
Closed ideals’ collection have f.i.p.
Ig = intersection of all closed ideals, nonempty


Proof.
Let h ∈ Hg ,commutative. Then hIg closed ideal. So
hIg = Ig Therefore ∀s ∈ Ig , sIg = Ig
So ∃eg ∈ Ig such that seg = s = eg s for some s ∈ Ig
for any g 0 ∈ G we have seg g 0 = sg 0 , g 0 s = g 0 eg s
via cancellation, we have eg g 0 = g 0 , g 0 = g 0 eg


Proof.
identity element is unique, call it e
So e ∈ Ig = gIh as g ∈ Hg
g has inverse.

Assume group multiplication is continuous

Inverse is continuous
θL : G × G → G × G by (g , g 0 ) 7→ (g , gg 0 ) is continuous.
As inverse exist, (g , g 0 ) = θL (g , g −1 g 0 )
From density property, θL is injective.
So θL is homeomorphism
Its inverse map (g , g 0 ) 7→ (g , g −1 g 0 ) is continuous.
In particular, g → (g , e) → (g , g −1 ) → g −1 is
continuous.

(A, ∆) commutative CQG

References for the result that compact semigroup with
cancellation is a compact group are
A. A. Yur’eva: Countably compact sequential topological
semigroup with two sided cancellation is a topological
group, Math Stud 2(1993), 23-24 (in Russian)
Numakura, Katsumi: On bicompact semigroups, Math. J.
Okayama Univ 1(1952), 99-108

Haar State
Theorem
Compact quantum group (A, ∆) Compact quantum group
=⇒ unique Haar state hon A such that
f ∗ h = h ∗ f = f (1A )h. f ∗ h = (f ⊗ h)∆
Proof outline.
state f =⇒ ∃h state st. f ∗ h = h ∗ f = f (1A )h
0≤g ≤f,
f ∗ h = h ∗ f = f (1A )h =⇒ g ∗ h = h ∗ g = g (1A )h
F = {g1 , g2 , ..., gn } =⇒ hF ∗ gi = gi ∗ hF = hF

Existence of Haar State-I
state f =⇒ ∃ state h st. f ∗ h = h ∗ f = f (1A )h

f ∗n = f ∗ f ∗ ... ∗ f (n times )
fn = n1 nk=1 f ∗k ; h = weak* limit of {fn }
P
f ∗ fn = fn ∗ f = n1 n+1 ∗k
= fn + n1 (f ∗(n+1) − f )
P
k=2 f

Existence of Haar State-II
0≤g ≤f,
f ∗ h = h ∗ f = f (1A )h =⇒ g ∗ h = h ∗ g = g (1A )h
Let a ∈ A, b = (i ⊗ h)∆(a), b ∗ = (i ⊗ h)∆(a∗ )
∆(b) = (i ⊗ i ⊗ h)(∆ ⊗ i)∆(a) = (i ⊗ i ⊗ h)(i ⊗ ∆)∆(a)
(i ⊗ f )∆(b) = (i ⊗ f ⊗ h)(i ⊗ ∆)∆(a)

= (i ⊗ (f ∗ h))∆(a) = f (1A )[(i ⊗ h)∆(a)]
= f (1A )b
(i ⊗ f )∆(b ) = (i ⊗ f ⊗ h)(i ⊗ ∆)∆(a∗ )
∗
= (i ⊗ (f ∗ h))∆(a∗ ) = f (1A )[(i ⊗ h)∆(a)]

= f (1A )b ∗

0≤g ≤f,
f ∗ h = h ∗ f = f (1A )h =⇒ g ∗ h = h ∗ g = g (1A )h
Let a ∈ A, b = (i ⊗ h)∆(a), b ∗ = (i ⊗ h)∆(a∗ )
(h ⊗ f )[(∆(b) − b ⊗ 1A )∗ (∆(b) − b ⊗ 1A )]
= (h ⊗ f )[∆(b ∗ b)] − (h ⊗ f )[∆(b ∗ )(b ⊗ 1A )]
−(h ⊗ f )[(b ∗ ⊗ 1A )∆(b)] + (h ⊗ f )[(b ∗ b ⊗ 1A )]
= (h ∗ f )(b ∗ b) − h[ (i ⊗ f )∆(b ∗ ) b ]

−h[ b ∗ (i ⊗ f )∆(b) ] + h(b ∗ b)f (1A )
= f (1A )h(b ∗ b) − h[f (1A )b ∗ b ]

−h[ b ∗ f (1A )b ] + h(b ∗ b)f (1A ) = 0

0≤g ≤f,
f ∗ h = h ∗ f = f (1A )h =⇒ g ∗ h = h ∗ g = g (1A )h
h a ∈ A, b = (i ⊗ h)∆(a)
Let i
f (h ⊗ i)[(∆(b) − b ⊗ 1A )∗ (∆(b) − b ⊗ 1A )]
= (h ⊗ f )[(∆(b) − b ⊗ 1A )∗ (∆(b) − b ⊗ 1A )] = 0
Therefore
h (h ⊗ g )[(∆(b) − b ⊗ 1A )∗ (∆(b) − b ⊗i 1A )]
= g (h ⊗ i)[(∆(b) − b ⊗ 1A )∗ (∆(b) − b ⊗ 1A )] = 0
By Cauchy Schwarz
(h ⊗ g )[(c ⊗ 1A )(∆(b) − b ⊗ 1A )] = 0 ∀c ∈ A

0≤g ≤f,
f ∗ h = h ∗ f = f (1A )h =⇒ g ∗ h = h ∗ g = g (1A )h
Let a, c ∈ A, b = (i ⊗ h)∆(a)
(h ⊗ g )[(c ⊗ 1A )(∆(b)] = (h ⊗ g )[cb ⊗ 1A ]
(h ⊗ (g ∗ h))[(c ⊗ 1A )(∆(a)]
= (h ⊗ g ⊗ h)(i ⊗ ∆)[(c ⊗ 1A )(∆(a)]
= (h ⊗ g )(i
h ⊗ i ⊗ h)(i ⊗ ∆)[(c ⊗ 1A )(∆(a)] i
= (h ⊗ g ) (c ⊗ 1A ) (i ⊗ i ⊗ h)(i ⊗ ∆)(∆(a)
h i
= (h ⊗ g ) (c ⊗ 1A )∆(b) = (h ⊗ g )[cb ⊗ 1A ] = g (1A )h(cb)
= (h ⊗ g (1A )h)[(c ⊗ 1A )∆(a)]

0≤g ≤f,
f ∗ h = h ∗ f = f (1A )h =⇒ g ∗ h = h ∗ g = g (1A )h
Let a, c ∈ A
(h ⊗ (g ∗ h))[(c ⊗ 1A )(∆(a)] = (h ⊗ g (1A )h)[(c ⊗ 1A )∆(a)]
By density of (A ⊗ 1A )∆(A),
(h ⊗ (g ∗ h))(x ⊗ y ) = (h ⊗ g (1A )h)(x ⊗ y )
So (g ∗ h)(y ) = (g ∗ h)(h(1A )y ) = (g ∗ h)[(h ⊗ i)(1A ⊗ y )]

= (h ⊗ (g ∗ h))(1A ⊗ y ) = (h ⊗ g (1A )h)(1A ⊗ y ) = g (1A )h(y )

Existence of Haar State-III
1 state f =⇒ ∃h state st. f ∗ h = h ∗ f = f (1A )h

2 0≤g ≤f,
f ∗ h = h ∗ f = f (1A )h =⇒ g ∗ h = h ∗ g = f (1A )h
3 F = {g1 , g2 , ..., gn } =⇒ hF ∗ gi = gi ∗ hF = hF
gF = n1 (g1 + g2 + ... + gn ) state.

By 1st step: ∃ state hF st.
gF ∗ hF = hF ∗ gF = gF (1A )hF = hF
0 ≤ n1 gi ≤ gF ; Then by 2nd step :
( n1 gi ) ∗ hF = hF ∗ ( n1 gi ) = ( n1 gi )(1A )hF = n1 hF

Any finite dimensional representation is equivalent to some

unitary representation
Proof.
(U, HU ) is representation.
r (IHU ⊗ 1A ) ≤ U ∗ U for some r > 0
So rIHU ≤ (i ⊗ h)(U ∗ U) = Q (say).
Suppose Q ⊗ 1A = U ∗ (Q ⊗ 1A )U
Take W = (Q 1/2 ⊗ 1A )U(Q −1/2 ⊗ 1A )

Then W is unitary and invertible Q 1/2 ∈ Mor (U, W )

Proof of Q ⊗ 1A = U ∗ (Q ⊗ 1A )U
Proof.
(i ⊗ h)(U ∗ U) = Q
Q ⊗ 1A = (i ⊗ h)[U ∗ U] ⊗ 1A
Q ⊗ 1A = (i ⊗ h ⊗ i)(i ⊗ ∆)[U ∗ U]
∗ ∗
Q ⊗ 1A = (i ⊗ h ⊗ i)[U13 U12 U12 U13 ]
∗ ∗
Q ⊗ 1A = U (i ⊗ h ⊗ i)[U12 U12 ] U
Q ⊗ 1A = U ∗ (i ⊗ h)[U ∗ U] U = U ∗ (Q ⊗ 1A )U

Every finite dimensional unitary representation is direct sum of

unitary irreducible representations
Proof.
(U, HU ) is unitary representation.
{P1 , P2 , ..., Pn } minimal projections on Mor (U, U) and
P1 + P2 + ... + Pn = IHU

(Pi ⊗ 1A )U, Pi (HU ) is unitary irreducible
representation.

Cartan Involution
Cartan Involution
Let g is real finite dimensional Lie algebra.
Let Tx,y : g → g is such that Tx,y (z) := [x, [y , z]]
K (x, y ) = trace(Tx,y ) is symmetric bilinear form.
Suppose K (x, y ) is non-degenerate
ω : g → g is Cartan Involution if
∗ ω is Lie-algebra automorphism
∗ ω 2 = Id
∗ −K (x, ω(y )) is positive definite bilinear form.

One parameter subgroup
One parameter subgroup

(G , ◦) is Lie group, γ : (R, +) → (G , ◦) is smooth map such
that
γ(s + t) = γ(s)γ(t)
γ(−s) = γ(s)−1
γ(0) = e

Q-Deformations of Compact Lie Groups As Compact Quantum Groups

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q-deformations of compact Lie groups as

Compact Quantum Groups

Indian Statistical Institute, Delhi

April 13, 2023

. . . .... .... .... . . . . .

Manabendra Giri q-deformations of compact Lie groups as Compact Quantum Gro

Indian Statiscal Institute ( Delhi )

August 26, 2020

q-deformations of compact Lie groups as Compact Quantum

q-deformations of compact Lie groups as Compact Quantum

Theorem (Gelfand-Naimark-Segal Theorem)

q-deformations of compact Lie groups as Compact Quantum

G compact group, C (G ) unital C* algebra,

q-deformations of compact Lie groups as Compact Quantum

where m : A ⊗ A → A and such that m(a ⊗ b) = ab,

But in general,  and S does not behave well.

q-deformations of compact Lie groups as Compact Quantum

In the C ∗ -algebraic formulation, one uses non-commutative

For C (G ) [G is compact semigroup], density condition is

q-deformations of compact Lie groups as Compact Quantum

q-deformations of compact Lie groups as Compact Quantum

Left cancellation to left density

q-deformations of compact Lie groups as Compact Quantum

Left density to left cancellation

q-deformations of compact Lie groups as Compact Quantum

q-deformations of compact Lie groups as Compact Quantum

Definition (Compact Quantum Group)

q-deformations of compact Lie groups as Compact Quantum

commutative CQG (A, ∆)

q-deformations of compact Lie groups as Compact Quantum

Let flip map σA : A ⊗ A → A ⊗ A is C ∗ automorphism st

q-deformations of compact Lie groups as Compact Quantum

Quantum SU(2) group

It is an example of compact quantum group that is neither

q-deformations of compact Lie groups as Compact Quantum

Example (Compact Matrix Pseudogroup)

q-deformations of compact Lie groups as Compact Quantum

(A, ∆) Commutative Compact Quantum Group.

q-deformations of compact Lie groups as Compact Quantum

(f 0 ⊗ 1A )∆(h0 )(g1 , g2 ) = f 0 (g1 )h0 (g1 g2 ) = f 0 (g1 )h0 (g1 g3 )

Therefore (g1 , g2 ) = (g1 , g3 )

q-deformations of compact Lie groups as Compact Quantum

(A, ∆) Commutative Compact Quantum Group.

Compact semigroup with both cancellation law is

q-deformations of compact Lie groups as Compact Quantum

Compact quantum group

L2 (A, ∆) := Hilbert space of GNS-representation defined by h

q-deformations of compact Lie groups as Compact Quantum

q-deformations of compact Lie groups as Compact Quantum

state f =⇒ ∃ state h st. f ∗ h = h ∗ f = f (1A )h

q-deformations of compact Lie groups as Compact Quantum

1 state f =⇒ ∃h state st. f ∗ h = h ∗ f = f (1A )h

gF = n1 (g1 + g2 + ... + gn ) state.

q-deformations of compact Lie groups as Compact Quantum

L2 (A, ∆) := GNS representation of h

q-deformations of compact Lie groups as Compact Quantum

H is complex Hilbert space (finite), (A, ∆) is CQG

Definition (Representation on H, finite dimensional )

q-deformations of compact Lie groups as Compact Quantum

H is Lcomplex Hilbert space (finite), (A, ∆) is CQG

Definition (Direct sum of representations)

q-deformations of compact Lie groups as Compact Quantum

H is complex Hilbert space (finite), (A, ∆) is CQG

But in general, and S does not behave well.