Volume 8, Issue 3, March – 2023
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Heamatological Response in Testosterone Propionate
Induced Prostatitis Co-Treated with Aqueous Leaf
and Seed Extracts of Artocapus Heterophyllus
*
Okolo, L. U., Uwakwe, A.A., and Anacletus, F.C.
Department of Biochemistry, University of Port Harcourt
Abstract:- This study seeks to examine the effects of
aqueous extracts of Artocarpus heterophyllus leaves and
seeds on haematological profile of prostatic male wistar
rats induced using testosterone propionate (TP). One
hundred male wistar rats (100-125g) grouped into 10 of
10 rats each were obtained from the Department of
Pharmacology, University of Port Harcourt Animal
House. The various groups were fed and administered
with various concentrations (100mg/kg, 200mg/kg,
300mg/kg and 200mg/kg combined extract) of the leaves
and seeds extracts of A.heterophyllus. The
haematological profile was done on the male Wistar rats
on day 21, 42 and 63 of the experiment using standard
laboratory methods. Results obtained revealed that the
leaves and seeds extracts were shown to have a
stabilizing and ameliorative effect on the haematological
parameters With PCV (%) range 13.20±0.21 in group 2
at day 42 with maximum values 39.67±0.20 seen in group
5 day 42. HB(g/dl) 5.00±0.15 (group 2 day 63) to
13.23±0.39 (group 5 day 42), RBC(X1012/l) count
1.45±0.14 (group 2 day 42) to 5.93±0.15 (group 5 day
42), WBC (X109/l) 4.07±0.20 (group 5 day 42) to
37.80±0.34 (group 2 day 42), Platelet(X109/l) 201.33±0.09
(group 5 day 42) to 363.00±0.52 (group 2 day 21),
Neutrophils 20.33±0.49 (group 5 day 42) to 49.35±0.34
(group 2 day 42), Lymphocytes 52.30±0.51 (group 5 day
42) to 84.24±0.17 (group 2 day 42), Eosinophils 2.10±0.57
(group 5 day 42) to 9.00±0.53 (group 2 day 42) ,
Monocytes 5.33±0.32 (group 5 day 42) to 12.67±0.53
(group 2 day 42). These values obtained were shown to
be significantly different with the negative control
(induced untreated) group and not significantly different
from the normal and standard drug treated group
revealing high ameliorative potentials especially in
groups 5 (Rats induced with TP 4mg/kg and
administered 200mg/kg of aqueous extract of
Arthocarpus heterophyllus leaves) by day 42.
Keywords:- Arthocarpus heterophyllus, Prostatitis,
Heamatological profile, Testosterone propionate.
IJISRT23MAR1448 www.ijisrt.com
International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
I. INTRODUCTION
Several compounds have been noted to be toxic to the
body on exposure (Olua et al., 2018; Ighariemu et al., 2023).
Testosterone propionate, sold under the brand name
Testoviron among others have proven to be one of such
toxic compounds especially on illicit usage (Kayode et al.,
2020). Testosterone propionate is an androgen and anabolic
steroid (AAS) medication which is used mainly in the
treatment of low testosterone levels in men (Jin et al., 2018).
However, studies have revealed that same testosterone
propionate with lots of beneficial effects is not devoid of
some side effects as it’s been reported to induce benign
prostatitis in males (Kayode et al., 2020). Benign prostate
hyperplasia (BPH) is a common urological disorder in
growing men who had attained at least forty years of age.
(Jin et al., 2018; Keong, 2017) Benign prostate hyperplasia
occurrence in older men is influenced by conditions such as
diabetes, reduced physical activity, obesity, hyperlipidemia
and alcohol intake. Novel methods for prevention and
diagnosis of this condition could be deciphered by analysing
these risk factors and other potential modifiable risk factors
(Parsons, 2007; Kayode et al., 2020). Studies revealed that
High red blood cell and platelet counts were associated with
an increased risk of prostate cancer. Higher haemoglobins
were associated with a lower prostate cancer risk while
higher white blood cell and neutrophil count were associated
with prostate cancer mortality (Eleanor et al., 2021).
Folate, iron and testosterone are key to erythropoiesis
(synthesistion of red blood cells), low level of any of these
could lead to reduced RBC count ( Valent et al., 2018;
Coviello et al., 2008, Carrero et al., 2012; Roy et al., 2017).
Reduction of prostate cancer risk could result to Low free
testosterone concentrations (Watts et al., 2018) and reports
exists that iron, vitamin B12 and folate, could be linked
with prostate cancer risk (Price et al., 2016; Ghoshal et al.,
2014). Increased level of white blood cell and platelets could
result from infections and inflamations as seen in
testosterone propionate toxicity (Ghoshal et al., 2014).
Previous studies show that inflammation may however be
associated to cancer incidence, however, it is uncertain if
these factors are specifically associated with prostate cancer
risk ( Doat et al., 2018, Sfanos et al., 2013).
2271
Volume 8, Issue 3, March – 2023
Since it is on record that testosterone propionate could
induce prostatitis, it is therefore expedient to monitor the
effect of a proposed herbal ameliorative therapy on
hematological profile of testosterone propionate induced
prostatitis in wistar rats on co-administration of testosterone
propionate and the proposed herbal therapy. Several plants
have been known to have lots of therapeutic potentials
especially as it relates with biochemical markers and
phytochemical constituents of plants (Nwaichi and Olua,
2015). Reports shows that several plants have anti-
inflammatory properties with significant ability to improve
haematological profiles in diseased conditions (Opotu et al.,
2017; Olua et al., 2021a; Olua et al., 2021b). Artocarpus
heterophyllus is one of such plants used by locals in
treatment of several disease conditions (Keong, 2017). This
study seeks to profile the hematological markers on co-
administration of aqueous leaves and seeds extracts of
Artocarpus heterophyllus on testosterone propionate
induced prostatitis in male Wister rats.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
A. Sample collection and preparation
Fresh leaves and seeds of Arthocarpus heterophyllus
were collected from a location in Obolo community in
Mbano Local Government Area of Imo State. The leaves
and seeds were identified and authenticated at the
Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, University
of Port Harcourt, Rivers State. The sample were deposited at
the Herbarium unit of the University of Port Harcourt with
voucher number UPH1336.
B. Preparation of the aqueous extract of leaves and seeds of
Arthocarpus heterophyllus
The leaves and seeds of Arthocarpus heterophyllus
were washed with clean water to remove impurities. The
leaves and the seeds were air dried separately and ground
into powdered form with different manual blenders. The
aqueous extraction was done using the cold-water method.
Five hundred grams each of the powdered samples (leaves
IJISRT23MAR1448 www.ijisrt.com
International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
and seeds) were mixed with two litres of distilled water in a
conical flask respectively; the mixture was stirred severally
and left for twenty-four hours at room temperature. The
mixtures were filtered using Whatman’s filter paper No 1.
The filtrates were concentrated using rotary evaporator at
50ºC and evaporated to dryness in an evaporating dish with
a thermostat water bath heater at 50ºC. The leaves and seeds
extracts were separately removed from the evaporating dish
using a spatula and collected into dry sterile containers. Fifty
grams each of both the leaves and seeds extracts were
weighed and separately dissolved in 750ml of distilled
water, and after that, they were preserved in storage bottles.
 Experimental animals
A total of one hundred male wistar rats (100-125g)
were obtained from the Animal House of the Department of
Pharmacology, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria. The
hundred male wistar rats were grouped into ten groups (I-X)
of 10 rats each, such that no significant difference existed in
the initial mean weights of the groups and were housed
individually in cages. The rats were acclimatized for seven
days under standard laboratory conditions and fed ad libitum
with water and Top feeds. Feeding was withdrawn at the end
of acclimatization and the rats were allowed free access to
only water for six hours and afterwards, the rats were
weighed and reweighed after acclimatization and their
weight after a week of acclimatization served as the initial
weight for the experimental study.
Testesterone propionate was dissolved in corn oil and 4
mg/kg body weight was injected subcutaneously to the male
wistar rats (Obisike et al, 2019), while the leaf and seed
extracts of A. heterophyllus was administered as shown
below.
 Experimental design
The experiment was conducted in three phases of
three(3) weeks each that is day 21, day 42, day 63 .
2272
Volume 8, Issue 3, March – 2023
 Treatment Schedule
Blood samples were obtained by anaesthetizing the
wistar rats in a jar containing cotton wool soaked in
chloroform, they were then sacrificed by jugular puncture
and their blood collected and stored for haematological
analysis.
C. Evaluation of Haematological Indices
Haematological parameters (Hb, White Blood Cell
count, Red Blood Cell count, Platelet count, Neutrophils,
Lymphocytes, Monocytec (MONO), Eosinophils (EOS),
Basophils (BAS) counts) and indices were assayed using
Vet - Automated Haematology analyzer (Abacus junior, 1
Radim, Italy) 43. The automatic method (automatic cell
counter) vet haematology analyzer was used (Abacus junior
Radiun, Italy) after putting the samples on electric mixer.
Each sample was estimated in triplicates.
III. DATA/STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Statistical analysis was done using SPSS Version 21.0
to determine the one way analysis of variance (Anova), and
a descriptive multiple comparism of mean values (n=3) @
p≤ 0.05.
IJISRT23MAR1448 www.ijisrt.com
International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The results of the Heamatology Parameters at Day 21,
42 and 63 on co-administration of aqueous extract of
jackfruit leaves/seeds and testosterone priopionate on male
wistar albino rats is as shown in Tables 1 to 3. The result
revealed minimum PCV (%) (Hematocrit or PCV is the
erythrocyte proportion of blood volume representing the
ratio of red blood cells to the whole blood volume)
13.20±0.21 in group 2 (Negative control - Rats induced with
TP (4mg/kg) and untreated) at day 42 with maximum values
39.67±0.20 seen in group 5 (induced with TP (4mg/kg) and
administered 200 mg/kg of aqueous extract of Arthocarpus
heterophyllus leaves) day 42. The PCV results from this
study corroborates the findings by Soldin et al., (1995) who
reported PCV range for Children at ten years of age 36 -
40%, Adult female 36 - 46%, Adult male 38 - 50% . The
findings however, gave results which are not significantly
different from groups 1 and 3 (the control groups) (@
p<0.05), but was significantly from group 2, hence revealing
that the aqueous extract of Arthocarpus heterophyllus leaves
and seeds have a stabilizing effect on PCVs in prostatic
wistar rats induced with testosterone propionate. Reduced
packed cell volume may suggest anemia (Zubieta et al.,
2007) as seen in group 2 (induced and untreated group). The
finding in this study is however suggestive that testosterone
administration could trigger prostatitis and co-administration
2273
Volume 8, Issue 3, March – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
with jackfruit leaves and seed may have significant impact mg/kg) and treated with 4 mg/kg of dudesteride, 4 - Rats
on PVC levels in prostatic Wister albino rats induced using induced with TP (4 mg/kg) and administered 100 mg/kg of
testosterone propionate. aqueous extract of Arthocarpus heterophyllus leaves . 5 -
Rats induced with TP (4 mg/kg) and administered 200
HB(g/dl) minimum 5.00±0.15 was seen in group 2 mg/kg of aqueous extract of Arthocarpus heterophyllus
day 63 with maximum 13.23±0.39 seen in group 5 (induced leaves, 6 - Rats induced with TP(4 mg/kg) and administered
with TP (4 mg/kg) and administered 200 mg/kg of aqueous 300 mg/kg of aqueous extract of Arthocarpus heterophyllus
extract of Arthocarpus heterophyllus leaves) day 42. This leaves, 7 - Rats induced with TP (4 mg/kg) and administered
however, gave results which are not significantly different 100 mg/kg of aqueous extract of Arthocarpus heterophyllus
from groups 1 and 3 (the control groups) (@ p<0.05) , seeds, 8 - Rats induced with TP(4 mg/kg) and administered
thereby indicative of negligible effect of the various 200 mg/kg of aqueous extract of Arthocarpus heterophyllus
treatments on total heamoglobin in those receiving seeds, 9 - Rats induced with TP(4 mg/kg) and administered
prostatitis treatment using standard drugs, however in 300 mg/kg of aqueous extract of Arthocarpus heterophyllus
comparison with group 2, obtained values especially from seeds, 10 - Rats induced with TP(4 mg/kg) and administered
group 5 gave a significantly different result, suggestive of an 200 mg/kg of the combined 100 mg/kg aqueous leaves and
antitoxic and preventive ability of the extract against TP seeds extracts.
induced prostatitis.
Table 2 HEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AFTER 42
When erythrocytes (RBCs) (or haemoglobin) count is DAYS ADMINISTRATION
low, parts of the body is deficient with oxygen supply for G P H R W Pla Neu Lym Eosi Mo
normal cellular activies and or functions . This results to an R C B(
1 34 13 5.4 8.9 B B tel
24 trop
23.2 68.1pho 4.64
nop 7.34noc
anemic condition often times making one feel very tired. O V
.2 6. g/
.1 1.4 C( C(
7± 37.
0± 2.6 et( hils( cyte hils( ytes
2 13 33 2±0.
49.3 0±0.
84.2 ±0.0
9.00 ±0.
12.6
The RBC(X1012/l) count from this study ranged from U 2± ( dl 0.8
2± X1 X1
0.2 X1
7± 10
31
9a
/ 4±0.
s(10
74 a 10
2
9
a/ (10
10 a9
3 .2
35 00
13 5±
4.2 12
80
7.8
9/l
1.0
23
9/l
5±0.
22.0 67.4
9
±0.5
4.31 7±0
7.67
1.45±0.14 in groups 2 day 42 to 5.93±0.15 in group 5 P 0± %0. )
0. 08 a 0±0 00±
1 a 0.2 L)b /L)b L) /L)b
4 35 .9 ±0
.0 0.1
11 8±
4.6
/l 6±
7.7 7.3
24 34
1±0.
35.9 17
8±0.
53.3 3b
±0.3
3.33 .53
±0.
6.47
(induced with TP (4 mg/kg) and administered 200 mg/kg of 12) 32 )b ) 7) a
0. .1 4 .34 0.5 23 a 3±0.
44 a ±0.8
8a a
aqueous extract of Arthocarpus heterophyllus leaves) day 5 1± .3
39
21
a
7±
.7
13
1
ab
0.4
0±
5.9 a
0.5
3±
7.6
ba
3±
6.0
20
9 b
0±0.
20.3 52.3 2.10 21
±0.
5.33
42. A normal RBC count have been recorded as men – 4.7 0. 0. 3 2 0.1 c a a a
6 3± .6
34
82
b
0±
.2 0.1
12
62
3± 0.6
5.5 a
3± 1.3
9.1 a
0±
24
4 a
14
3±0.
24.0 67
0±0.
67.1 8
±0.5
4.67 24
±0.
7.67
to 6.1 million cells per microlitre (cells/mcL) and women 0. 0. 4 9 0.5 49a 7±0.51 a ±0.2
7a a
7 7± .6
33
45
a
3±
.9
12
49
a
0.1
0±
5.5 a
±0
3±
9.5 3±
5.0
22
7 c
0±0.
28.3 61.6 4.00 32
±0.
6.00
4.2 to 5.4 million cells/mcL (NHS, 2019). The WBC 0. 0. 5 .28 0.0 a a a a
(X109/l) count ranged from 4.07±0.20 in group 5 day 42 to 8 7± .6
37
20
a
0±
.8
12
39
a
0.4
7± 0.2
5.4 a
7±
11.
aa
0±
4.0
24
9 d
34
3±0.
33.0 45
7±0.
56.6 0
±0.5
3.33 81
±0.
7.10
0. 0. 0 2 0.2 a a a a
37.80±0.34 in group 2 (Negative control - Rats induced 9 7± .6
34
03
a
7±
.5
12
19
a
0.1
0±
5.6 a
0.3
43
8.4 a
0±
1.3
24
8 e
03
0±0.
22.3 88
7±0.
67.3 0
±0.8
4.53 51
±0.
7.05
0. 0. 9 1 0.7 73a 3±0.47 a ±0.3
2a a
with TP (4 mg/kg) and untreated) day 42. Having a higher or 1 7± .6
34
88
a
3±
.5
13
30
a
0.4
7±
5.4 a
±0
7±
9.4 3±
1.4
24
9 a
3±0.
21.0 67.3 4.63 58
±0.
7.00
lower number of WBC than normal indicates underlying 0 2± 0.
.3 0.
3±
.2 6
0.3
6± .75
0.3
7± 0.8
5± 0±0.
6.3 18 a
71
12±
a
8 a
±0.3 20
±0.
a
a a aa c
disease condition which hence demands the need for proper 06
0.
7± 12
0. are0.3
0±
a
8 means±SEM.
5
0.1 6
0.6
3± @ 05an=3.0.43 a
58 a
Values
a a a
Means1 in same
mechanism to be deployed in restoring or maintaining WBC 12
column 62
0. with
0. same a a 5
5 superscript
1 a
0.0alphabets are not significantly
a a b
levels within the standard range. 76 @
different 59 p<0.05, while 9Means in same column with
a a
different superscript alphabets are significantly different @
Table 1 HEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AFTER 21 p<0.05. With the numbers denoting; 1 - Normal control-
DAYS ADMINISTRATION Rats fed with normal feed and water, 2 - Negative control -
G P H R W Pla Neu Lym Eosi Mo Rats induced with TP (4 mg/kg) and untreated, 3 - Standard
R
1 33 C 11 B( 4.6 B 7.9 B tel
22 trop pho 3.67
22.6 67.3 nop 6.33noc drug (Dudesteride 4 mg/kg) Rats induced with TP(4
O V
.2 g/
.1 C(
2±
2 19 5. 1.8 24. 36 34.3 C(
1± et(
1.6 hils(
7±0. cyte
3±0. hils(
±0.0
80.0 7.00 ytes
±0.
9.67 mg/kg) and treated with 4 mg/kg of dudesteride, 4 - Rats
9a a9/ a9
U 5± (
.2 12 dl
3±
20 4.2 X1
0.3
7± X1
0.4
80 X1
1±
3.0 10
39
3±0./ s(10
71
0±1.
a 10
4
±0.5 (10
20
±0. induced with TP (4 mg/kg) and administered 100 mg/kg of
3 34
P % ) 0 12
a
7.6
0 9/l
a
22
0 9/l 21.3
L) 66.6
9
/L) 3.33
L) 6.67
/L)
0. 0. 2 2 1.1 04 b 7±1.
15 b ±0.3
6b b aqueous extract of Arthocarpus heterophyllus leaves . 5 -
4 3± .3
35
88)
±1
.1 0.1
12
52
3±
5.2
/l
±0
7±
)b 5.0
)
0±
5.3
) a 3±0.
24
7 26.3 65.0 3.00 03
±0.
5.67 Rats induced with TP (4 mg/kg) and administered 200
0. .1 9 .47 0.5 a a a a
5 1± .6
34
38
a
0±
.2
11 0.2
0± 0.3
70.b 4.8
a
a
7±
4.0
ba
3±
8.3
26 53
3±1.
2 b 29.0
40
0±1.
61.6 6
±0.1
2.67 26
±0.
6.67 mg/kg of aqueous extract of Arthocarpus heterophyllus
0.
7±
.4 3±
.5 4
0.1
7± 2
0.5
7± 2.1
3±
4.0 48
0±1.
a
61
7±0.
a
0
±0.2
a
67
±0.
a
6 03 33 07
b 12 4.6a 7.6a 22 1 a 21.0 67.6 3.33 6.00 leaves, 6 - Rats induced with TP(4 mg/kg) and administered
0. 0. 7 6 2.8 c a a a
7 1± .3
38
05
a
7±
.7
12
29
a
0.0
1± 0.2
5.4 a
7± 4.6
7.9 a
0±
24
8 c
58
0±0.
31.0 41
7±0.
60.0 3
±0.1
3.67 13
±0.
5.43 300 mg/kg of aqueous extract of Arthocarpus heterophyllus
0. 0. 9 0 1.0 65 a 0±1.
40 a ±0.2
1a a leaves, 7 - Rats induced with TP (4 mg/kg) and administered
8 3± .6
36
82
a
7±
.9
12
30
a
0.2
7±
5.2 a
0.8
0±
4.1 a
7±
3.6
29
0 b
0±0.
26.6 64.0 3.00 51
±0.
6.33
0. 0. 4 1 1.7 a a a a 100 mg/kg of aqueous extract of Arthocarpus heterophyllus
9 7± .0
34
20
a
0±
.0
11
32
a
0.5
3± 0.4
4.9 a
3± 2.3
7.2 a
7±
22
5 a
51
7±0.
22.0 77
0±2.
68.6 3
±0.5
3.31 33
±0.
6.00 seeds, 8 - Rats induced with TP(4 mg/kg) and administered
0. 0. 2 2 1.3 a a a a
1 0± .0
33
18
a
0±
.6
12
05
a
0.6
0±
4.2 a
0.1
7±
7.0 a
3±
4.0
22
8 c
76
0±0.
23.3 08
7±1.
66.6 7
±0.1
3.00 01
±0.
6.02 200 mg/kg of aqueous extract of Arthocarpus heterophyllus
0 0± 0.
.0 1.
7±
.0 5
0.2
3± 8
2.0
0± 1.6
0±
2.3 16 a 7±2.
3±0. 45 a ±0.5
8a 03
±0.
a
73
a
57
a
a a 2 e seeds, 9 - Rats induced with TP(4 mg/kg) and administered
0.
0± 0. are0.3
0±
Values 1 means±SEM.
4
1.1 1.6
3± @ a a a
48 n=3.33Means1 in same16 a 300 mg/kg of aqueous extract of Arthocarpus heterophyllus
a a a
16
column 38
0. with
0. same a a 6 alphabets are not significantly
0 superscript
2 1.6 seeds, 10 - Rats induced with TP(4 mg/kg) and administered
a a a
different @ p<0.05, while 2Means in same column with
53 51 200 mg/kg of the combined 100 mg/kg aqueous leaves and
a a
different superscript alphabets are significantly different @ seeds extracts
p<0.05, With the numbers denoting; 1 - Normal control-
Rats fed with normal feed and water, 2 - Negative control -
Rats induced with TP (4 mg/kg) and untreated, 3 - Standard
drug (Dudesteride 4 mg/kg) Rats induced with TP(4

IJISRT23MAR1448 www.ijisrt.com 2274

Volume 8, Issue 3, March – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Table 3 HEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AFTER 63 extracts could stabilize WBC levels in testosterone
DAYS ADMINISTRATION propionate induced prostatitis . However certain medication
G P H R W Pla Neu Lym Eosi Mo (such as : Corticosteroids, quinidine, heparin, clozapine,
R1 34 C 12 B( 5.6 B 8.9 B 24 trop
tel 23.0 68.1pho 4.61
nop 7.33noc antibiotics, antihistamines, diuretics, anticonvulsants,
O2 18 .2
V g/ 5.
.1 1.4 C( 34.
1± 4± 2.6
C( 32 hils(
et( 41.3 0±0.
5±0. 81.2 8.00 11.6
±0.0
cyte hils( ±0.
ytes sulfonamides, chemotherapy medication) . have been shown
U3 4±33
.2
( 13
dl 4.2
00
3± 7± 7.1
0.8
X1 80 1.0
0.2
X1 5±
X1 939a/ 4±0.
23 5±0.
22.0
10 41 a ±0.5
67.4
s(10 108 a9/ 7.67
4.31 20 a9
7±0
(10 to have the ability to alter WBC levels, hence the need for a
P4 3±35
%.3
0. ±011) 4.9
.1
0. 912a 7.0
00±
0.1 59/la 9.3
01±
±0 24
00±
0.19/l
L)b 2±0.
36.1
1±0.
37 965 b
53.3 1L)b
3.35
/L) ±0.3 /L)b
6.87
±0.
.73 good medical approach that will help maintain these values
a a a
5 1±39
.7
0.
86) 13
.1 5.6
.8
0±
39 /l
0±
0.6 b
0) 9.13±
0.5
.38
) 28
7.0
3±
0.5
6) a 35.0
0±0.
22 54.3
1±0.
41 2.33
±0.8
3 ±0.a
6.30
28 within recommended standards (Territo, 2018) .
c a a
6 1±38a
.3
0. 0±
01 12a
5.0 b
0. 5.3 3±
0.1
1 a b
9.7
0±
0.3
1 a 29
0.0
0±
0.1
3 b 28.0
0±0.
04 63.3
3±0.
64 2.33
±0.6
1 ±0.a
6.32
54
b b a
7 3±34b
.0
0. 67
64 11
.6
7±
0. 1 4.8
3±
0.1 a 5.7
0±
0.5
2 a 24
6.3
0±
0.5
9 a 22.6
0±0.
23 67.3
3±0.
96 3.67
±0.3
7 ±0.a
6.73
67 Eosinophils count reportedly increases in response to
8 0±39a
.6
42
0. 13a
.5
7±
43
0. 8 a 9.4
5.6
7±
0.4 6 a 2.6
0±
0.6 4c 7±0.
26
3±
0.1 31a 3±0.
31.0 28 a ±0.2
61.0 3a
3.00 ±0.a
5.00
08 allergies, parasitic infections, diseases of collagen, spleen
a a a
9 7±39a
.0
0. 7±
67 13
19a
0. 5.5
.0 4±
0.4
1 a 8.8
7±
0.9
5 a 22
4.3
7±
0.4
0 d 34.3
0±0.
91 54.3
0±0.
71 4.00
±0.5
4 ±0.a
7.33
20 and central nervous system. They are not usually found in
b a a
1 0±38a
.3
0. 0±
53 12
69a
0. 5.4
.1 3±
0.2
4 a 7.8
3±
0.5
0 a 20
6.3
3±
0.5
1 e 32.3
3±0.
65 57.3
3±0.
08 2.67
±0.1
7 ±0.a
7.67
16 the blood, but abundant in the mucous membranes of the
b b a
0 4± a
.0
0. 1±
40 a
.6
0. 0.1
81 0±
3 a
7±
0.3
4 a
8.3
3±
0.5
4 c
3±0.
33 3±0.
96 ±0.3
2 ±0.a
13 respiratory, digestive and urinary tracts (Saladin, 2012).
b b a
0±
16a
Values
0. 7±
40a
0. are0.0 a
0.8
4 a
1 means±SEM. 3±
0.0
7 f
@
45 n=3.45Means3 in same 33 a
a a a a a
column0. with
20 0. same
42 8 superscript
2 2 alphabets are not significantly
0.1 Obtained results however showed that leaf and seed
a a a
different
52 @
49 p<0.05, while 5Means in same column with extracts of jack fruit has a significant impact on stabilizing
a a
different superscript alphabets are significantly different @ the hematological indices in testosterone induced prostatitis
p<0.05. With the numbers denoting; 1 - Normal control- in male Wistar albino rats.
Rats fed with normal feed and water, 2 - Negative control -
Rats induced with TP (4 mg/kg) and untreated, 3 - Standard This study suggests that the extract have great ability to
drug (Dudesteride 4 mg/kg) Rats induced with TP(4 stimulate erythropoietin formation and secretion by the
mg/kg) and treated with 4 mg/kg of dudesteride, 4 - Rats kidney and hence, presents them useful as blood boosters,
induced with TP (4 mg/kg) and administered 100 mg/kg of that even in the face of prostatitis causing agent
aqueous extract of Arthocarpus heterophyllus leaves . 5 - (testosterone) hematological parameters were still stable. No
Rats induced with TP (4 mg/kg) and administered 200 significant reduction in the blood platelets is an indicator for
mg/kg of aqueous extract of Arthocarpus heterophyllus absence of vascular disease (Kwaan, 1992) . There was also
leaves, 6 - Rats induced with TP(4 mg/kg) and administered no significant (p<0.05) decrease in white blood cell count
300 mg/kg of aqueous extract of Arthocarpus heterophyllus with respect to groups 1 and 3 at all concentrations of jack
leaves, 7 - Rats induced with TP (4 mg/kg) and administered fruit leaf and seed extract . The significant (p<0.05) increase
100 mg/kg of aqueous extract of Arthocarpus heterophyllus in the White Blood cell count in group 2 - Negative control -
seeds, 8 - Rats induced with TP(4 mg/kg) and administered Rats induced with TP (4 mg/kg) is in agreement with earlier
200 mg/kg of aqueous extract of Arthocarpus heterophyllus study by Green and Flamm, (2002) that increase in WBC
seeds, 9 - Rats induced with TP(4 mg/kg) and administered helps in stimulating the immune defense system and also
300 mg/kg of aqueous extract of Arthocarpus heterophyllus agrees with earlier study that it may possess the ability to
seeds, 10 - Rats induced with TP(4 mg/kg) and administered protect the body against infection (Green and Flamm, 2002).
200 mg/kg of the combined 100 mg/kg aqueous leaves and
seeds extracts The results of the Heamatological Parameters at Day
21, 42 and 63 on Administration of various concentrations
The WBC reference range for adults is 4.00-11.0 x aqueous extract of jackfruit leaves and seeds on testosterone
109/L (MCS, 2018). The differential WBC count which is in propionate induced prostatitis on male wistar albino rats
percentage of the overall WBC count has neutrophil (55 to revealed that values in most parameters are shown not to be
73 percent) , lymphocyte (20 to 40 percent) , eosinophil (1 significantly different from the control groups 1 and 3. This
to 4 percent) , Monocyte (2 to 8 percent) , basophil (0.5 to 1 further shows that the leaf and seed extracts of jack fruit has
percent) (MCS, 2018) . However, in this study significant impact on stabilizing the hematological indices in
Platelet(X109/l) ranged from 201.33±0.09 in group 5 day 42 testosterone induced prostatitis in male Wistar albino rats .
to 363.00±0.52 group 2 day 21, Neutrophils 20.33±0.49 in
group 5 day 42 to 49.35±0.34 in group 2 day 42, This could be attributed to the high level of the anti-
Lymphocytes 52.30±0.51 (group 5 day 42) to 84.24±0.17 inflammatory phytochemical seen in the seed and leaf
group 2 day 42 , Eosinophils 2.10±0.57 group 5 day 42 to extracts
9.00±0.53 group 2 (Negative control - Rats induced with TP
(4 mg/kg) and untreated) day 42) , Monocytes 5.33±0.32 V. CONCLUSION
group 5 day 42 to 12.67±0.53 in group 2 (Negative control -
Rats induced with TP (4 mg/kg) and untreated) day 42). This study has shown that Artocarpus heterophyllus
These values on multiple comparism using turkey’s Post hoc has ameliorative potentials on abnormalities of
test is shown not to be significantly different within the haematological indices in testosterone propionate induced
extract treated groups as well as groups 1 and 3, by remains prostatitis in wistar albino rats. this potentials were notable
significantly different with goup 2 induced with 4mg/kg of when also compared with the values obtained from the
testosterone propionate but not treated. The findings from standard drug. The result also revealed tat group 5 (Rats
this study shows that the treated groups gave WBC levels induced with TP (4mg/kg) and administered 200 mg/kg of
within the normal range, signifying that the root and seed aqueous extract of Arthocarpus heterophyllus leaves) and

IJISRT23MAR1448 www.ijisrt.com 2275

Volume 8, Issue 3, March – 2023
group 10 (Rats induced with Testosterone Propionate (4
mg/kg) and administered 200 mg/kg of the combined 100
mg/kg aqueous leaves and seeds extracts), has the most
potential ameliorative effect on the testosterone propionate
induced prostatitis compared to other extract treated groups
as well as the standard drug.
 Compliance with ethical standards
This study was done under strict compliance with the
University of Port Harcourt Ethics Unit approval.
 Funding
There was no grant or sponsorship for this research
from any organisations/body.
 Data Availability
The supporting data for this study are available on
request from the corresponding author.
 Disclosure of conflict of interest
The authors affirm that they have no known conflicts
of interest.
REFERENCES
[1]. Carrero, J.J., Barany, P. and Yilmaz, M.I., (2012).
Testosterone deficiency is a cause of anaemia and
reduced responsiveness to erythropoiesis-stimulating
agents in men with chronic kidney disease.
Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official
publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant
Association - European Renal Association. 27(2):709–
15. DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfr288
[2]. Coviello, A.D., Kaplan, B., Lakshman, K.M., Chen, T.,
Singh, A.B. and Bhasin, S. (2008). Effects of graded
doses of testosterone on erythropoiesis in healthy
young and older men. The Journal of clinical
endocrinology and metabolism. 93(3):914–9. DOI:
10.1210/jc.2007-1692 [PubMed: 18160461]
[3]. Doat S, Marous M, Rebillard X, (2018). Prostatitis,
other genitourinary infections and prostate cancer risk:
Influence of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs?
Results from the EPICAP study. International journal
of cancer.; doi: 10.1002/ijc.31565
[4]. Ghoshal K, Bhattacharyya M. (2014) Overview of
platelet physiology: Its hemostatic and nonhemostatic
role in disease pathogenesis. Scientific World
Journal.781857 doi: 10.1155/2014/781857 [PubMed:
24729754]
[5]. Green, R. M. and Flamm, S. (2002). AGA technical
review of evaluation of liver chemistry
test.Gastroenterology 123, 1367-1384.
[6]. Ighariemu, I., Wegwu M.O., Chuku, L.C., Olua, V. and
Obadesagbo, O. (2023). Toxicological assessment of
marine sediment in oil spilled impacted area of Nembe,
Niger Delta, Nigeria. International Journal of
Scholarly Research and Reviews, 2023, 02(01), 011–
024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.56781/ijsrr.2023.2.1.0015
IJISRT23MAR1448 www.ijisrt.com
International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
[7]. Jin, E.S., Jeffrey, D.B., Rebecca, E.M., Craig, R.M.
(2018). Fatty liver disrupts glycerol metabolism in
Gluconeogenic and lipogenic pathways in humans,
Journal of Lipid Research. 59 (9) (2018) 1685–1694.
[8]. Kayode, O.T., Rotimi, D.E., Kayode, A.A.A., Olaolu,
T.D. and Adeyemi, O.S. (2020). Monosodium
glutamate (MSG)-Induced male reproductive
dysfunction: a mini review, Toxics 8 (7).
[9]. Keong, T.F., (2017). Pathophysiology of clinical
benign prostatic hyperplasia, American
Journal.Urology 4 (2017) 152–157.
[10]. Kwaan, G.S. (1992). Micronutrient profile of Indian
population. New Delhi: Indian Council of Medical
Research. Pp24.
[11]. Nwaichi, E. O and Olua, V. (2015). Antioxidants and
Phytochemical Profile of Various Extracts From
Buccholzia coriacea. Indian Journal of Applied
Research. 5(6). 415-420
[12]. Obisike, U.A., Boisa, N. Nwachuku, E.O., Nduka, N.
(2019). Assessment of antioxidant effects of aqueous
and ethanolic extracts of zingiber officinale rhizome in
testosterone induced benign prostatic hyperplasia rat
model, J. Complement. Altern. Med. Res. 1–12 (2019),
https://doi.org/10.9734/jocamr/2019/
[13]. Olua V., Patrick-Iwuanyanwu K. C. and Nwaichi, E.
O, (2018) “Heavy Metals Contents and Health Risk
Assessment of Classroom Corner Dusts in Selected
Public Primary Schools in Rivers State, Nigeria.”
Journal of Environment Pollution and Human Health,
vol. 6, no. 4: 138-147. doi: 10.12691/jephh-6-4-3.
[14]. Olua, V., Nwaichi, E. O., & Wegwu, M. O. (2021).
Toxicological Evaluation of Telfaria Occidentalis and
Talinum Triangulare Grown in Freshly Recovered
Petroleum-Polluted Soil. European Journal of Applied
Sciences, 9(5). 262-271. DOI:10.14738/aivp.95.10963.
[15]. Olua, V., Wegwu, M. O. & Nwaichi, E. O (2021).
Hepatotoxicity of Farm Produce from Recently
Remediated Crude Oil Polluted Site Amended Using
Formulated Agrowastes. International Journal of
Innovative Science and Research Technology; 6(10)
353 – 358
[16]. Opotu, R.O., Uwakwe, A.A., Chuku, L.C and Olua, V.
(2017). Hepatoprotective Potentials of Aqueous
extracts of Ficus asperifolia MIQ leaves on CCl4
induced liver damage in Wistar rats. International
Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences.
4,(12):27-39 www.ijarbs.com. DOI: 10.22192/ijarbs.
[17]. Parsons, J.K., (2007). Modifiable risk factors for
benign prostatic hyperplasia and lower urinary tract
symptoms: new approaches to old problems, Journal of
Urology. 178 (2) 395–401.
[18]. Price, A.J., Travis, R.C. and Appleby, P.N. (2016).
Circulating folate and vitamin B(12) and risk of
prostate cancer: A collaborative analysis of individual
participant data from six cohorts including 6875 cases
and 8104 controls. Euro Urol. 70(6):941–51. DOI:
10.1016/j.eururo.2016.03.029
2276
Volume 8, Issue 3, March – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
[19]. Roy, C.N., Snyder, P.J. and Stephens-Shields, A.J.,
(2017). Association of testosterone levels with anemia
in older men: A controlled clinical trial. JAMA Intern
Med.; 177(4):480–90.
[20]. Saladin, M.K. (2012). Inhibition of angiogenesis by
NSAIDs: molecular mechanisms and clinical
implications. Journal of Molecular Medicine 81, (10),
pp. 627-636,
[21]. Sfanos, K.S., Isaacs, W.B., and De Marzo, A.M.
(2013). Infections and inflammation in prostate cancer.
Am J Clin Exp Urol. 1(1):3–11.
[22]. Solidin, J.T, Harper, J.L., Marcel, E.C. & Emmanuel,
C. B., (1995). Iron Deficiency Anemia:Practice
essentials, Pathophysiology and Etiology.Medscape.
[23]. Territo, W. (2018). Nutrition in Pregnancy. In:
Gopalan C, Kaur S, editors. Women and nutrition in
India, Special Publication No. 5. New Delhi: Nutrition
Foundation of India: pp153-93.
[24]. Valent, P., Büsche, G. and Theurl, I., (2018). Normal
and pathological erythropoiesis in adults: from gene
regulation to targeted treatment concepts.
Haematologica. ; 103(10):1593–603.
[25]. Watts, E.L., Appleby, P.N. and Perez-Cornago, A.,
(2018). Low free testosterone and prostate cancer risk:
a collaborative analysis of 20 prospective studies. Eur
Urol. 74(5):585–94.
[26]. Watts, E. L., Perez-Cornago, A., Kothari, J., Allen, N.
E., Travis, R. C., & Key, T. J. (2020). Hematologic
Markers and Prostate Cancer Risk: A Prospective
Analysis in UK Biobank. Cancer epidemiology,
biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the
American Association for Cancer Research,
cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive
Oncology, 29(8), 1615–1626.
https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-19-1525
[27]. Zubieta, J., Bakea, T.G., Parapia, L.A., Khoury, S.A.,
Shugaidef, S.W. & Jerwood, D., (2007). Anaemia
during pregnancy as a risk factor for iron-deficiency
anaemia in infancy: a case-control study in Jordan.
International Journal of Epidemiology 28:461-468.

IJISRT23MAR1448 www.ijisrt.com 2277