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General Biology 2
Quarter 3 - Module 1
GENETICS
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2
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General Biology 2- Grade 12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 - Module 1: Genetics
First Edition, 2020
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Author:
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Schools Division Superintendent
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Senior
Senior High
High School
School
General Biology
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Quarter 3 - Module 1:
Genetics
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Table of Contents
First Quarter
Lesson 1: Genetic Engineering
What I Need to Know..................................................................................................10
What’s I Know: Definition of Terms.........................................................................10
What New .......................................................................................................................10
What is It: Leaning Concepts………………………………………………………….11
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Module 1
Genetics
What This Module is About
This module will help you explore the key concepts on topics that will help you
answer the questions pertaining to our very own, planet earth.
3. Describe general features of the history of life on Earth, including generally accepted
dates and sequence of the geologic time scale and characteristics of major groups of
organisms present during these time periods. (STEM_BIO11/12-IIIc-g-8)
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How to Learn from this Module
To achieve the learning competencies cited above, you are to do the following:
• take your time reading the lessons carefully.
• follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.
• answer all the given tests and exercises.
II
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Lesson
Genetic Engineering
1
What I need to know
Learning Competency
The learners should be able to outline the steps involved in genetic engineering
(STEM_BIO11/12-III a-b-6)
What I know
Definition of Terms:
What’s New
PRE-ACTIVITY:
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ENHANCED TRAIT MODIFYING TECHNIQUE
Example: Flavr-Savr (Delayed Ripening Recombinant DNA Technology
Tomatoes
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
What’s is it
INTRODUCTION:
❖ Classical plant breeding uses deliberate interbreeding (crossing) of closely or distantly related
individuals to produce new crop varieties or lines with desirable properties. Plants are
crossbred to introduce traits/genes from one variety or line into a new genetic background.
https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/plant_breeding.htm#:~:text=Classical%20plant%20breeding%20uses%20deliberate,i
nto%20a%20new%20genetic%20background.
❖ Genetic engineering is the process of using recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology to alter the
genetic makeup of an organism. Traditionally, humans have manipulated genomes indirectly
by controlling breeding and selecting offspring with desired traits. Genetic engineering
involves the direct manipulation of one or more genes. Most often, a gene from another
species is added to an organism's genome to give it a desired phenotype.
https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Genetic
Engineering#:~:text=Genetic%20engineering%20is%20the%20process,selecting%20offspring%20with%20desired%20traits.
Genetic engineering involves the use of molecular techniques to modify the traits of a target
organism. The modification of traits may involve:
1. introduction of new traits into an organism;
2. enhancement of a present trait by increasing the expression of the desired gene; and
3. enhancement of a present trait by disrupting the inhibition of the desired genes’ expression.
A general outline of recombinant DNA may be given as follows:
1. cutting or cleavage of DNA by restriction enzymes (REs)
2. selection of an appropriate vector or vehicle which would propagate the recombinant DNA (
eg. circular plasmid in bacteria with a foreign gene of interest)
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3. ligation (join together) of the gene of interest (eg. from animal) with the vector (cut bacterial
plasmid)
4. transfer of the recombinant plasmid into a host cell (that would carry out replication to make
huge copies of the recombined plasmid)
5. selection process to screen which cells actually contain the gene of interest
6. sequencing of the gene to find out the primary structure of the protein
What’s More
Poster Making:
Create a poster on the steps and other methods involved in recombinant DNA.
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What’s I’ve Learned
POST QUIZ:
1. Determine which technologies are most appropriate for which cell types.
What’s I can do
PERFORMANCE TASK:
PROS CONS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
2. What is your opinion on Genetic Engineering? Note: Support your opinion with facts and include
the issue of biosafety.
RECOMMENDED READINGS:
1. https://www.ck12.org/book/human-biology-genetics/section/10.1/
2.https://www.ck12.org/c/biology/biotechnology/lesson/Biotechnology-
BIO/?referrer=concept_details
3.https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/biotech-dna-technology/intro-to-biotech-
tutorial/a/intro-to-biotechnology
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Lesson Discuss the Applications of
2 Recombinant DNA
Learning Competency:
The learners should be able to discuss the applications of Recombinant DNA
Technology (STEM_BIO11/12-III a-b-7)
What I know
What’s New
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Tomatoes
It was reported this week that Brazilian scientists are hoping to create spicy tomatoes using Crispr
gene-editing techniques. Although tomatoes contain the genes for capsaicinoids (the chemicals that
give chillies their heat) they are dormant – Crispr could be used to make them active. This is desirable
because, compared to tomatoes, chillies are difficult to farm – and capsaicinoids have other useful
applications besides their flavour – in pepper spray for example.
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/jan/13/the-five-genetically-modified-fruit-edited-bananas-tomatoes
What’s is It
INTRODUCTION:
There are many different traits that can be introduced to organisms to change their properties. The
following table shows examples of modified traits using cloned genes and their applications:
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❖ PCR Amplification
Once a desired trait is chosen, information must be acquired for either its detection or expression in
a given organism.
1. Detection
❖ Some researchers may be interested in determining if a given gene/trait is available in a
particular organism. If no previous research provides this information, researchers may test
the DNA of different organisms for the presence of these specific genes. A technique that
allows the detection of specific genes in target organisms is called PCR.
❖ PCR amplification is an in-vitro method that simulates DNA replication in vivo. It utilizes a
thermostable (heat-resistant) DNA polymerase that builds single stranded DNA strands unto
unwound DNA templates.
❖ PCR uses repeated cycles of incubation at different temperatures to promote the unwinding
of the DNA template (~95°C); the annealing of a primer (a ~20bp oligonucleotide sequence
(recall RNA primers in DNA replication) onto the ssDNA template strand (~54 - 60°C); and the
extension of the generated ssDNA strand through the binding of complementary bases to the
template strand (~72° C). The thermostability of the polymerase allows it to survive the
repeated cycles of denaturation, annealing and extension with little loss of enzyme function.
Each cycle of PCR doubles the amount of the target sequence. A typical PCR experiment uses
about 35 cycles of amplification. This increases the original amount of the target sequence by
235 (i.e. ~34 billion) times.
❖ Gene detection by PCR involves the design of primers that would only bind to sequences that
are specific to a target. For example, researchers would want to find out if gene X (e.g. the
gene for insulin) is available in a target organism (e.g. a mouse, Mus musculus). Primers may
be designed by looking at the available sequences for gene X in the databases (e.g. all the
genes for insulin in different organisms; humans, pigs, cows, etc.). The different gene X
sequences must be aligned/ compared to match areas of sequence similarity (conserved
sequences) and areas of sequence dissimilarity (non-conserved sequences). Primers designed
to have the same sequence as the conserved areas will be specific for binding gene X
sequences in all the target organisms. Primers designed to have the same sequence as the
non-conserved areas will only be specific for the organisms which match its sequence.
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❖ Step 2: Primer Annealing ; Temp ~ 54 °"C (dependent on primer melting temperature);
Template: ssDNA strands. H-bonds are formed between complementary sequences on the primers
and the target sequences.
5’ A T GCGATGAGGATATGACCCGATAGATAGAGGTATCTAGAGAT 3’ (Coding strand)
Direction of elongation CCATAGATC (Reverse Primer)
5’ GCGATGAGG 3’ → Direction of elongation (Forward Primer)
New Strand 1:
5’ A T GCGATGAGGATATGACCCGATAGATAGAGGTATCTAGAGAT 3’ (Coding strand) (old)
3’ CGCTACTCCTATACTGGGCTATCTATCTCCATAGATC-5’ (Reverse Primer) (new)
New Strand 2:
5’ GCGATGAGGATATGACCCGATAGATAGAGGTATCTAG-3’ (Forward Primer) (new)
3’ T A CGCTACTCCTATACTGGGCTATCTATCTCCATAGATCTCTA 5’ (Non-coding strand) (old)
PCR Applications
❖ PCR may be used to detect the presence of a desired gene in an organism. Depending on the
primer design, the expected product may represent only a specific region of the gene or the
entire gene itself. The first case is useful for detection of the gene, or the detection of
organisms with that specific gene within a sample. The second case is useful for the
amplification of the entire gene for eventual expression in other organisms. The direct
amplification/copying of a full gene is part of the process for “cloning” that gene.
2. Cloning and Expression
❖ Some genes provide economically, and industrially important products (e.g. insulin-coding
genes; genes for collagen degradation). In some cases, scientists would want to put these
genes into organisms for the expression of their products. One example would be the insertion
of an insulin- coding gene from the human genome into bacteria. This allows the
“transformed” bacteria to now produce human insulin as a product.
❖ Certain types of bacteria are capable of this process since they are able to take genes within
their cell membranes for eventual expression. The genes are normally in the form of small,
circular DNA structures called plasmids.
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What’s More
ACTIVITY:
POST QUIZ:
1. Discuss how PCR may be used for the detection of disease-causing pathogens in a population during
the COVID Pandemic.
For example: it may be used to check if a patient has a COVID virus infection.
2. Discuss how the cloning and expression of certain genes allows for massive production of the
desired product.
For Example: the cloning and expression of insulin in bacteria allows for the mass
production of this necessary protein for use by diabetic patients.
RECOMMENDED READINGS:
1.https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-middle-school-life-science
2.0/section/3.18/primary/lesson/recombinant-dna-ms-ls
2. https://www.ck12.org/book/cbse_biology_book_class_xii/section/14.1/
3. https://www.ck12.org/section/dna-technology/
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