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General Physics 1
Quarter 2 - Module 6
Temperature and Heat

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

General Physics1 -Grade 12
Alternative Delivery Mode Self-Learning Module
Quarter 2 - Module 6: Temperature and Heat
First Edition, 2020

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 Senior
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High School
School

General Physics 1
Quarter 2 - Module 6
Temperature and Heat

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Table of Contents

What This Module is About ........................................................................................................... i

What I Need to Know ..................................................................................................................... i
How to Learn from this Module ....................................................................................................i
Icons of this Module ..................................................................................................................... ii

What I Know....................................................................................................................................iii

Lesson 1:
What I Need to Know .................................................................................................................... 1

What’s New: .................................................................................................................................. 1

What Is It: ....................................................................................................................................... 2

What’s More: ................................................................................................................................. 4

What I Have Learned ................................................................................................................... 5

Lesson 2: Thermal Expansion

What’s In ........................................................................................................................................ 6

What I Need to Know .................................................................................................................... 6

What’s New: .................................................................................................................................. 6

What Is It ....................................................................................................................................... 7

What I Have Learned .................................................................................................................. 10

Lesson 3: Heat Capacity

What’s In ...................................................................................................................................... 11

What I Need to Know .................................................................................................................. 11

What Is It: ..................................................................................................................................... 11

What I Have Learned: ................................................................................................................. 13

Assessment: (Post-Test) ........................................................................................................... 14

Key to Answers............................................................................................................................ 17

References ................................................................................................................................... 18
What This Module is About

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
understand the concepts of Zeroth law of Thermodynamics and Temperature
Measurement as well as acquire skills in solving thermal expansion of solids and
liquids.

This module has three (3) lessons:

• Lesson 1 – Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics and Temperature Measurements
• Lesson 2 – Thermal Expansion
• Lesson 3 – Heat and Heat Capacity

What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. Explain the connection between the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics, temperature,

thermal equilibrium, and temperature scales. (STEM_GP12TH-IIG-49)
2. Convert temperatures and temperature differences in the following scales:
Fahrenheit, Celsius, Kelvin. (STEM_GP12TH-IIG-50)
3. Define coefficient of thermal expansion and coefficient of volume expansion.
(STEM_GP12TH-IIG-51)
4. Calculate the volume or length changes of solids due to changes in temperature.
(STEM_GP12TH-IIG-52)
5. Solve problems involving temperature, thermal expansion, heat capacity, heat
transfer, and thermal equilibrium in contexts such as, but not limited to, the design of
bridges and train rails using steel, relative severity of steam burns and water burns,
thermal insulation, sizes of stars and surface temperatures of planets.
(STEM_GP12TH-IIG-53)

i
How to Learn from this Module
To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:
• Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.
• Answer all the given tests and exercises.

Icons of this Module

What I Need to This part contains learning objectives that
Know are set for you to learn as you go along the
module.

What I know This is an assessment as to your level of

knowledge to the subject matter at hand,
meant specifically to gauge prior related
knowledge
What’s In This part connects previous lesson with that
of the current one.

What’s New An introduction of the new lesson through

various activities, before it will be presented
to you

What is It These are discussions of the activities as a

way to deepen your discovery and under-
standing of the concept.

What’s More These are follow-up activities that are in-

tended for you to practice further in order to
master the competencies.

What I Have Activities designed to process what you

Learned have learned from the lesson

What I can do These are tasks that are designed to show-

case your skills and knowledge gained, and
applied into real-life concerns and situations.

ii
 What I Know

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers on a separate
sheet of paper.

1. What will happen if an ice cube, a cup of warm soup, and a coin are put together in a
closed container?
A. They will all reach the temperature of the coin.
B. They will all reach the freezing point of water.
C. They will each remain at its original temperature.
D. They will all reach thermal equilibrium.

2. Which of the following is NOT a unit of temperature?

A. Calorie B. Celsius C. Fahrenheit D. Kelvin
3. The normal body temperature is 37℃. What is this in Fahrenheit?
A. 32 ℉ B. 99℉ C. 212℉ D.373℉

4. What do you call the tendency of matter to change in shape, area, and volume in
response to a change in a particular temperature?
A. Non -linear expansion C. electrical expansion
B. Thermal Expansion D. Mechanical Expansion

5. Which of the following liquids does not expand when heated?

A. Alcohol B. Juice C. Oil D. Water

6. On a cold day, it is hard to open the lid of a tight container. But when you gently heat the
neck, you can easily open the lid. Why?
A. The neck becomes slippery on heating.
B. Lids of the bottles cannot bear the heat.
C. Upon heating, glass expands and lid contracts.
D. Lid expands more than the neck and thus slides easily.

7. Which of the following best describes thermal expansion?

A. Molecules move faster.
B. An object increases in size as the temperature increases.
C. An object decreases in size as the temperature increases.
D. An object’s size remains the same as the temperature increases.

iii
8. One (1) gram of steam at 100℃ causes more serious burn than one (1) gram of water at
100℃. Why?
A. steam is less dense
B. Steam strikes the skin with greater force
C. Steam has a higher specific heat capacity
D. Steam contains more internal energy.

9. A 540 g of ice at 0°C is mixed with 540g of water at 80°C. What is the final temperature
of the mixture?
A. 0°C B. 40°C C. 80°C D. Less than 0°C

10. A vehicle cooling system holds 15.7 kg of water. If the engine is run until 6.73 𝑥 103 𝐽 of
heat is added, what is the change in temperature of the water coolant?
Hint: 𝑐𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 4 186 𝐽/𝑘𝑔 ∙ ℃ .
A. -0.102 °C B. -0.129 °C C. -0.459 °C D.- 0.679 °C

iv
 Lesson Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
1 and Temperature Measurement

What I Need to Know

We always associate the word temperature for something that is hot or cold
wherein a body that feels hot has a higher temperature and a body that feels cold
has a lower temperature. But sometimes our senses can mislead us. For example,
a metal cup and a plastic tray were removed from the freezer, when you touch
these two objects, the metal cup is much colder compared to the plastic tray even
though they came from the same freezer. Our human perception of temperature is
not reliable.
In this lesson, what we would like to have is a reliable and reproducible
method for measuring the relative hotness or coldness of objects instead of the
speed of energy transfer.
In this lesson you will understand the connection between Zeroth Law of
Thermodynamics, temperature, thermal equilibrium, and temperature scales.

What’s New
Activity 1 Measure Me!

Objective: At the end of the activity you should be able to:

1. understand the concepts of heat, temperature and internal energy; and
2. convert between temperature scales.

Materials:
1 thermometer, 2 Styrofoam cups, boiling water, tap water, calculator

Caution: Be careful with the HOT WATER

1
Procedure:
1. Put the two Styrofoam cups side by side. Label them as A and B.
2. Pour half cup of boiling water into the cup A and cup B. In cup B, add a little
amount of tap water.
3. Measure the temperature of cup A and cup B.
4. Leave the cups for 10 minutes then measure the temperature of each cup
again.

Guide Questions. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. What is the temperature of the water in cup A and cup B during the first reading?
2. What is the temperature of the water in cup A and cup B after 10 minutes? Do
they have the same temperature reading?
3. What does the temperature reading tell you?
4. Convert the temperature of cup A into ºF and K.

What Is It
We are familiar with the ideas such as heat and temperature in our daily
lives. But what are the underlying physical phenomena of these concepts? The field
of Science concerned with describing heat and its relationship with energy is called
thermodynamics.
The word thermodynamics comes from the Greek words therme, meaning “heat”
and dynamicos meaning “movement”. It is not just the study of heat and work alone
but it is also the study of the dynamics and behavior of energy and its manifestations.
It is said that energy is the only thing that keeps things going which is very true.
Thermodynamics is one of the most important parts of our daily lives.

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

When two objects at different initial temperatures reach the same temperature
at some point then they are in thermal equilibrium. We can discover an important
property of thermal equilibrium by considering three systems, A, B, and C, that initially
are not in thermal equilibrium (refer to Figure 1). We enclosed it with an ideal insulating
box so that they cannot interact with anything except each other .

2
 Source: https://slideplayer.com/slide/14469967/

Figure 1. Closed System. If system C is initially in thermal equilibrium with

both system A and system B, then system A and system B are also in thermal
equilibrium with each other this is called the zeroth law of thermodynamics.
Temperature is the property that determines whether an object is in thermal
equilibrium or not.
Note: Two systems are in thermal equilibrium if and only if they have the same
temperature.

Temperature Scales
Thermometer is a device used in measuring the temperature of a system. In
measuring temperature, the thermometer must be in thermal equilibrium with the
object with an unknown temperature.
Temperature, just like any other physical quantity, requires a standard
measurement. These standards are the three common scales which are the
Fahrenheit, Celsius and Kelvin.

1. Celsius temperature scale – it is the common scale use to measure temperature. In

this temperature scale, the 0º C` is the freezing point and 100ºC is the boiling point.

2. Fahrenheit Scale - This scale sets the temperature of the ice point at 32°F and the
temperature of the steam point at 212°F.

3. Kelvin Scale – This is the most used absolute temperature scale in the world. Since
it is an absolute scale, temperatures express in Kelvin are not measured in degrees.

3
 Temperature Conversions:
To convert Celsius to Fahrenheit:
9
𝑇𝐹 = 𝑇𝐶 + 32° Equation 1
5
To convert Fahrenheit to Celsius:
5
𝑇𝐶 = (𝑇𝐹 − 32°) Equation 2
9
To convert Celsius to Kelvin:

𝑇𝐾 = °𝐶 + 273 Equation 3

where: 𝑇𝐹 = 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐹𝑎ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑛ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑡 𝑇𝐶 = 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑢𝑠

𝑇𝐾 = 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐾𝑒𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛

Sample Exercises:
1. Convert 50ºC into ºF
9
Equation: 𝑇𝐹 = 𝑇𝐶 + 32°
5
9
Solution: 𝑇𝐹 = (50𝑂 𝐶 ) + 32°
5

𝑇𝐹 = 900 + 32°
𝑇𝐹 = 900 + 32°
𝑇𝐹 = 122°
2. Convert 40℉ 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 ℃
5
Equation: 𝑇𝐶 = (𝑇𝐹 − 32°)
9
5
Solution: 𝑇𝐶 = (40°𝐹 − 32°)
9

5
𝑇𝐶 = (8°)
9
𝑇𝐶 = 4.44°

What’s More
Activity 2. Temperature Conversion
Direction: Convert the following: Write you answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. 50℃ = ________ ℉ 4. 5𝐾 = ________ ℃
2. 25℉ = ________ ℃ 5. 80℃ = _________𝐾
3. 10℉ = _________𝐾

4
 What I Have Learned

Activity 3. Application of Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

I. Direction: Read and analyze the questions. Write your
answers in a separate sheet of paper.
Figure 2: Objects A and B separated
by an adiabatic wall.
In Figure 2, objects A and B are inside a closed system
(isolated from the outside environment) separated by an
adiabatic wall (an insulating wall that does not permit the flow
of energy).
Figure 3, on the other hand, shows objects A and B Figure 3: Objects A and B separated
with diathermic wall.
separated by a diathermic wall (a conducting wall that permits
the flow of energy).

Questions:
1. Explain how the Zeroth law of thermodynamics are applied in Figure 2 and 3.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

2. The Zeroth law of Thermodynamics forms the fundamental basis of the existence
of a device that can measure temperature i.e. a thermometer. How does a
thermometer work?

5
 Lesson
Thermal Expansion
2
What’s In
You have learned in Lesson 1 the connection among the Zeroth Law of
Thermodynamics, temperature, thermal equilibrium, and temperature scales. You
learned that two systems are in thermal equilibrium if and only if they have the same
temperature. The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics also establishes that temperature
is a well-defined physical quantity.
In this lesson, you will learn how an increase in temperature affects most
materials and how thermal expansions work especially in roads, houses and many
more.

What I Need to Know

In this lesson, you are expected to:

1. Explain the importance of thermal and volume expansion.
2. Solve the volume or length changes of solids due to changes in temperatures.

What’s New
Direction: Analyze the following situations. Write your answers in a
separate sheet of paper.
1. You have difficulty in opening the metal lid of your jam jar. What will you do:
dip it in cold water or dip it in hot water? Why?
2. Why are the electrical wires connected in the posts lightly saggy not tightly tied by
the line man?
3. What is the reason why there are always small gaps in the road and on a tiled
floor?

6
 What Is It
Have you had trouble in opening a tight metal lid jar? There is an easy way of
opening it, dip the metal lid in hot water and wait for a couple of seconds and you can
now easily open it. That is because of the thermal expansion of materials like metals
and liquids.

Thermal Expansion
Thermal expansion occurs once an object is heated. The molecules tend to get
excited and move faster and take up more space that causes the materials to expand
or contract.
Thermal expansion plays a role in
numerous engineering applications like
buildings, concrete highways, railroad tracks,
brick walls, and bridges to compensate for
dimensional changes that occur as the
temperature changes. Figure 4 shows
toothlike seams called expansion joints that
are seen in some bridges. This is intentionally
made by the engineers since these expansion
FIGURE 4. EXPANSION JOINTS
joints move together as the bridge expands in hot Source:
weather and contracts in cold
https://www.brighthubengineering.com/building-
construction-design/64844-all-you-need-to-know-about-concrete-
weather. expansion-joints/

\
LINEAR EXPANSION
Suppose a metal rod material has a length 𝑙𝑜 at some initial temperature
𝑇𝑂, ,when the temperature changes by ∆𝑇 the length changes by ∆𝐿. Experiments show
that if ∆𝑇 is not too large (say, less than 100 ºC or so), ∆𝐿 is directly proportional to ∆𝐿
(Fig. 5a). If two rods made of the same material have the same temperature change,
but one is twice longer than the other, then the change in its length is also twice as
great. Therefore ∆𝐿 must also be proportional to 𝐿𝑂 (Fig. 5b). Introducing a
proportionality constant (which is different for different materials), we may express
these relationships in an equation:
∆𝐿 = 𝛼𝐿𝑂 ∆𝑇 (Linear thermal expansion) Equation 4

7
If a body has length 𝐿𝑂 at a temperature 𝑇𝑜 , then its length L at a temperature 𝑇 =
𝑇𝑂 + ∆𝑇 is,
𝐿 = 𝐿0 + ∆𝐿 = 𝐿0 + 𝛼𝐿𝑂 ∆𝑇 = 𝐿0 (1 + 𝛼∆𝑇 ) Equation 5

The constant α which describes the thermal expansion properties of a particular

material, is called the coefficient of linear expansion. The units of α are K-1 or C-1.
FIGURE 5a FIGURE 5b

Source: https://slideplayer.com/slide/14483196/

TABLE 1. COEFFICIENT OF LINEAR EXPANSION

Material 𝛼 ⌈𝐾 −1 𝑜𝑟 (𝐶°)−1 ⌉
Aluminum 2.4 𝑥 10−5
Brass 2.0 𝑥 10−5
Copper 1.7 𝑥 10−5
Glass 0.4 − 0.9 𝑥 10−5
Invar (nickel-iron alloy) 0.09 𝑥10−5
Quartz (fused) 0.04 𝑥 10−5
Steel 1.2 𝑥 10−5

VOLUME EXPANSION
The change in volume is directly proportional to the initial volume 𝑉𝑖 and to the change
in temperature according to the relationship
∆𝑉 = 𝛽𝑉𝑖 ∆𝑇 Equation 6
where 𝛽 is the average coefficient of volume expansion of the material. For solid
materials, the average coefficient of volume expansion is three times the average
linear expansion coefficient: 𝛽 = 3𝛼

8
 TABLE 2: COEFFICENT OF VOLUME EXPANSION

Solids 𝛽[𝐾 −1 𝑜𝑟 (𝐶°)−1 ] Liquids 𝛽[𝐾 −1 𝑜𝑟 (𝐶°)−1 ]

Aluminum 7.2 𝑥 10−5 Ethanol 75 𝑥 10−5
Brass 6.0 𝑥 10−5 Carbon disulfide 115 𝑥 10−5
Copper 5.1 𝑥 10−5 Glycerin 49 𝑥 10−5
Glass 1.2 − 2.7 𝑥 10−5 Mercury 18 𝑥 10−5
Invar 0.27 𝑥 10−5
Quartz (fused) 0.12 𝑥 10−5
Steel 3.6 𝑥 10−5

SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
Linear expansion
1. A segment of a steel railroad track has a length of 50 m when the temperature is
20 ℃. What is its length at 50℃?
Given: 𝐿𝑂=50 𝑚 ; 𝑇𝑂 = 20 ℃ ; 𝑇𝐹 = 50℃ ; 𝛼 = 11𝑥10−6 (℃)−1

Equation: ∆𝐿 = 𝛼𝐿𝑂 ∆𝑇
Solution: ∆𝐿 = 𝛼𝐿𝑂 (𝑇𝐹 − 𝑇𝑂 )
∆L = 11x 10−6 (℃)−1 (50𝑚)(50℃ − 20 ℃ )
∆𝐿 = 11x 10−6 (℃)−1 (50𝑚)(30℃)
∆𝐿 = 11x 10−6 (℃)−1 (1500 𝑚℃)
∆𝐿 = 0.0165 𝑚

To get its length at 50℃, use 𝐿 = 𝐿0 + ∆𝐿. Hence, 𝐿 = 50 𝑚 + 0.0165 𝑚 = 50.0165 𝑚

Therefore, if the track is 50 m long at 20°C, its length at 50°C is 50.0165 m.

Volume Expansion

1. A 100 cm3 glass flask is filled with alcohol at 10℃. How much ethanol overflows when
the temperature of the system is raised at 80℃? αglass = 0.40 x 10-5 K-1
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: 𝛽𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑙 = 75 𝑥 10 −5 𝐾 −1 𝑉𝑜 = 100 𝑐𝑚3
∆𝑇 = 𝑇𝐹 − 𝑇𝑖 = 80℃ − 10℃ = 70℃ 𝛼𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 0.40 𝑥 10 −5 𝐾 −1

Get the volume of the glass (solid) by using 𝛽𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 3𝛼

𝛽𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 3 ( 0.40 x 10−5 𝐾 −1 ) = 1.2𝑥10−5 𝐾 −1

Solve for the overflowed alcohol:

∆𝑉𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑙 − ∆𝑉𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 𝛽𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑙 𝑉0 ∆𝑇 − 𝛽𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑉𝑜 ∆𝑇
∆𝑉𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑙 − ∆𝑉𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 𝑉𝑜 ∆𝑇 (𝛽𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑙 − 𝛽𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 )
∆𝑉𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑙 − ∆𝑉𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 100 𝑐𝑚3 (70℃)[75𝑥10−5 (℃)−1 − 1.2 𝑥 10−5 (℃)−1 ]
∆𝑉𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑙 − ∆𝑉𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 7000 𝑐𝑚3 ℃ [0.000738 (℃)−1 ]
∆𝑉𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑙 − ∆𝑉𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 5.166 𝑐𝑚3

Therefore, 5.166 𝑐𝑚3 of ethanol overflows when the temperature of the system is
raised at 80 oC.

9
 What I Have Learned

Activity 4: Solving Thermal Expansion Problems

I. DIRECTION: Analyze and solve the following problems. Show the necessary
solutions.

1. The newly constructed bridge in your town is a steel arch bridge 600 m in length.
How much does the total length of the roadway decking change between
temperature extremes of 30°C and 50.0°C?

2. A copper wire has essentially no sag between poles 50 m apart on a winter day
when the temperature is 10°C. How much longer is the copper wire on a
summer day when T = 35.0°C?

II. DIRECTION: Read and analyze the question:

Metal lids on glass jars can often be loosened by running hot water over them.
How is this possible?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
.

10
 Lesson
Heat and Heat Capacity
3
What’s In

One of the lessons discussed to you is heat transfer. You learned in that topic
that heat flows from a substance of higher temperature to a substance of lower
temperature. If the two substances transfer energies, one substance losses its
energies while the other one gains energies.
In this module, you will learn about heat capacity and its application in our daily
lives.

What I Need to Know

In this lesson, you are expected to:

1. Explain specific heat; and

2. Solve problems involving specific heat.

What Is It
Have you ever wondered why the pizza sauce is hotter than the crust even
though they are taken out of the oven at the same time? That is because of the specific
heat of the cheese and the crust. The cheese has higher specific heat compared to
the crust. It means that the cheese gives more heat faster than the crust. It is also the
reason why the sand is hotter compared to water on the beach even if they are
exposed to the same source-the sun.

11
HEAT CAPACITY AND SPECIFIC HEAT
The heat capacity of a particular sample is defined as the amount of energy
needed to raise the temperature of that sample by 1°C. From this definition, we see
that if energy Q produces a change ∆𝑇 in the temperature of a sample, then
𝑸 = 𝑪 ∆𝑻
The specific heat, c of a substance is the heat capacity per unit mass.
Therefore, if energy Q transfers to a sample of a substance with mass m and the
temperature of the sample changes by ∆𝑇, the specific heat of the substance is
𝑄
𝑐=
𝑚 ∆𝑇
Or we can rewrite it as,
𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐∆𝑇
Where Q = heat
m- mass of the substance
∆𝑇 = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒

TABLE 1. SPECIFIC HEATS OF SOME SUBSTANCE AT 25℃ AND

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

Specific Heats of Some Substances at 𝟐𝟓℃ and Atmospheric Pressure

Specific Heat c Specific Heat c
J/kg ∙ ℃ cal/g J/kg ∙ ℃ cal/g ∙ ℃
Substance ∙℃ Substance
Elemental Other solids
Solids
Aluminum 900 0.215 Brass 380 0.092
Beryllium 1830 0.436 Glass 837 0.200
Cadmium 230 0.055 Ice (-5℃) 2090 0.50
Copper 387 0.0924 Marble 860 0.21
Germanium 322 0.077 Wood 1700 0.41
Gold 129 0.0308
Iron 448 0.107 Liquids
Lead 128 0.0305 Alcohol 2 400 0.58
(ethyl)
Silicon 703 0.168 Mercury 140 0.033
Silver 234 0.056 Water (15 4186 1.00
℃)
Gas
Steam (100 2 010 0.48
℃)

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 Sample Problems:

1. How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of a 3 kg of aluminum to 8 ℃?

Step 1: Given: m = 3𝑘𝑔; 𝑐𝐴𝑙 = 900 𝐽/𝑘𝑔 ∙ ℃ ; ∆𝑇 = 8 ℃
Step 2: Equation: 𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐 ∆𝑇
Step 3: Solution: 𝑄 = (3𝑘𝑔)(900 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 ∙ ℃)(8℃)
𝑄 = 21 600 𝐽
2. What is the temperature of the mixture if 0.6 kg of alcohol at 60℃ is added to 0.5 kg
alcohol at 20℃ in polysterene cup?
Step 1: Given: 𝑚ℎ𝑜𝑡 = 0.6 𝑘𝑔 𝑇ℎ𝑜𝑡 = 60℃ − 𝑇
𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 = 0.5 𝑘𝑔 𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 = 𝑇 − 20℃
𝑐 = 4180 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾
Step 2: 𝑸𝒉𝒐𝒕 = 𝑸𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒅
𝑚ℎ𝑜𝑡 𝑐 ∆𝑇ℎ𝑜𝑡 = 𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑐 ∆𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑
Step 3 : Solution:
(0.6𝑘𝑔)(4180 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾 )(60℃ − 𝑇) = (0.5 𝑘𝑔)(4180 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾 )(𝑇 − 20℃)
36𝑘𝑔 ℃ − 0.6 𝑘𝑔 𝑇 = 0.5 𝑘𝑔 𝑇 − 10 𝑘𝑔 ℃
−0.6 𝑘𝑔 𝑇 − 0.5 𝑘𝑔 𝑇 = −10 𝑘𝑔 ℃ − 36 𝑘𝑔 ℃
−1.1 𝑘𝑔 𝑇 = −46 𝑘𝑔 ℃
−1.1 𝑘𝑔 𝑇 −46 𝑘𝑔 ℃
=
−1.1 𝑘𝑔 −1.1 𝑘𝑔
𝑇 = 42 ℃

What I Have Learned

Activity 5: Solving Heat and Heat Capacity Problems
Direction: Solve and analyze the following problems. Show your complete
solution.
1. How much energy is lost by 20 kg copper if it is cooled from 50℃ 𝑡𝑜 30℃?
2. How many calories of heat will be needed to raise the temperature of 200.00
g of iron from 27℃ 𝑡𝑜 80℃?

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Summary:

1. Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

If system C is initially in thermal equilibrium with both system A and system B,

then system A and system B are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.

2. The commonly used temperature scales are the Celsius, Fahrenheit, and

Kelvin scales.
9
3. To convert Celsius to Fahrenheit: 𝑇𝐹 = 𝑇𝐶 + 32°
5

5
4. To convert Fahrenheit to Celsius: 𝑇𝐶 = (𝑇𝐹 − 32°)
9

5. To convert Celsius to Kelvin: 𝑇𝐾 = °𝐶 + 273

6. Thermal Expansion refers to the increase in linear dimensions of a solid or

volume of a fluid because of a rise in temperature.

7. To get the linear thermal expansion use ∆𝐿 = 𝛼𝐿𝑂 ∆𝑇.

8. To determine the volume expansion utilize ∆𝑉 = 𝛽𝑉𝑖 ∆𝑇.

9. The specific heat, c of a substance is the heat capacity per unit mass.

𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐∆𝑇

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 Assessment:
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following statement is NOT true about Thermodynamics?
A. Heat flows from an object with lower temperature to an object with higher
temperature
B. An object with higher temperature will gain energies from an object with
lower temperature when they are in direct contact.
C. An object with lower temperature will lose its energies when in direct
contact with an object with a higher temperature.
D. Thermal equilibrium of two objects with different temperature will be
attained at some point.

2. Three substances are added to make a mug of coffee. These are: coffee which
is at 65℃, milk which is at 65℃ and the sugar which is in thermal equilibrium
with the coffee. Which of the following statements best describes the thermal
state of the sugar?
A. The sugar is 65℃, based on the second law of thermodynamics
B. Heat will be transferred from the sugar to the coffee to reach equilibrium.
C. Heat will be transferred from the coffee to the sugar to reach equilibrium.
D. The sugar is in equilibrium with the milk, based on the zeroth law of
Thermodynamics

3. Room Temperature is often identified as 68℉. What temperature is this on the

Kelvin scale?
A. 20 K B. 100 K C. 293 K D. 341 K

4. John and Jean measured their temperature. John found his to be 98.6 ℉ while
Jean recorded 37℃. Which of the following statements is true?
A. Both have normal body temperature.
B. Both are suffering from fever.
C. John has a higher body temperature than Jean.
D. John has a lower body temperature than Jean.

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5. Why are the electric wires on the street post a little bit saggy and not tightly
tied?
A. So that it will not be tangled by the other wires.
B. So that it will not break once the wire will expand
C. To make space for the other wires to easily connect.
D. So that it will not be hard for the line men to reach it.

6. A metal sheet with a circular hole is heated. Which of the following will happen
to the hole?
A. gets larger C. gets deformed
B. gets smaller D. remains of the same size

7. In general, what happens to solids when they are heated? They:

A. expand proportionally to the change in temperature.
B. contract proportionally to the change in temperature.
C. expand inversely proportional to the change in temperature.
D. contract inversely proportional to the change in temperature.

8. Why is the sand much hotter compared to water at the beach if they are
exposed to the same source which is the sun?
A. The sand has a higher specific heat compared to the water.
B. The sand is directly exposed to sun compared to the water.
C. The water is directly exposed to sun compared to the sand.
D. The water has a higher specific heat compared to the sand.
9. How much energy is needed to raise the temperature of a 40 g water by
50°C?
𝐽
Hint: 𝑐𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 4.17 𝑔℃

A. 3.54 kJ B. 7.11 kJ C. 8.34 kJ D. 9.89 kJ

10. A gas burner is used to increase the temperature of lime from 10 °C to 50 °C

with the thermal energy of 80000 J. If the mass of the lime is 20 kg, what is its
specific heat capacity?
A. 25 𝐽/𝑘𝑔 ∙ ℃ B. 50 𝐽/𝑘𝑔 ∙ ℃ C. 75 𝐽/𝑘𝑔 ∙ ℃ D. 100 𝐽/𝑘𝑔 ∙ ℃

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 17
What I Know
1. D 6. D
2. A 7. B
3. B 8. C
4. B 9. A
5. D 10. A
Lesson 1:
What’s More:
1. 122 °F
2. -3.88 °C
3. 261 K
4. -268 °C
5. 353 K
Lesson 2:
What I Have Learned:
1. 600.14 m
2. 50.02 m
Lesson 3:
What I Have Learned
1. – 154800 J
2. 1200 cal
Assessment 15
1.A
2.D
3.C
4.A
5.B
6.A
7.A
8.D
9.C
10.D
Answer key:
References

Baltazar and Tolentino. Exploring Life Through Science General Physics 1. Teachers
Wraparound Edition. Phoenix Publishing House, Inc., 2017
Hewitt, Paul. Conceptual Physics. 9th ed. Reprint, Singapore: Pearson Education, 2002
Navaza, Delia, and Bienvenido Valdes. You And The Natural World Physics. 3rd ed. Reprint,
Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc., 2010
Serway / Jewett. Physics for Scientists & Engineers with Modern Physics. Cengage 2014.
Young, H., Freedman, R., Ford, A., & Young, H. (2012). Sears and Zemansky's University
physics. Boston, MA: Pearson Learning Solutions.
Zitzewitz, Haase, and Harper. Physics Principles & Problems. Reprint, United States of
America: McGraw-Hill Companies Inc., 2013.

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