CBO9780511530159A107

Appendix
Spherical Equations
Polar Equations
Half-Tangent Laws
Direction Cosines
fora
triangle
quadrilateral
pentagon
hexagon
heptagon
Cambridge Books Online © Cambridge University Press, 2009

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511530159.014
Appendix 401
Equations for a Spherical Triangle Equations for a Polar Triangle

Xi = s23s2 Yi = S23C2 Zi = c 2 3 U12 = S3S23 V12 = S3C23 W12 = c 3
X 2 = S31S3 Y2 = S31C3 z2 = c3i U 2 3 = S1S31 V 2 3 = S1C31 W 2 3 = ci
X 3 = S12S1 Y3 = S12C1 z3 = Ci2 U31 = s 2 s 1 2 V31 = s 2 ci2 W31 = c 2
X i = S23S3 Y i = S23C3 Z{ = c 2 3 U 2 i = S3S31 V 2 i = S3C31 W2i = c3

X 2 = S31S1 Y 2 = S31C1 Z 2 = c3i U 3 2 = S1S12 V 3 2 = S1C12 W 3 2 = ci
X 3 = S 12 S 2 Y 3 = Si2C2 Z 3 = C12 U13 = S 2 S 23 V13 = S 2 C 23 W13 = C2
Direction Cosines - Spatial Triangle
Set 1
0, 1) a,2(l, 0, 0)
S 2 (0, - S 1 2 , C12) §23 ( C 2. S2C12, U21)
S3 (X2, Y2, z2) a 3 i (ci, -si, 0)
Set 2
S 2 (0, 0, 1) §23 ( 1 , 0, 0)
S 3 (0, - S 2 3 , c 2 3 ) §31 (C 3 , S3C23, U32)
S! (X3, Y3, z) a 12 (c 2 , - s 2 , 0)
3
Set 3
S 3 (0, 0, 1) §31 ( 1 . 0, 0)
Si(O, - S 3 1 , C31) §12 (Cl, S1C31, U,3)
S 2 (X,, Y i , Zi) a 2 3 (C3, -s3, 0)
Set 4
Si(O, 0, 1) a 3 i(l> 0, 0)
S 3 (0, S31. C31) a 2 3 (C3. -S3C31, U31)
S 2 (X 3 , - Y 3 , z3) a, 2 (ci, Si, 0)
Set 5
S 3 (0, 0, 1) a23(!> 0, 0)
S 2 (0, S23, C23) I12 (C 2 , -S2C23, U23)
S, (X2, - Y 2 , z2) §31 ( c 3 , S3, 0)
Set 6
S 2 (0, 0, 1) §12 ( 1 , 0, 0)
S12, C12) §31 ( l- c -SiC12, U12)
Sa(Xi, - Y , , Zi) a 23 (c 2 , S2. 0)

402 Appendix
Equations for a Spherical Quadrilateral
Fundamental Formulas:
X12 =: S34S3 Y12 — S34C3 Z12 = C34
X 2 3 == S41S4 Y23 = S41C4 Z 2 3 = c 41

X34 == S12S1 Y34 = S12C1 Z 3 4 = C12
:
X41 = s 2 3 s 2 Y4i = S23C2 Z41 = C23
X21 == S34S4 Y2i = S34C4 Z21 = C34

X3 2 == S41S1 Y32 = S41C1 Z 3 2 = c4i
X43 == S12S2 Y43 = S12C2 Z43 = C12
X14 == S23S3 Y14 = S23C3 Z14 = C23
Subsidiary J Formulas:
X12 : = X 3 -XJ2 = Y3 Zi=Z3
:
X23 = X 4 - X 2 3 = Y4 Z2 = Z4
X34 := Xl ""^34 = Yi Z 3 = Z,
X41 :
= x2 Z 4 = Z2
X21: -XJ, = Y4 Z2 = Z 4
=
x
X43 = x 2 -X43 = Y! z4 = z2
X14 = x -XJ4 = Y3 Zi=Z 3
3
Equations for a Polar Quadrilateral
Ui 2 3 == S4S34 Vl23 == S4C34 W123 = C4
U 2 3 4 == S1S41 V 2 3 4 -= S1C41 W 2 3 4 = ci
U341 == s 2 s 12 V341 == s 2 c 12 W34i = c2
U 4 i 2 -= s 3 s 2 3 V 4 1 2 == s 3 c 23 W412 = c3
U321 =— S4S41 V321 == S4C41 W321 = c 4

:
U2H = S3S34 V 2 ,4 == S3C34 W 2 W = c3
:
U143 = S2S23 Vl43 == S2C23 W143 = c2
:
U432 = S1S12 V 4 3 2 == S1C12 W432 = c,

Appendix 403
Subsidiary Formulas:
u 123 = u 43 u? 23 = - v 4 3 w12 = w43
U234 = U M U*34 = - V 1 4 W 23 = W 14
U341 = u 2 1 u;41 = - v 2 1 w34 = w21
u 412 = u 32 u; l 2 = - v 3 2 w 41 = w 3 2
U321 = u 41 u; 21 = - v 4 , w 32 = w 41
U214 = U 3 4 U* 14 = - V 3 4 W21 = W34
u 143 = u 2 3 ut 43 = - v 2 3 w14 = w23
U432 = U, 2 U*32 = - V , 2 W 43 = W12
Half-Tangent Laws for a Quadrilateral
Setl
X34 Y34 — S12 X32 Y 3 2 — S41
x x
i = T;—: = ^ i =
Y34 + S12 X34 Y32 + S41 X32
X4I Y41- S23 X43 Y 4 3 - Sl2

X X
2 = 77—: = Tr 2 =
Y4i + S23 X41 Y43 + S12 X43
X12 Y , 2 - S34 X14 Y 1 4 - S23

x3 =
Y12 + s34 X12 Y14 + S23 X14
X4 =
x23 =
Y23- S41
X4 =
X21 Y 2 1 - S34
Y23 + S41 X23 Y21 + S34 X21
Set 2
X4 — X2 Y 4 HhY 2
Y4-Y2 X4HhX 2
x2 =
x,-x 3 YiH hY 3
Y,-Y 3 X,HKX3
X 2 — X4 Y 2 - hY 4
x3 =
Y2 - Y4 ~ x -
2
hX 4
X3-Xt Y 3 - f-Yi

404 Appendix
Direction Cosines - Spatial Quadrilateral
Setl
S_i(0, 0, 1) §12(1' 0, 0)
S 2 (0, -S12, C12) C
§23 ( 2> S2C12, U21)
S 3 (X 2 , Y2, z2) § 34 (W 32 , -u; 2 i> U321)
§4 (X 32 , Y32, Z32) §41 ( C l . -si, 0)
Set 2
S2(0, 0, 1) §23(1. 0, 0)
S3(0, ~S23, C23) C
§34 ( 3. S3C23, u 32 )
TT*
S4(X 3 , Y3, z3) §41 (W43, U
432' u 432 )
S_i (X43, Y43, z 43 ) §12 (C2, -S2, 0)
Set 3
S3(0, 0, 1) §34(1- 0, 0)
S4(0_, — S34> C34) §41 ( C 4. S4C34,
u 43 )
Si (X4, Y4, Z4) §12(W 14 , -U143. U143)
S 2 (X14, Y14, Z14) §23 (C3, -S3, 0)
Set 4
§4(0, 0, 1) §41 ( 1 , 0, 0)
Si(0, —S41, C41) §12 (Cl, S1C41, U14)
Sa(Xi, Yi, Zi) §23(W21, "U5l4. U214)
S3(X2i, Y21, Z21) §34 ( C 4. -s4, 0)
Set 5
S,(0, 0, 1) §41 ( 1 , 0, 0)
§4(0, S41> C41) §34 ( C 4. -S4C41, U41)
S 3 (X 4 , -Y4, Z4) §23(W 3 4, U? 4 i, U341)
S2 (X34, -Y34, Z34) §12 (Cl, Si, 0)
Set 6
§4(0, 0, 1) §34(L 0, 0)
S 3 (0, S34. C34) §23 (C3, -s3c34, U34)
S 2 (X 3 , -Y3, z3) §12(W 23 , U234)
Si (X 23 , -Y23, z 23 ) §41 ( 4, C s4, 0)
Set 7
S3(0, 0, 1) §23 ( 1 , 0, 0)
S2(0, S23, C23) §12 (C2, -S2C23, u 23 )
Si (X 2 , -Y2, z2) §41 (W, 2 , Ut23. U123)
S4(Xi2, -Y,2, Z12) §34 (C3. S3, 0)
Set 8
S2(0, 0, 1) §12(L 0, 0)
Si(0, Sl2> C12) §41 (Cl, -S1C12, U12)
S4(Xi, -Y,, Zi) §3 4 (W 4 1, '-'412' U412)
S3 (X41, — Y4I, Z41) §23 (C2, s2, 0)

Appendix 405
Equations for a Spherical Pentagon

S
X123 = 45 S 4 Yl23 = S45C4 Z123 = C45
X234 = S51S5 Y 2 34 = S51C5 ^234 = C51
X345 = S12S1 Y345 = S12C1 Z345 = C12

X451 — S23S2 Y45I = S23C2 Z45I = C23
X512 = S34S3 Y512 = S34C3 Z512 = C34
X321 = S45S5 Y32I = S45C5 ^321 = C45
X432 = S51S1 Y432 = S51C1 Z432 = C51

X543 = S12S2 Y543 = S12C2 Z543 = C12
X154 = S23S3 Y154 = S23C3 Z154 = C23
X215 = S34S4 Y 2 15 = S34C4 ^215 = C34
1-7 ry
Set 1 X123 — X4 ~X* 2 3 = Y 4 ZJ\2 = Z4
X234 = X 5 - X * 3 4 = Y5 Z23 = Z5
X345 = X i - X ; 4 5 = YX Z34 = Zi
X451 = X2 A
~ 451 — Y
2 Z45 = Z2
X512 = X 3 ~A512 — Y
3 Z51 = Z 3
X321 = X5 ~ A 3 2 1 — *5 Z32 = Z 5
A432 = A i - X * 3 2 = Yi Z43 = Zi
X543 = X2 —A543 = 12 Z54 = Z2
X154 = X3 X
— 154 = Y
3 Z15 = Z3
X215 = X 4 A
~ 215 = Y
4 Z21 = Z4
Set 2 X 1 2 = X43 Y12 = -X*3 Z12 = Z 4

X23 = X 5 4 Y23 = - X 5 % Z23 = z 5
X34 = X15 Y34 = ~ X * 5 Z34 = Zi
X45 = X21 I 45 — —-^21 Z45 = Z2
X51 = X32 Y51 — - A 3 2 Z51 = Z3
X32 = X51 132 — ~ A 5 i Z32 = z 5

X43 = X12 Y43 = —Xj2 Z43 = Zi
X54 = X23 Y54 = -A23 Z54 = Z2
X15 = X34 Y15 = — X34 Z15 = Z 3
=
X21 = X45 Y2I "X^ Z21 = Z 4

406 Appendix
Equations for a Polar Pentagon
U1234 = S5S45 V1234 = S5C45 W [ 2 3 4 = c5
U2345 = S1S51 V2345 = S1C51 W 2 3 4 5 = C]
U3451 = s 2 si2 V3451 = S2C12 W345i = c2
U4512 = S3S23 V4512 = S3C23 W 4 5 i 2 = C3
U5123 = S4S34 V5123 — S4C34

W5i23 = c4
U4321 = S5S51 V4321 = s 5 c 5 i

W432i = c5
U3215 = S4S45 V3215 = S4C45
W3215 = C4
U2154 = S3S34 V2154 - S3C34
W 2 i 5 4 = C3
U1543 = S2S23 V1543 = S2C23
W i 5 4 3 = c2
U5432 = S1S12 V5432 = S1C12
W 5 4 3 2 = Ci
Set 1 U1234 = U54 w 123 = w 5 4
U2345 = U15 TT*
U
2345 —
— - Vv i15c W 2 3 4 = Wis
U3451 = U21 u; 451 = - v 2 1 W 3 4 5 = W21
U45i 2 = U 3 2 u;5i2 = - v 3 2 W451 = W32
U5123 = U43 T
TT* — — Vyn W512 = W 4 3
5123
^^19^ — "43
U4321 = U51 u: 32 i = - v 5 , W432 = W5i

U3215 = U45 U3215 = ~V45 W321 = W45
U2154 = U34 U2154 = -V34 W215 = W34
U1543 = U23 ut 5 4 3 = -V23 W154 = W23
U5432 = U12 U5%32 = -Vl2 W 5 4 3 = W12
Set 2 U123 = U543 w123 = w54

U234 = U154 V234 = -^54 w234 = w15
U345 = U215 V345 = —U215 w345 = w2i
U451 = U321 V451 = —U3 2 1 w 451 = w 3 2
U512 = U432 V51 2 = —U4 3 2 w512 = w43
U432 = U512 v 432 = - u ; 1 2 W432 = W51
U 3 2 1 = U451 V32i = - U ^ 5 1 W321 = W 4 5
U215 = U345 V215 = - U ; 4 5 W215 = W34
U154 = U234 v 154 = -u* 3 4 w154 = w23
U543 = U123 W 5 4 3 = W12

Appendix 407
Half-Tangent Laws for a Pentagon
Setl
X345 Y345 — S12 X432
X432 Y432 — s5i
Xl Xl
Y345 + S12 X345 Y432 + S51 X432
X451 Y451 — S23 X543 Y543 •- S 1 2
x2 x2
Y451 + S23 X451 Y543 + Sl2 X543
X512 Y512 — S34 X154 Y l 5 4 •- s23
X3 X3
Y512 + S34 X512 Y154 + S23 Xi 54
X123 Y123 — S45 X215 Y215 •- S34
x4 x4
Y123 + S45 X123 Y 2 15 + S34 X215
X234 Y234 — S51 X321 Y321 •- S45
X5 x5
Y234 + S51 X234 Y321 + S45 X,(21
Set 2
X45 — X2 Y45 + Y2 X32 — X 5 Y32 + Y5
Xl Xl
Y45 - Y2 X45 + x2 Y32 - Y5 X32 + x 5
X51 — X3 Y5i + Y3 X43 — Xi Y43 + Yi
X2 X2
Y51 - Y3 X 5 i + X3 Y 4 3 - Yi X43 + Xi
X12 — X4 Y12 + Y4 X54 — X 2 Y54 + Y2
x3 x3
Y, 2 - Y 4 X12 + x4 Y54 - Y2 X54 + x 2
X23 — X 5 Y23 + Y5 X15 — X3 Y.5 + Y3
x4 X4
Y23 - Y5 x 2 3 + x5 Y15 - Y 3 X15 + x 3
Y^
X34 — X i Y34. + Y, Y^
X21 — X4 Y2i + Y4
Y34 — Yj X34 + X] Y21 — Y 4 X2i + X 4
Direction Cosines - Spatial Pentagon
Setl
s, (0, 0, 1) §12(1. 0, 0)
s2 (0, -S12, C12) §23 ( 2, C S 2 Cl 2 , U21)
S3 (X 2 , Y2, z2) S34 (W 3 2 , -U321. U321)
S4 (X32, Y32, Z32) S45 (W432, -u:32i. U 4 3 2 l)
S 5 (X 432 , Y432, Z 432 ) a 5 1 (ci, -si, 0)
Set 2
s 2 (0, 0, 1) §23 (1. 0, 0)
S3 (0, -S23, C23) §34 (c 3 , S3C23, U32)
S4 (X 3 , Y3, Z3) §45 (W 4 3 , ~U432' U432)
loo
(X43, Y43, z 43 ) a (W 5 4 3 , -U*, U5432)

S 1 (X 5 4 3 , Y543, Z543) a 1 2 (c 2 , -s2, 0)

408 Appendix
Set 3
s 3 (0, 0, 1) §34(1, 0, 0)
s. (0, -S34, C34) §45 ( 4,C S4C34, U43)
s 5 (X , 4 Y4, z4) §51 (W54, U

- 543' u 543 )
S_i (X54, Y54, Z54) §12 ( W i 5 4 , -U1543. U,543)
s2 (X154, Y154, Z154) §23 ( 3,C
-S3, 0)
Set 4
S4 (0, 0, 1) §45(1, 0, 0)
s 5 (0, -S45, C45) §51 (C5, S5C45, U54)
col
(X 5 , Y5, z5) a,2(Wi5, U

- t54, U154)
s2 (X15, Y15, Z15) W

§23( 215, -^,54, U2i54)
S 3 (X215, Y215, Z215) §34 (C4, S4, 0)
Set 5
s 5 (0, 0, 1) §51 ( 1 , 0, 0)
(0, -S51, C51) §12 (Cl, S1C51, U15)
s 2 (Xi, Yi, Zi) §23(W 2 1 , ^215' U215)

S3 (X21, Y21, Z21) a 3 4 (W3 2 1 , -U|215, U3215)
S4 (X321, Y321, Z321) §45 (C5, -s5, 0)
Set 6
c/5l
(0, 0, 1) §51 ( 1 , 0, 0)
& (0, S51. C51) §45 ( C 5, -S5C51, U51)
S4 (X 5 , -Y5, z5) §34(W45, U451. U451)

S3 (X45, —Y 4 5 , Z45) §23 (W345, U3451' U3451)
s 2 (X345, —Y345, z 345 ) Si, 0)
Set 7
s 5 (0, 0, 1) 345(!» 0, 0)
S4 (0, S45, C45) 3.-^4 \C4? —S4C45, U45)
S3 (X 4 , -Y4, Z4) a 23 (W34, U

345> U345)
s 2 (X34, -Y34, Z34) §12 ( W 2 3 4 , ^2345' U2345)

Si (X234, —Y234, Z234) §51 ( 5,C
S5, 0)
Set 8
S4 (0, 0, 1) §34d, 0, 0)
S3 (0, S34, C34) §23 ( 3,C —S3C34, U34)
s 2 (X , 3 -Y3, z3) §1 2 (W 2 3, U234, u 234 )

S i (X23, -Y23, Z23) §51 ( W , 2 3 , u* 234 , U1234)
s 5 (X123, -Y123, Z123) §45 (C4, s4, 0)

Appendix 409
Set 9
&(0, 0, 1) a 2 3 (l, 0, 0)
S2(0, S23, c23) a 12 (C2, -s2c23, U23)
Si (X 2 , -Y2, z2) Ssi (W12, UT23. U123)
S.5 (X12, -Y12, Z12) a45 (W512, ^123. U5i23)
S4(X512, —Y512, Z512) a34(c3, s3, 0)
Set 10
S2(0, 0, 1) 3l2d, 0, 0)
S,(0, S12, C12) 3si(ci, -S1C12, U12)
Ss(Xi, -Yi, Zi) a4 5 (W 5 ,, U 5 *12, U512)
S4(X 51 , -Y51, Zsi) a34(W45i, ^4512' U4512)
S 3 (X 45 i, —Y451, Z451) a 23 (c 2 , S2> 0)

410 Appendix
Equations for a Spherical Hexagon
X1234 = S56S5 Yi234 = S56C5 Zl234 — ^56
X2345 = S61S6 Y2345 — S61C6 Z2345 = C61

S S C
X3456 = 12 1 Y3456 = S12C1 ^3456 = 12
X456I = S23S2 Y456I = S23C2 ^4561 = ^23

X56I2 = S34S3 Y5612 = S34C3 Z56I2 = C34
X6123 — S 45 S 4 Y6123 = S45C4 ^6123 = C

45
X432I = S56S6 Y432I = S56C6 Z432I = C56

X5432 = S61S1 Y5432 = S61C1 Z5432 = C6l
X6543 = S12S2 Y6543 = S12C2 ^6543 = C12

Xi654 = S23S3 Yl654 = S23C3 Zl654 = C23
X2165 = S34S4 Y2165 = S34C4 ^2165 = C34
C
X32I6 = S45S5 Y32I6 = S45C5 Z32I6 = 45
Set 1 X1234 — X5 ~ X 1234 = Y5 ^123 = Z5
X2345 =
Xg X
- 2345 = Y6 ^234 = ^ 6
X3456 = X i X
~ 3456 = Yi Z345 = Z i
X4561 = X 2 -x* 5 6 1 = Y2 Z456 = Z 2

X5612 = X 3 X
- 5*612 = Y3 2^561 = ^ 3
X6123 = X
4 X
~ 6123 = Y4 ^612 = Z 4
X4321 = X 6 -x* 3 2 1 = Y6 Z432 = ^ 6

X5432 = X i - X 5*432 = Yi Z.543 = la\
X6543 = X 2 ~X6543 = Y2 ^654 = ^ 2

Xi654 = X3 ^•1654 = Y3 Zl65 = Z 3
X2165 = X4 -x* 6 1 5 = Y4 Z2I6 =
Z4
X32I6 = X 5 -X 3 *216 = Y5 Z32I = Z5
Set 2 X123 —- X54 Y123 = -x*54 Zl23 = Z5

X234 = X 6 5 Y234 = ~ 65 X Z234 = Z6
A
345 — 1 6 A Y345 = -xt 6 Z345 = Z i
X456 = X21 Y456 = -X*, Z456 — Z2

X56I = X32 Y56I = ~ X 32 Z561 = Z3
X612 = X43 Y612 = -xi, Z612 = Z 4

Appendix 411
X432 == X 6 i Y432 = ~' X 6 l 2432 = 2 6

X543 == X12 Y543 = - X * 2 Z543 = Zi
X654 == X23 Y654 = — X23 Z654 = Z 2
X 1 6 5 == X34 Yi65 = --X 3 * 4 2i65 = 2 3
X2I6 == X45 Y2I6 = - -x*5 2216 — 24
X321 = = x56 Y32I = --X5*6 2321 = 25
Set 3 X123 == X54 - X T * = Y54 2i2 = 254

X234 - = x65 - X 2 3 4 = Y65 223 = 2 6 5
X345 == X16 - A 3 4 5 — Yi6 234 = 2i6
:
X456 = X 2 i X
- 4 5 6 = Y21 245 = Z21
X 56 1 == X32 - X 5 * 6 i = Y32 256 = 2 3 2
:
X 6 12 = X43 -x* 1 2 = Y43 261 = 243
X432 = X6i
:
-X432 = Y6i 243 = 2 6 i
Y* Z54 = Z12
X543 : = X12 ~ A 5 4 3 — Y12
X654 : = X23 - X 6 5 4 = Y23 265 = 2 2 3
Y*
X l 6 5 : = X34 ~~A165 — Y34 ^16 = ^34
:
X 2 16 = X45 - X 2 1 6 = Y45 Z21 = Z45
X321 :
= x56 ~ 321 — Y56
A 232 = Z 5 6
Equations for a Polar Hexagon
U12345 = S6S56 Vl2345 = s 6 c 5 6 W12345 = c 6
U23456 = 1 6 1 S S
^23456 = sic 6 i W 23 456 = Ci
U3456I — S2S12 V3456I = S2C12 W3456I = c2
U456I2 = S3S23 V456I2 = S3C23 W 4 5 6 12 = c 3
U56I23 — S4S34 V56123 = S4C34 W 56 123 = c 4
U61234 = S5S45 ^61234 = S

5C45 W 6 i234 = c 5
U54321 = S 6 S 6 1 V54321 = S6C 6 1 W 5 4 3 21 = c6
U432I6 = s 5 s 5 6 V432I6 = S
5C56 W432I6 = o5
U32I65 = S4S45 V32165 = S4C45 W 32 165 = c 4
U21654 = S3S34 V21654 = S3C34 W 2165 4 = c 3

U16543 = S2S23 V16543 = S2C23 W 1654 3 = c2
U65432 = S1S12 V65432 = S1C12 W 65 432 = Ci

412 Appendix
Set 1 U12345 = U65 U*2345 = -v65 w 1234 = w65
U23456 = U i 6 ^23456 = -Vi6 W2345 = w16
U34561 = U21 U3456I = - V 2 i W 6 =
345 w21
U45612 = U 3 2 ^45612 = -v32 w 4561 = W32
U56123 = U43 ^56123 = -v43 w 5612 = w43

U61234 = U54 ^61234 = -v54 W =
6123 w54
U54321 = U 6 i U54321 = -v6i W5432 = w61
U432I6 — U56 U432I6 = -v56 W 1 =
432 w56
U32I65 = U45 ^32165 = -v45 W ,6 =
32 w45
U21654 = U34 ^21654 = -v34 w 2165 = w34
U16543 = U23 ^16543 = ""V23 w 1654 = W23
U65432 = U12 ^65432 = -Vi2 W =
6543 w12
Set 2 V 1 2 3 4 = -U?54 W1234 = w65
U2345 = Ui65 V2345 = -UIss w 2345 = w, 6
U3456 = U2l6 v 3456 W 456 =
3 w21
U456I = U321 V456I — TT*
— ~" U 321 W , =
456 w32
U56I2 = U432 - -u:32
V 56 12 W 12 =
56 w43
U6123 = U543 V 123 = - u ; 4 3
6 W =
6123 w54
U5432 = U612 V5432 = - U 6 1 2 W5432 = w61
U4321 = U 56 i V4321 W 21 =
43 w56
U32I6 = U 4 5 6 V32I6 = -u;56 W3216 = w45
U2165 = U345 v 2165 = -U?45 w 2165 = w34
Ui654 = U234 Vl 6 54 = -U234 w 1654 = w23
U6543 = U123 V6543 = -ut23 W 6 5 4 3 = Wi 2
Set 3 ^1234 = -V654 w 123 = w 6 5 4

U2345 = U i 6 5 U^345 = -Vie W = w 165
234
U3456 = U216 ^3456 = - V 2 1 6 W345 = w 2 1 6
U456I = U321 = -V321 w456 = W 1 32
U56I2 = U432 U?612 = - V 4 3 2 W 5 6 1 = W432
U6123 = U543 = -V543 w 6 1 2 = w 543

Appendix 413
U5432 = U 6 1 2 U5*432 = - V 6 1 2 W543 = W612

U4321 = u 5 6 1 u;m - -v56i w432 = w561
U32I6 = U 4 5 6 U 3 2 1 6 = — V456 W321 = W 4 5 6
U 2 i65 = U345 U* 1 6 5 = - V 3 4 5 W216 = W345
u 1654 = u 2 3 4 ut 654 = - v 2 3 4 w165 = w234
U6543 = U123 U* 5 4 3 = - V 1 2 3 W654 = W123
Half-Tangent Laws for a Hexagon
Setl
Y3456 — Sl2 X5432 Y5432 — S61
x
S
3 4 56 i 12
X 4 561 Y4561 — S23 Y6543 ~" Sl2

x2 - — X4561
*4561 + S23 ^4561 *6543 + Si 2
X65 4 3
X561 2 Y56I2 ~" S 3 4 S23

X = X
3 — T? ; ~ 3 —
Y56I2 + S3 4 X56I2
X 56i2 Yi654 Xi65 4
s
X61 2 3 Y6123 "~ S45 Y2165 —
Y6123 + S45 X6123
X 6i23 Y 2 i65 + S3 4 X2165
s
S56
• S56 Xi234 Y 3 2 i 6 + S45 X32I6
Y2345 — S61 X432i Y4321 ~

[ S
2345 "I" 61 ^-2345 Y4321 + S^
Set 2
Xl =
A456 — A.2 1 4 55 T 12 -*M32 — ^ 6 Y432 + Y6
v ^~ = -Y6
X456H -x 2 Y432
X
_ X56i — X 3
:
Y 5 6 H HY 3 X543 Y543 + Y,
2 — T; ^~
A 561 — Y
3 X561 HHX 3 X543 + X!
~v ~v
A.612 — ^4
Y6i2HhY4 X654 -x2 Y654 Y2
Y612 — Y 4 X612 H
^ Y654 -Y2
_ X123 — X 5 ^ Y 1 2 3 H HY 5 Yl65 + Y3
Yi23 — Y 5 X 1 2 3 H HX5 -Y3 Xl 6 5 +
X
_ x234 — x 6
5 — T7 ^~ :
1 2 24 ~HY6
X 2 34 -hX 6
X
_
5 —
xZ -X4
-Y4
Y4
I 234 — I 6 Y 2 16 x4
_ X 3 4 5 — Xi _ _ ._ "I-Yi_
Y345 _ X321 -x5 Y321 + Y5
Y Yi X 3 4 5 + Xi Y 32 i — Y 5 X32i + X5

414 Appendix
Set 3
X56 — X32 Y56 + Y32
Y56 -Y32 X56 + X32
X 6 i — X43 + Y43
X2 =
Y6i - Y 4 3 X 6 i + X43
X12 — X54 Y12 + Y54

x3 =
Y12 - Y 5 4 X12 + X54
X23 -x65 Y23 + Y65
x4 =
Y23 -Y65 X23 + X65
X34 — X i 6 Y34 + 16
x5 =
Y34 - Y 1 6 X34 +
X45 - X 2 1 Y45 + Y 2I
x6 =
Y45 — Y21 X45 + X21
Direction Cosines - Spatial Hexagon

Setl
s, (0, 0, i) and, 0, 0)
s2 (0, -S12, C12) S2C12, U21)
S3 (X 2 , Y2, z2) a 3 4(W 3 2, U

- 321' U321)
S.4 (X32, Y32, Z32) §45 (W432, -u;32i, U4321)

& (X432, Y432, Z432) a56 (W5432, -U54321. U54321)
s6 (X5432, Y5432, Z5432) a.Cci, -si, 0)

1
Set 2
s 2 (0, 0, i) a 23 (l, 0, 0)
S3 (0, -S23, C23) a 3 4 (c3, S3C 2 3, u 32 )
S4 (X 3 , Y3, z3) §45 (W43, -u: 3 2 > U432)
s 5 (X43, Y43, Z43) a5 6 (W 5 43, -U5432' U5432)
s 6 (X543, Y543> Z543) a 6 i (W 65 43, -U65432' U65432)

Si (X6543> Y6543, Z6543) ai2(c2, -s2, 0)
Set 3!
(0, 0, i) 134(1, 0, 0)
S4 (0, —S34, C34) §45 ( 4»C S4C34, U43)
s 5 (X4, Y4, z4) a56(W54, -u;43, u 543 )

s 6 (X54, Y54, z 54 ) Sei (W 6 5 4 , U
- 6543' U 6 543)
Si (X654. Y654, z 654 ) ai2(Wi654, TT*
u
16543' U16543)
s 2 (Xi654, Yi654, Z1654) §23 (C 3 , -S3, 0)

Appendix 415
Set 4
§4(0, 0, 1) §45(1' 0, 0)
§5(0, S
~ 45, C45) §56 (C 5 , S5C45, U54)
§6(X5, Y5, z5) §61 (W 6 5 , -U?54' U 6 54)
§1 (Xfij, Y65, z 65 ) ai 2 (Wi 65 , -ut 6 5 4 ' Ul654)
§2 (Xl65, Yl65, Zl65) §23( W 2165, "^21654, U21654)
§3 (X2165, Y2165, Z2165) §34 (C4, — S4, 0)
Set 5
§s(0, 0, 1) §56(1' 0, 0)
§6(0, -s56, C56) §61 (C6, S6C56, u 65 )
§1 (X6, Y6, z6) §12(Wi6, -ut 6 5 , Ui6s)
§2 (Xl6, Yi6, Zle) §23 ( W 2 l 6 , -uii«. U2165)
§3 (X2I6, Y216, Z216) §34 (W3216, ~^32165, U32165)
§4 (X32I6, Y3216, Z3216) C
§45 ( 5> -s5, 0)
Set 6
§e(0, 0, 1) §61 d ' 0, 0)
§!(0, -sei, C61) a12(ci, SlC6i, U, 6 )
§a(Xi, Yi, Zi) §23(W 2 1, U216)
§3(X21, Y21, Z21) §34(W 3 21, ~^216. U3216)
§4 (X321, Y32I, Z321) W
§45( 4321, "U^ig, U43216)
§5 (X4321, Y4321, Z4321) §56 (C6, -s6, 0)
Set 7
§,(0, 0, 1) §61 ( 1 , 0, 0)
§e(0, S61. c6l) §56 ( 6,C
-S6C61,
§5 (X6, -Y6, z6) W

§45 ( 5 6 , U5*61^ U561)
§4 (X56, —Y56, z 56 ) §34 (W 4 56, u: 5 6 i' U4561)
§3 (X456, ~Y456, Z456) §23 ( W 3456, U3456I, U34561)
§2 (X3456, —Y3456, Z3456) §12 (Cl, Si, 0)
Set 8
§ 6 (0, 0, 1) §56(1' 0, 0)
§ 5 (0, S56, C56) §45 ( 5'C
-S5C56, u 56 )
§4(X5, -Y5, z5) §34(W 45 , u:56» U456)
§3 (X45, -"Y45, Z45) W
§23( 345, u; 456 ' U3456)
§2 (X345, ~Y345, Z345) W
§12( 2345, ^23456' U23456)
§1 (X2345, — Y2345, Z2345) §61 ( 6,C
S6, 0)

416 Appendix
Set 9
S5(0, 0, 1) §45 ( ^ 0, 0)
§4(0, S45, C45) §34 (°4, -S4C45, U45)

S3(X4, -Y4, z4) §23 (W34, u;45> U345)
S 2 (X 3 4 , -Y34, Z34) §12 (W 2 34, ^345^ U2345)

Si (X234, —Y234, Z234) §61 (W1234, U12345' Ui2345)
S 6 (Xi234» ~Yi234, Z1234) §56 ( C 5 ? 0)
Set 10
§4(0, 0, 1) §34(^ 0, 0)
&(0, S34, C34) §23 (C 3 , -S3C34, U34)

S2(X3, -Y3, z3) §i 2 (W 2 3 , u 234 )
Si (X23, -Y23, Z23) §61 (Wl23, ^1234' U1234)
W
S 6 (Xi23, — Yi23, Z123) §56( 6123, ^61234' U61234)
— Y 6 i23, C S4, 0)
S 5 (X 6 i23, Z6123) §45 ( 4,
Set 11
§3(0, 0, 1) §23 (h 0, 0)
§2(0, S23, C23) §12 (C2, -S2C23, U23)
Si (X 2 , -Y2, z2) §61 ( W i 2 , U123. U123)
S 6 (X12, -Y12, Z12) §56 (W 6 l2, US123. U6123)
S5 (X6l2, —Y612, Z612) §45 ( W 5612, ^56123' U56123)
S4 (X5612, —Y5612, Z5612) §34 (C3, S3, 0)
Set 12
S2(0, 0, 1) §12(1, 0, 0)
§i(0, Sl2> C12) §61 (Cl, -S1C12, U12)

S6(Xi, -Yi, Zi) § 5 6 (W 6 i, UJl 2 , u«12)
S5(X6i, -Y6i, Z6i) W
§45( 561, U*12. U5612)
§4(X56l, -Y561, Zsei) a 3 4 (W 4 56i, ^45612' U45612)
S 3 (X456l, — Y456I, Z4561) §23 (C2, S2. 0)

Appendix 417
Equations for a Spherical Heptagion
S
X12345 = S67S6 Y12345 = 67 C 6 Zl2345 = ^67
X23456 = S71S7 Y23456 — S71C7 Z23456 = C71
S C
X34567 = S12S1 Y34567 = 12 1 Z34567 = C12
X4567I = S23S2 Y45671 = S23C2 Z45671 = ^23
X56712 = S34S3 Y56712 = S34C3 Z56712 = C34
S C
X67123 — S45S4 Y67123 — 45 4 Z67123 = C45
X71234 = S56S5 Y71234 = S56C5 Z71234 = C56
X54321 = S67S7 Y54321 = S67C7 Z5432I — ^67

X65432 = S71S1 Y65432 = S71C1 Z65432 = C71
X76543 = S12S2 Y76543 = S12C2 Z76543 = C12

= S
Xn654 S23S3 Yl7654 — 23^3 Zl7654 = C23
X21765 = S34S4 Y21765 — S34C4 Z21765 — C34
X32176 = S45S5 Y32176 = S45C5 Z32176 = C45
C
X43217 = S56S6 Y43217 — $56 6 Z43217 = C56
Set 1 X 1234 5 - X 6 Y* — Y Zl234 = Z6
^12345 — 1 6
X23456 — X7 Y* v Z2345 — Z7
A
23456 — I 7
X34567 = X i Y* V Z3456 = Z i
A
34567 — -1 1
X
X45671 = X 2 ~ 4 5 6 7 1 = Y2 Z4567 = Z 2
X56712 = X 3 Y* _ V Z5671 = Z 3
~ A 56712 — Y3
X67123 — X4 Y* V Z6712 = Z4
^67123 — I4
Y* Y Z7123 = Z5
X71234 = X 5 ^71234 — X5
X5432I = X7 Y* V Z5432 — Z7
^54321 — 17
X65432 = X i Y* V Z6543 = Z i
""^65432 — x 1
X76543 = X 2 Y*
""^76543 — Y^
— 1
2 Z7654 = Z 2
Y* — Yo
Xn654 = X3 "" 17654 — Y 3
A Zl765 = Z3
X21765 = X4 ~X2 6 7 1 5 = Y 4 Z2176 — Z4
X32176 = X 5 Y* V Z3217 = Z5
^32176 — J 5
X43217 = X 6 Y* Y Z4321 = Z 6
^43217 — 1 6

418 Appendix
Set 2 X1234 = X 6 5 Yi234 = " " X 6 5 Zi234 = Z6

X2345 = X 7 6 Y2345 = Y* Z2345 ~ Z7
X3456 = X17 Y3456 = -x;7 Z3456 = Z i
X4567 = X21 Y4567 = - 2 1 X Z4567 = Z 2
X5671 = X32 Y567I = -x* 2 Z5671 — Z3

X6712 = X43 Y6712 = - X 4 3 Z6712 = Z4
X7123 = X54 Y7123 = -x;4 Z7123 = Z 5
X5432 = X 7 i Y5432 = Z5432 = Z 7
X6543 = X12 Y6543 = -x? 2 Z6543 = Z i

X7654 = X 2 3 Y7654 = —Y*
A23 Z7654 = Z2
Xi765 = X34 Yi765 = —A.34 Zl765 = Z 3
X2176 = X45 Y2176 = —Y*
A
45 Z2176 = Z 4
X3217 = X 5 6 Y3217 — -x;6 Z3217 == Z5
X4321 = X 6 7 Y4321 = - X ^ 7 Z4321 = Z s
Set 3 X1234 = X 6 5 Y* = Y65 Z123 = Z 6 5

^1234
X2345 — X76 Y* = Y76 Z234 = Z 7 6
^2345
X3456 = X17 Y* = Yn Z345 = Z17
~A3456
Y* = Y21
X4567 = X21 ~A4567 Z456 = Z21
Y* = Y32
X5671 = X32 "~ A 5671 Z567 = Z32
X6712 = X43 Y* = Y43 Z671 = Z43
~~A6712
X7123 = X54 Y* = Y54 Z712 = Z54
~A7123
X5432 = X71 Y* = Y7i Z543 = Z71

~A5432
Y* Z 6 5 4 = Z12
X6543 = X12 A
6543 = Y , 2
X7654 = X 2 3 Y* = Y23 Z765 = Z23
^7654
Xi765 = X34 Y* = Y34 Z176 = Z34

~~A1765
Y* = Y45 Z217 == Z45
X2176 = X45 ~A2176
Y* -Y56 Z321 = Z56
X3217 = X56 ~A3217
X4321 = X 6 7 Y* = Y67 Z432 = Z 6 7
^4321
Set 4 X123=X654 Y123 = ~Xg 5 4 z123 = z65

X234 = X 7 6 5 Y234 = ~ AY*
765 Z234 = Z76
X345 = X176 Y*
Y345 = ~ A 176 Z345 = Z17
X456 = X217 Y456 = ~ 2\7 X Z456 = Z21

X567 = X321 Y* Z567 = Z 3 2
Y567 = ~~A321
X671 = X432 Y 6 7 i = ~ AY*
432 Z 6 7 i = Z43
X712 = X543 Y* Z712 = Z54

Y 7 12 =

Appendix 419
X543 = X712 Y543 =

~^712 ^543 =: Z71
X
654 = X123 Y 6 54 = ~ X j 2 3 ^654 —: Z12
:
X765 = X234 Y 7 6 5 ~ "X-234 ^765 = Z 2 3
X :
176 = X345 Y176 =
~X345 Z
176 = Z34
:
X217 = X456 Y217 — ~ X 4 5 6 Z
217 = Z45
:
X321 = X 5 6 7 Y321 — ~ X 5 6 7 ^321 = Z56
:
X432 = X 6 71 Y432 = ~ 6 7 1 X Z
432 = Z67
Equations for a Polar Heptagon

Ui23456 = S7S67 Vl23456 = S7C67 Wi23456 = C7
U234567 = S1S71 V234567 = S1C71 W234567 = Ci
U34567I = S2S12 ^345671 = S2C12 W345 67i = c2
U456712 — 3 23S S
^456712 = S C
3 23 W 4 5 6 7i2 = c3
U567123 = S4S34 ^567123 = S4C34 W 56 7123 = c4
U671234 — S5S45 V671234 = S5C45 W 6 7 i234 = c5
U712345 = S6S56 V712345 = S6C56 W712345 = c6
U654321 = S7S71 V654321 = S7C71 W 6 5 4 32l = c7

U543217 = S6S67 V543217 = S6C67 W543217 = c6
U432176 = S5S56 V432176 = S5C56 W432176 = c5
^321765 = S
4S45 ^321765 = S4C45 W 32 1765 = c4
^217654 = S3S34 ^217654 = S3C34 W 2 i7654 = c3
U176543 — 2S23S
V176543 — S2C23 Wn6543 = c2
U765432 = S1S12 ^765432 = S1C12 W 765 432 = Ci
Set 1 Ui 2 3456 = U 7 6 U
123456 =
~V76 W12345 == w76
U234567 = U17 U
234567 = V
~ 17 W 456 == w 1 7
23
U34567I = U21 U
345671 = V
~ 21 W345 7 == w
6
21
U456712 = U32 Uk712 = -V32 W 7 i == w
456
32
U567123 = U43 U
567123 = V
~ 43 W i 2 == w
567
43
U671234 = U54 U
671234 = V
~ 54 W i23 == w
67
54
U712345 = U65 U
712345 = V
~ 65 W71234 == w
65
U654321 = U71 U
654321 = ~y71 W 432 == w 71
65
U543217 = U67 U*543217 = ~Vs7 W54321 == w

67
U432176 = U 5 6 U
432176 = ~V56 W 2 l == w
43 7
56
U321765 = U45 U
321765 = V
~ 45 W 6 == w 4 5
3217
U217654 = U34 U
217654 = V
~ 34 W i765 == w 3 4
2
U176543 = U23 Ut 7 6543 = -V23 Wi7 6 54 =- W 2 3
U765432 = U12 U?6S4^9 = —Vl2 W 76 543 = = w12

420 Appendix
Set 2 U 1 2 3 4 5 = u
765 = -u765 w 12345 = w 7 6
U 2 3 4 56 = u I 7 6 V234 56 = -u176 W23456 = W , 7
U3456"7 = u217 V 3 4 567 -"217 W 3 4 5 6 7 = W21
U45671 = U 3 2 i V45671 = -u321 W4567i = W 3 2
U56712 = U432 V56712 = -U;432

U67123 = u543 = - U ;543
U71234 = u654 V71234 = -I W7i234 =
U65432 = u712 - "U7*12 W 6 5 4 32 =

U5 43 21 = u671 = -U671 W54321 =
U43217 = u567 V439.17 = — I '567
U 3 2 n6 = U456 J
456
U21765 = u345 = - U345 W 2 1 7 65 =
U17654 = u234 = -U;234

U76543 = Ul 2 3 ut23 W76543 = W n
Set 3 v765 W1234 = W765

U23456 v176 W2345 = W176
U34567 = u?
217 ^34567 — v2[7 W 3 4 5 6 = W217
U45671 ^45671 = -V321 W 4 5 67 = W321
U56712 ^56712 = -V432 W5671 = W 4 3 2
U67123
= u543 ^67123 = -v543 W6712 = W543
;
U71234 = U654 U71234 = -v654 W7123 = W654
U65432 u712 -V712 W6543 = W712
U54321 u 671 U* -v671 W5432 = W 6 7 1
U43217 :U567 54321 — - V 6 7

5
W4321 = W567
U32176 :U456 '-'43217 =

-v456 w3217 = w456
U 2 1765 ;U345 U32176 =
-v345 W 2 1 7 6 = W345
^u 234 -v234 w1765 = w234
U76543 = U123 -V123 w7654 = w123
Set 4 U 123 4 = "U 7 6 5 4 Vi234 = - U7654 w1234 = w765
U2345 :
U 1 7 65 v 2 3 4 5 = - U1765 w2345 = w176
U3456 U2176 V3456 J
2176 W 3 4 5 6 = W217
U4567 •• U 3 2 17 V4567 = -U:3217 W 4 56 7 = W321

:
U 5 6 71 U4321 V 5 6 71 U4321 W 5 6 7 1 = W432
U6712
:
U5432 V 6 712 ^5432 w6712 = w543
U7123
:
U6543 V7123 U6543
w7123 = w654

Appendix 421
U6543 = U7123 V6543 --u 7123 w6543 = w712

U5432 = U 6 7 i 2 V5432 = -u 6712 W5432 = W 6 7 1
U4321 = U 56 71 V4321 = -u 5671 W4321 = W 5 6 7
U3217 = U 4 5 6 7 V3217 = -u;4567 W3217 = W 4 5 6
U2176 — U3456 V 2 l76 = - U 3456 W 2 1 7 6 = W345
U n 6 5 = U2345 Vl765 = -U;2345 W 1 7 65 = W 2 3 4
U7654 = U1234 V7654 = - U 1234 w7654 - w123
Half-Tangent Laws for a Heptagon
Setl
X34567 Y34567 — S12 x
X65432 Y65432 — S71
Al i =
Y34567 + Sl2 X34567 Y65432 + S71 X65432
X45671 Y45671 — S23 X76543 Y76543 — S12

x2 - x2 =
Y45671 + S23 X45671 Y76543 + S12 X76543
X56712 Y56712 ~ S34 Xn654 Yi7654 — S23

X3 - x3 =
Y56712 + S34 X56712 Yi7654 + S23
X67123 Y67123 — S45 X21765 Y21765 ~" S34
X4 - x4 =
Y67123 + S45 X67123 Y21765 + S34 X21765
X71234 Y71234 ~ S56 X327I6 Y327I6 "" S45

x5 - x5 =
Y71234 + S56 X71234 Y327I6 + S45 X327I6
Yi2345 ~ S67 X43217 Y43217 "~ S56

X
6 — x6 =
Yi2345 + S67 Y43217 + S56 X43217
X23456 Y23456 ~ S71 X54321 Y5432I — S67

Y-, X7 =
Y23456 + S71 X23456 Y5432I + S67 X5432I
Set 2
X4567 — X 2 4567
X5432 — X7 Y5432 + Y7
Y4567 — Y2 X4567 + X2 Y5432 — Y7 X5432 + X7
X5671 — X 3 Y5671 + Y 3 X6543 ~ Xi Y6543 + Y\

x2 = x2 =
Y5671 — Y 3 X5671 + X3 I 6543 — I 1 X6543 + Xi
X6712 — X4 Y6712 + Y 4 X7654 — X2 Y7654 + Y2
x3 = x3 =
Y6712 — Y4 X6712 + X4 Y7654 — Y 2 X7654 + X2
X7123 — X5 Y7123+Y5 Y1765 + Y 3

x4 = x4 =
A 7123 — 1 5 X7123 X5 Yl765 — Y3 X3
X1234 — X$ Y1234 Y6 X2176 "" X4 Y2176 + Y4
x5 = x5 =
Y1234 — Y 6 X1234 + X 6 Y2176 ~" Y4 X2176 + X4
X2345 — X7 Y2345 + Y 7 X3217 ~" X5 Y3217 + Y5

x6 = x6 =
Y2345 ~ Y7 X2345 + X7 Y3217 ~ Y5 X3217 + X5
X3456 ~ X i Y3456 + Yi X4321 — X 6 Y4321 + Y 6

x7 = x7 =
* 3456 " " A 1 X3456 + Xi Y4321 ~" Yg X4321 + X6

422 Appendix
Set 3
X567 — X 3 2 Y567 + Y32 X432 — X 6 7 Y 4 32HhY 6 7
Y567 — Y 3 2 X567 + X32 Y432 Y67 X432 HhX 6 7
X67i — X43 Y671 + Y43 X543 • X71 Y543 -hY 71

x2 = x2 =
Y671 — Y43 X671 + X43 Y543 • Y71 X543 -hX 71
X712 — X54 Y712 +-Y 54 ^654 ' X12 Y654 "HY12

x3 = x3 =
Y712 — Y54 XX712 "hX 5 4 Y654 Y12 X654 "\-Xu
X123 — X 6 5 Y 12 3 + Y65 ^765 • X23 Y765 "\-Y23

x4 = x4 =
Y123 — Y 6 5 X 123 + X65 Y765 • Y23 X765 "\-X23
X234 — X76 Y234 + Y 76 X176 X34 Yl76 "FY 3 4

x5 = x5 =
Y234 ~ Y76 X234 + x76 Y176 Y34 X176 "FX 3 4
X345 — X17 Y345 + Y17 X217 • X45 Y217 "f Y 4 5

Y345 — Y17 X345 + X17 Y217 Y45 X217 "f X 4 5
X456 — X21 Y456 + Y21 X321 •x56 Y32I "f-Y56

x7 =
Y456 — -21 X456 + X21 Y321 - Y56 X32I + X;56
Direction Cosines - Spatial Heptagon

Setl
Si (0, 0, 1) 112(1. 0, 0)
s 2 (0, -S12, C12) §23 ( C 2> S2C12, U21)
S3 (X 2 , Y2, z2) a3 4 (W 3 2 , -U321. U321)
S4 (X32, Y32, Z32) §45 ( W 4 3 2 , -U«21- U4321)
s 5 (X432, Y432, Z432) a 5 6 (W 5 4 32, -Us4321. U54321)
s 6 (X5432, Y5432, Z5432) §67 (W 6 5 4 32, -U654321» Ue5432l)
s 7 (X65432> Y 65 432, Z65432) a7i (ci, -Si, 0)
Set 2
s 2 (0, 0, 1) 123(1, 0, 0)
S3 (0, -S23, C23) a 34 (c3, S3C23, U32)
§4 (X 3 , Y3, z3) §45 (W43, —U432, u 432 )

Y43, a 5 6(W 5 4 3, —TT*
& (X43» Z43) U
5432' U 5 4 32)
s 6 (X543, Y543, z 543 ) a 6 7 (W 6 5 43, "^65432, U65432)
s 7 (X6543» Y6543. Z6543) §71 (W 7 6 5 43, -U7*65432, U765432)
Si (X 76 543, Y 7 6 543, Z76543) a,,(c 2 , -S2, 0)

Appendix 423
Set 3
S 3 (0, 0, 1) §34(1, 0, 0)
S4<0, -S34, C34) §45 (C 4 , S4C34, U43)
S5 (X4, Y 4) z4) § 5 6 (W 5 4 , -U5*43> U543)
S 6 (X 54 , Y54, z 54 ) W
§67 ( 654, "^5543, U6543)
S_7 (X 6 54, ^654, z 654 ) §71 (W 7 6 54, "" ^ 7 6 5 4 3 ' U76543)
S_i (X7654, Y7654, Z7654) §12 ( W i 7 6 5 4 , ~Ui76543, Ul76543)
& (X17654, Yi7654, Z17654) §23 ( 3,C
-S3, 0)
Set 4
§4(0, 0, i) §45(1, 0, 0)
S 5 (0, -S45, C45) §56 (C5, S5C45, U54)
S 6 (X 5 , Y5, Zs) § 6 7 (W 6 5, -US54, u 654 )
S.7(X65, Y65, z 65 ) §71 (W 7 6 5 , "^7554, U 7 654)
Sj (X 76 5, Y765, z 765 ) §12 (Wi 76 5, ~V 17654' Ul7654)
S_2 (X1765, Yn65, Z1765) §23 ( W 21765, •~U217654, U217654)
S3 (X2l765, Y21765, Z21765) §34 ( 4,C
—s4, 0)
Set 5
S 5 (0, 0, 1) §56d, 0, 0)
S 6 (0, -S56, C56) §61 (C6, S6C56, u 65 )
S 7 (X 6 , Y6, z6) §71 (W 7 6 , -U^65, u 765 )
Si (X 76 , Y76, z 76 ) W
§12 ( 1 7 6 , ~^1765' u 1765 )
S2 (Xi 7 6 , Y176, Zl76) §23 (W 2 l76, ~ U 21765' U21765)
S3 (X2176, Y2176, ^2176) §34 ( W 32176, ~"U 321765 , U321765)

S4 (X32176, Y32176, Z32176) §45 (C5, -s5, 0)
Set 6
Se(0, 0, 1) §67(1, 0, 0)
S 7 (0, -S67, C67) §71 (C7, S7C67, u 67 )
S, (X7, Y7, z7) §l 2 (Wi 7 , -Ul76» Ul76)
S 2 (Xi7, Y17, Z17) W
§23 ( 2 1 7 , ^2176' U 2 176)
S3 (X217, Y217, Z217) a 34 (W 3 217, ~U3 2 1 7 6 , U 3 2 I 76)
S4(X3217, Y3217, Z3217) §45 (W43217, ~~ ^432176' U432176)
S 5 (X43217, Y43217, Z43217) §56 (C 6 , -s6, 0)

424 Appendix
Set 7
S7 (0, 0, 1) a 71 ( 1 , 0, 0)
S,(0, -S71, C71) §12 (Cl, S1C71, U17)
S 2 (X 1; Yi, Zi) 323 (W 2 i, -U217. U217)
S3 (X21, Y21, Z21) a 3 4(W 3 2 i, -U3217' U3217)
S4(X32i, Y321, Z321) a45(W4321, -^43217. U43217)

TT*
S5 (X4321, Y4321, Z4321) a 5 6 (W 5 4 3 2i, U
543217' U543217)
C 0)
S 6 (X 5 4 3 2 1 , Y54321, Z54321) a67 ( 7, -S7,
Set 8
S,(0, 0, 1) a 71 d, 0, 0)
S7(0, S71, C71) C
a67 ( 7, -S7C71, u 7 i)
SeCXv, -Y7, z7) a 5 6 (W 6 7, U? 7 i, U 6 7 l)
S5 (X 6 7 , -Y67, z 67 ) a45 (W 5 6 7 , U 5 * 6 7i, U567l)
S4 (X 5 6 7 , —Y 5 6 7, z 567 ) a 34 (W 45 67, ^45671' U4567l)
S3 (X4567, -Y4567, Z4567) a 23 (W 345 67, ^345671' U345671)
S_2 (X34567, —Y34567, Z34567) a12(ci, Si, 0)
Set 9
S7(0, 0, 1) 367(1, 0, 0)
§6(0, S67, C67) a 56 (C6, -S6C67, u 67 )
S 5 (X 6 , -Y6, z6) a45(W 5 6, U
5*67> u 567 )
§4 (X 5 6 , —Y56, z 56 ) a 34 (W 4 5 6 , ^4567' u 4567 )
S3 (X456, —Y456, Z456) a 23 (W 3 4 5 6 , ^34567' U34567)
S_2 (X3456, -Y3456, Z3456) a12(W23456, ^234567' U234567)

S_i (X23456, Z23456) a 7 i (c 7 , S7, 0)
Set 10
S6(0, 0, 1) a56(l, 0, 0)
S5(0, S56, C56) §45 (C5, -s5c56, u 56 )
S4(X 5 , -Y5, z5) 34 V ** 45> U
456' U456)
S_3 (X45, -Y45, Z45) 23 v ^^ 345 5 U
3456' U3456)
S 2 (X 3 4 5, —Y345, Z345) a 1 2 (W 2 3 4 5, ^23456' U23456)

1
S_i (X2345, —Y2345, Z2345) ^123456' Ui23456)
S 7 (X12345, —Y12345, Z12345) §67 ( 6»C
S6, 0)

Appendix 425
Set 11
s5 (0, 0, 1) §45(1. 0, 0)
S4 (0, S45, C45) a 34 (c 4 , -S4C45, u 45 )
S3 (X4, -Y4, Z4) a 2 3 (W34, u 3 * 455 u 345 )
s2 (X34, -Y34, Z34) §12 ( W 2 3 4 , ^2345' U2345)
Si (X234, —Y234, Z234) a 7 i (W1234, ^12345' U12345)
s7 (X1234> —Y1234, Z1234) a 6 7 (W71234, ^712345' U-712345)
s6 (X 7 i234, — Y 7 1 2 34, Z71234) a 56 (c5, S5, 0)
Set 12
§4 (0, 0, 1) a 34 ( 1 , 0, 0)
c
S3 (0, S34, C34) a 2 3( 3, -S3C34, U34)
s2 (X 3 , -Y3, z3) ai 2 (W 23 , U234. U234)
§1 (X23, -Y23, Z23) a 7 i (W123, U*234' U1234)
s 7 (Xl23, -Y123, Z123) a 6 7 (W 7 i23, U71234' U 7 i234)
s 6 (X7123, —Y7123, Z7123) a 5 6( W 67123, ^671234' U671234)
s 5 (X67123, ~Y67123, ^67123) §45 (C4, S4, 0)
Set 13
S3 (0, 0, 1) a 2 3 (l 5 0, 0)
S_2 (0, S23, C23) I12 (C2, -S2C23, U23)
z2)
001
(X 2 , -Y2, a 7 i (W12, Ut 23 > U123)
s 7 (X12, -Y12, Zi 2 ) a 67 (W 7 i2, u7123, U7123)
s 6 (X712, -Y712> Z712) a56 ( W 6 7 i 2 , ^67123' U67123)
S5 (X6712. ~Y67i2, Z6712) §45 ( W 56712, ^567123' U567123)
S4 (X56712, —Y 567 i2, Z56712) §34 ( C 3, S3, 0)
Set 14
s 2 (0, 0, 1) Ii 2 d, 0, 0)
S_i (0, S12, C12) a 7 i(ci, -S1C12, U12)
s 7 (X,, -Yi, Zi) a 67 (W 7 i, U 7 *12' U712)
s* (X71, -Y71, Z71) a 5 6(W 67 i, "6712. U6712)
s 5 (X i, 67 —Y671, Z 6 7l) W
a4 5 ( 5671, ^56-712' U56712)
§4 (X5671. —Y567i, Z5671) a 34 (W45 6 7i, ^456-712' U456712)
S3 (X45671, —Y45671, Z45671) a 23 (c 2 , S2, 0)


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Appendix

Cambridge Books Online © Cambridge University Press, 2009

Equations for a Spherical Triangle Equations for a Polar Triangle

X i = S23S3 Y i = S23C3 Z{ = c 2 3 U 2 i = S3S31 V 2 i = S3C31 W2i = c3

Direction Cosines - Spatial Triangle

Cambridge Books Online © Cambridge University Press, 2009

Equations for a Spherical Quadrilateral

X 2 3 == S41S4 Y23 = S41C4 Z 2 3 = c 41

X21 == S34S4 Y2i = S34C4 Z21 = C34

X14 == S23S3 Y14 = S23C3 Z14 = C23

Equations for a Polar Quadrilateral

U321 =— S4S41 V321 == S4C41 W321 = c 4

Cambridge Books Online © Cambridge University Press, 2009

Half-Tangent Laws for a Quadrilateral

X4I Y41- S23 X43 Y 4 3 - Sl2

X12 Y , 2 - S34 X14 Y 1 4 - S23

Cambridge Books Online © Cambridge University Press, 2009

Direction Cosines - Spatial Quadrilateral

Cambridge Books Online © Cambridge University Press, 2009

Equations for a Spherical Pentagon

X345 = S12S1 Y345 = S12C1 Z345 = C12

X321 = S45S5 Y32I = S45C5 ^321 = C45

X432 = S51S1 Y432 = S51C1 Z432 = C51

Set 2 X 1 2 = X43 Y12 = -X*3 Z12 = Z 4

X32 = X51 132 — ~ A 5 i Z32 = z 5

Cambridge Books Online © Cambridge University Press, 2009

Equations for a Polar Pentagon

U2345 = S1S51 V2345 = S1C51 W 2 3 4 5 = C]

U3451 = s 2 si2 V3451 = S2C12 W345i = c2

U4512 = S3S23 V4512 = S3C23 W 4 5 i 2 = C3

U5123 = S4S34 V5123 — S4C34

U4321 = S5S51 V4321 = s 5 c 5 i

U4321 = U51 u: 32 i = - v 5 , W432 = W5i

Set 2 U123 = U543 w123 = w54

Cambridge Books Online © Cambridge University Press, 2009

Half-Tangent Laws for a Pentagon

Direction Cosines - Spatial Pentagon

(X43, Y43, z 43 ) a (W 5 4 3 , -U*, U5432)

Cambridge Books Online © Cambridge University Press, 2009

s 5 (X , 4 Y4, z4) §51 (W54, U

(X 5 , Y5, z5) a,2(Wi5, U

s2 (X15, Y15, Z15) W

s 2 (Xi, Yi, Zi) §23(W 2 1 , ^215' U215)

S4 (X 5 , -Y5, z5) §34(W45, U451. U451)

s 2 (X345, —Y345, z 345 ) Si, 0)

S3 (X 4 , -Y4, Z4) a 23 (W34, U

s 2 (X34, -Y34, Z34) §12 ( W 2 3 4 , ^2345' U2345)

s 2 (X , 3 -Y3, z3) §1 2 (W 2 3, U234, u 234 )

s 5 (X123, -Y123, Z123) §45 (C4, s4, 0)

Cambridge Books Online © Cambridge University Press, 2009

Cambridge Books Online © Cambridge University Press, 2009

Equations for a Spherical Hexagon

X2345 = S61S6 Y2345 — S61C6 Z2345 = C61

X456I = S23S2 Y456I = S23C2 ^4561 = ^23

X6123 — S 45 S 4 Y6123 = S45C4 ^6123 = C

X432I = S56S6 Y432I = S56C6 Z432I = C56

X6543 = S12S2 Y6543 = S12C2 ^6543 = C12

X4561 = X 2 -x* 5 6 1 = Y2 Z456 = Z 2

X4321 = X 6 -x* 3 2 1 = Y6 Z432 = ^ 6

X6543 = X 2 ~X6543 = Y2 ^654 = ^ 2

Set 2 X123 —- X54 Y123 = -x*54 Zl23 = Z5

X456 = X21 Y456 = -X*, Z456 — Z2

Cambridge Books Online © Cambridge University Press, 2009

X432 == X 6 i Y432 = ~' X 6 l 2432 = 2 6