Senior High School

NOT

General Biology 2
Quarter 3 - Module 5
EVOLUTION & HEREDITY

GENERAL BIOLOGY 2

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

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Earth Science- Grade 12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 - Module 5: Evolution & Heredity
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education – Division of Cagayan de Oro Schools

Division Superintendent: Dr. Cherry Mae L. Limbaco, CESO V

Development Team of the Module

Author:

Reviewers: Jean S. Macasero, Shirley Merida, Duque Caguindangan, Eleanor Rollan,

Rosemarie Dullente, Marife Ramos, January Gay Valenzona, Mary Sieras, Arnold Langam,
Amelito Bucod, Adam Ray H. Manlunas

Illustrators and Layout Artists: Jessica Bunani Cuňado, Kyla Mae L. Duliano

Management Team
Chairperson: Cherry Mae L. Limbaco, Ph.D., CESO V
Schools Division Superintendent

Co-Chairperson: Rowena H. Paraon, Ph.D., CESE

Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

Members Lorebina C. Carrasco, OIC-CID Chief

Jean S. Macasero, EPS- Science
Joel D. Potane, LRMDS Manager
Gemma P. Pajayon – PDO II
Lanie M. Signo – Librarian II
Evelyn Q. Sumanda, School Head
Cely B. Labadan, School Head
Printed in the Philippines by
Department of Education – Division of Cagayan de Oro City
Office Address: Fr. William F. Masterson Ave Upper Balulang Cagayan de Oro
Telefax: (08822)855-0048
E-mail Address: cagayandeoro.city@deped.gov.ph

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 Senior
Senior High
High School
School

General Biology
2
Quarter 3 - Module 5:
Evolution & Heredity

This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed

by educators from public and private schools, colleges, and or/universities. We
encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email their feedback,
comments, and recommendations to the Department of Education at action@
deped.gov.ph.

We value your feedback and recommendations.

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

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 Table of Contents

What This Module is About ................................................................................................................... i

What I Need to Know .............................................................................................................................. ii
How to Learn from this Module ...........................................................................................................ii
Icons of this Module ...............................................................................................................................iii

What I Know ........................................................................................................................................... iii

First Quarter
Lesson 1: Evidences of Evolution

What I Need to Know..................................................................................................10

What’s I Know: ............................................................................................................10
What’s New: .................................................................................................................10
What Is It: Learning Concepts ..................................................................................11

What’s More: Evolution Evidences………………………………………………….12

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 Module 5
Evolution & Heredity
What This Module is About

This module demonstrates your understanding of the characteristics of Earth

that are necessary to support life, particularly on the essential components of this
planet that drives all living things or biotic factors (plants, animals, microorganisms) to
exist. It also emphasizes on the different subsystems (geosphere, hydrosphere,
atmosphere, and biosphere) that make up the Earth and how these systems interact
to produce the kind of Earth we live in today.

This module will help you explore the key concepts on topics that will help you
answer the questions pertaining to our very own, planet earth.

This module has one (1) lesson:

• Lesson 1: Evidences of Evolution

What I Need to Know

After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Common ancestors to produce the organismal diversity observed today.
STEM_BIO11/12-IIIc-g-10

2. Trace the development of evolutionary thought (STEM_BIO11/12-IIIc-g-11)

3. Explain evidences of evolution (e.g., biogeography, fossil record, DNA/protein

sequences, homology, and embryology) (STEM_BIO11/12-IIIc-g-12)

4. Infer evolutionary relationships among organisms using the evidence of evolution.

(STEM_BIO11/12-IIIc-g-13)

5. Explain how the structural and developmental characteristics and relatedness of DNA
sequences are used in classifying living things. STEM_BIO11/12IIIhj-14

6. Identify the unique/ distinctive characteristics of a specific taxon relative to other taxa
(STEM_BIO11/12IIIhj-15)

7. Describe species diversity and cladistics, including the types of evidence and
procedures that can be used to establish evolutionary relationships.
(STEM_BIO11/12IIIhj-16)

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How to Learn from this Module

To achieve the learning competencies cited above, you are to do the following:
• take your time reading the lessons carefully.
• follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.
• answer all the given tests and exercises.

Icons of this Module

What I Need to This part contains learning objectives that

Know are set for you to learn as you go along the
module.

What I know This is an assessment as to your level of

knowledge to the subject matter at hand,
meant specifically to gauge prior related
knowledge
What’s In This part connects previous lesson with that
of the current one.

What’s New An introduction of the new lesson through

various activities, before it will be presented
to you

What is It These are discussions of the activities as a

way to deepen your discovery and under-
standing of the concept.

What’s More These are follow-up activities that are in-

tended for you to practice further in order to
master the competencies.

What I Have Activities designed to process what you

Learned have learned from the lesson

What I can do These are tasks that are designed to show-

case your skills and knowledge gained, and
applied into real-life concerns and situations.

II

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 Lesson Evidences of Evolution
1
What I need to know

Learning Competency
The learners explain evidences of evolution (e.g. fossil record, biogeography, DNA/ protein sequences,
homology and embryology (STEM_BIO11/12-IIIc-g-12)

Specific Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:
• describe the evidences to support evolution and
• explain some modern evidences of evolution

What I know

PRIOR KNOWLEDGE: Definition of Terms

1. Homologous 6. Genetic code

2. Analogous 7. Biogeography
3. Molecular Biology 8. Fossils
4. Transcription 9. Evolution
5. Translation 10. Modification

What’s new

PRE-ACTIVITY: Video

1. List down 5 evidences of evolution.

2. Fossils & Evidence for Evolution: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iYr3sYS9e0w

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 What’s is it

INTRODUCTION:

❖ The Evidence for Evolution Anatomy and embryology Darwin thought of evolution as "descent
with modification," a process in which species change and give rise to new species over many
generations. He proposed that the evolutionary history of life forms a branching tree with
many levels, in which all species can be traced back to an ancient common ancestor.
❖ Homologous features If two or more species share a unique physical feature, such as a
complex bone structure or a body plan, they may all have inherited this feature from a
common ancestor. Physical features shared due to evolutionary history (a common ancestor)
are said to be homologous.
❖ Analogous features To make things a little more interesting and complicated, not all physical
features that look alike are marks of common ancestry. Instead, some physical similarities are
analogous: they evolved independently in different organisms because the organisms lived in
similar environments or experienced similar selective pressures. This process is called
convergent evolution. (To converge means to come together, like two lines meeting at a
point.)
❖ Determining relationships from similar features In general, biologists don't draw conclusions
about how species are related on the basis of any single feature they think is homologous.
Instead, they study a large collection of features (often, both physical features and DNA
sequences) and draw conclusions about relatedness based on these features as a group. We
will explore this idea further when we examine phylogenetic trees.
❖ Molecular biology Like structural homologies, similarities between biological molecules can
reflect shared evolutionary ancestry. At the most basic level, all living organisms share:
❖ The same genetic material (DNA)
❖ The same, or highly similar, genetic codes
❖ The same basic process of gene expression (transcription and translation)
❖ The same molecular building blocks, such as amino acids
❖ Biogeography The geographic distribution of organisms on Earth follows patterns that are
best explained by evolution, in combination with the movement of tectonic plates over
geological time.
❖ Fossil record Fossils are the preserved remains of previously living organisms or their traces,
dating from the distant past. The fossil record is not, alas, complete or unbroken: most
organisms never fossilize, and even the organisms that do fossilize are rarely found by
humans.

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 What’s More

ACTIVITY:

Identify the evidence shown by the picture and explain how it supports evolution.

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