Senior High School

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General Biology 1
Quarter 2 - Module 2
Energy Transformation

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

General Biology 1- Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 - Module 2: Energy Transformation
First Edition, 2020

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Author: Romer T. Aguirre

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 Senior
Senior High
High School
School

General Biology 1
Quarter 2 - Module 2:
Energy Transformation

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owned by their respective copyright holders. The publisher and authors do not
represent nor claim ownership over them.
 Table of Contents

What This Module is About ............................................................................................... i

What I Need to Know ........................................................................................................ ii

How to Learn from this Module ........................................................................................ ii

Icons of this Module ......................................................................................................... iii

Second Quarter
Lesson 1: Photosynthesis
What I Need to Know ................................................................................ 1

What I know .............................................................................................. 2

What’s In: Learning Concepts ................................................................... 2

What’s New .............................................................................................. 6

What Is It………………………………………………………………………….6

What’s More………………………………………………………………………7

What I Have Learned: .............................................................................. 7

What I Can Do ……………………………………..........................................8

References ........................................................................................................... 8
 Module 2
Energy Transformation
What This Module is About
This module focuses on respiration and photosynthetic process as reactions
that complements each other to enable life to survive. It will enhance your
understanding of major features and events involved such as important steps in Calvin
cycle, glycolysis, and Krebs cycle. At the end of this module, you will be able to have
a deeper understanding on the importance of photosynthesis and cellular respiration
to all forms of living things.

In this module, you will study the important process of energy transformation
that occurs at the cellular level of plants, animals, and microbial cells. This reaction is
intervened by the energy known as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) using the
mitochondria and the chloroplasts as the main cell organelles for the majority of cell
types.
This module has one (1) lesson:
• Lesson 1- Photosynthesis

What I Need to Know

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Explain the importance of chlorophyll and other pigments (STEM_BIO11/12-IIa-

j-3)
2. Describe the patterns of electron flow through light reaction events
(STEM_BIO11/12-IIa-j-4).
3. Describe the significant events of the Calvin Cycle (STEM_BIO11/12-IIa-j-5).
4. Differentiate aerobic from anaerobic respiration (STEM_BIO11/12-IIa-j-6).
5. Explain the major features and sequence the chemical events of cellular
respiration (STEM_BIO11/12-IIa-j-7).

i
How to Learn from this Module

To achieve the learning competencies cited above, you are to do the following:
• Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.
• Answer all the given tests and exercises.

Icons of this Module

What I Need to This part contains learning objectives that
Know are set for you to learn as you go along the
module.

What I know This is an assessment as to your level of

knowledge to the subject matter at hand,
meant specifically to gauge prior related
knowledge
What’s In This part connects previous lesson with that
of the current one.

What’s New An introduction of the new lesson through

various activities, before it will be presented
to you

What is It These are discussions of the activities as a

way to deepen your discovery and under-
standing of the concept.

What’s More These are follow-up activities that are in-

tended for you to practice further in order to
master the competencies.

What I Have Activities designed to process what you

Learned have learned from the lesson

What I can do These are tasks that are designed to show-

case your skills and knowledge gained, and
applied into real-life concerns and situations.

ii
 Lesson

1 Photosynthesis

What I Need to Know

Introduction:

Autotrophic organisms use the pigment chlorophyll to harvest solar energy to

produce the stored energy as chemical bonds of ATP and carbohydrates. In
eukaryotes, chlorophyll is associated with thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast.
Photosynthesis in eukaryotes involves three essential processes:

1. Energy absorption from sunlight via pigments during light-dependent

reaction
2. Reactivation of reaction center
3. Carbohydrates production by carbon fixation during dark reaction.

Fig. 2a. Chemical reaction for photosynthesis

1
 What I Know

Chemical reactions for photosynthesis:

• Which groups participate in the reaction?

• Which groups are released?

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + sunlight → C6H12O6+ 6 O2

PRIOR KNOWLEDGE: Definition of Terms

1. Light reactions
2. Noncyclic electron flow
3. Cyclic electron flow
4. Plastoquinone (Pq)
5. Plastocyanin (Pc)
6. ATP
7. Photophosphorylation
8. Ferredoxin
9. NADP+
10. NADPH
11. Chemiosmosis

What’s In

During PHOTOSYNTHESIS:

• Energy from sunlight is harvested and used to drive the synthesis of glucose
from CO2 and H2O. By converting the energy of sunlight to a usable form of
potential chemical energy, photosynthesis is the ultimate source of metabolic
energy for all biological systems.

2
 • Photosynthesis takes place in two distinct stages. (A) In the light reactions,
energy from sunlight drives the synthesis of ATP and NADPH, coupled to the
formation of O2 from H2O. (B) In the dark reactions (named because they do
not require sunlight), the ATP and NADPH produced by the light reactions drive
glucose synthesis.

• In eukaryotic cells, both the light and dark reactions of photosynthesis occur
within chloroplasts—the light reactions in the thylakoid membrane and the dark
reactions within the stroma.

The two stages of photosynthesis:

• Light reactions—use sunlight to initiate electron transfer, thereby reducing NADP+

to NADPH and splitting water to give off oxygen as a by-product.

• form ATP through phosphorylation

• take place in the thylakoids of the chloroplast

• Calvin Cycle—sometimes referred to as ‘dark reactions’ because it does not

require light energy for its processes to take place

• incorporates CO2 into organic molecules through carbon fixation

• uses NADPH and ATP to produce carbohydrate from the fixed carbon
• takes place in the stroma of chloroplast
• returns ADP, inorganic phosphate, and NADP+ to the light reactions

Fig. 2.b. The Light Reactions

.

3
Light Reactions Events

1. Light energy or photon is absorbed by a pigment molecule of the light-harvesting

complex of Photosystem II and is passed on to other pigment molecules nearby
until the energy makes it to the reaction center. In the reaction center, it is
absorbed by the P680 pair of chlorophyll a.
2. The electron in this pair of chlorophyll a is raised to an excited state and is
transferred to the primary electron acceptor. P680 loses its electron and
becomes positively charged (P680+).
3. The positively charged molecule attracts electrons from a water molecule,
resulting to the splitting up of H20 into two electrons, two hydrogen ions (H+),
and an oxygen atom with the provision of light energy. The oxygen atom
immediately combines with another oxygen atom to form an oxygen molecule
(O2) which is then released outside the leaf through the stomata.
4. The excited electrons are then passed on from the primary electron acceptor to
the electron carrier molecules through the electron transport chain until they
reach Photosystem I. The electron carrier molecules involved here are
plastoquinone (Pq), a cytochrome complex, and plastocyanin (Pc).
5. At each transfer, the electrons release small amounts of energy. This energy is
used to pump hydrogen ions across the membrane. The splitting up of water
molecules results to an uneven distribution of hydrogen ions in the stroma and
the lumen. The H+ ions tries to equalize their distribution by moving from the
lumen to the stroma through the aid of a membrane protein called ATP synthase.
This is referred to as chemiosmosis. The movement of hydrogen ions through
the ATP synthase channel triggers the synthesis of ATP from ADP. The ATP
contains high-energy phosphate bonds.
6. Meanwhile, photon is also absorbed, and energy is passed on from one pigment
molecule to another until the energy reaches the reaction center complex of
Photosystem I. The energy excites the electron present in the pair of P700
chlorophyll a located here. The excited electron is then transferred to a primary
electron acceptor, making the P700 positively charged and now seeking
electrons to fill up the missing ones. This is filled up by the electrons from
Photosystem II that are passed on through the electron transport chain.
7. The photo-excited electron from the primary electron acceptor of Photosystem I
enters another electron transfer chain, passing the electron to an iron-containing
protein called ferredoxin (Fd).
8. An enzyme, the NADP+ reductase, then transfers the electron to NADP+ and
stabilizes it by adding a proton (H+) to form NADPH. NADPH is then released
to the stroma and becomes part of the Calvin Cycle.

Cyclic Electron Flow Aside from the usual route of electron flow as described in the
events of the light reactions (i.e., noncyclic or linear electron flow), photo-excited
electrons may take a short-circuited route which utilizes Photosystem I but not
Photosystem II. The ferrodoxin goes back to the cycle and passes the electron to the
cytochrome complex and to the Pc until it reaches P700 chlorophyll instead of
transferring the electron to NADP+reductase. Due to this event, no NADPH is
produced but ATP is still synthesized.

4
 Fig. 2.c. Cyclic Electron Flow

1. Oxidoreductase - catalyze redox reactions; dehydrogenases, oxidases,

peroxidases, reductases.
2. Transferases - catalyze group transfer reactions; often require coenzymes.
3. Hydrolases - catalyze hydrolysis reactions.
4. Lyases - lysis of substrate; produce contains double bond.
5. Isomerases - catalyze structural changes; isomerization.

The Calvin Cycle

• also referred to as light-independent reactions or “dark reactions”

• takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast
• second stage of photosynthesis that is involved in the formation of sugar from
CO2 using chemical energy stored in ATP and NADPH, the products of light
reactions

The Calvin Cycle

Important points to know:

• The sugar that is produced in the Calvin Cycle is not the six-carbon glucose
that we are familiar with. This is formed later on. What is produced in the Calvin
Cycle is a three-carbon sugar known as G3P or glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.
• The Calvin Cycle needs to ‘spin’ three times to make one molecule of G3P from
three molecules of CO2.

Three Phases of Calvin Cycle:

Carbon Fixation
• Carbon fixation is a process of incorporating an inorganic carbon molecule,
CO2, into an organic material.
• In this phase, the CO2 molecule is attached to a five-carbon sugar molecule
named ribulose biphosphate (RuBP) aided by an enzyme named rubisco or
RuBP carboxylase. Rubisco is believed to be the most abundant protein in the
chloroplast and maybe on Earth.
• The resulting product, a six-carbon sugar, is extremely unstable and
immediately splits in half. The split forms two molecules of a 3-
phosphoglycerate (3-carbon).

5
Reduction
• A phosphate group (from ATP) is then attached to each 3-phosphoglycerate by
an enzyme, forming 1,3-phosphoglycerate.
• NADPH swoops in and reduces 1,3-biphosphogycerate to G3P.
• For every six G3Ps produced by the Calvin Cycle, five are recycled to
regenerate three molecules of RuBP. Only one G3P leaves the cycle to be
packaged for use by the cell.
• It will take two molecules of G3P to make one molecule of glucose.
• The ADP and NADP+ that is formed during the Calvin Cycle will be transported
back to the thylakoid membrane and will enter the light reactions. Here, they
will be ‘recharged’ with energy and become ATP and NADPH.

Regeneration of RuBP
• Five molecules of G3P undergo a series of complex enzymatic reactions to form
three molecules of RuBP. This costs the cell another three molecules of AT, but
also provides another set of RuBP to continue the cycle.

What happens to G3P after its release from the cycle?

• Two G3Ps can combine together to form either glucose or fructose which are
both are six-carbon sugar.
• Glucose and fructose can be combined to form sucrose.
• Glucose can be connected in chains to form starch.
• G3Ps can also be used in lipid and protein synthesis.

The cost of making carbohydrate:

To make one molecule of G3P, the chloroplast needs:
• 3 molecules of CO2
• 9 molecules of ATP
• 6 molecules of NADPH

What’s New
Visual and Listening Activity:

1. You can draw pictures of photosynthesis in a long bond paper/newsprint. You can
also go to computer/printing shop by watching videos or sample pictures of
Overview of Photosynthesis, Overview of the Stages of the Calvin Cycle in
Photosynthesis and make these pictures into tarpaulin type for long use.

What Is It
Q & A Activity:

1. What are the two kinds of reactions in photosynthesis?

2. What are the basic stages of the Calvin cycle?
3. What are the reactants and products of photosynthesis?

6
 What’s More
Directions: Fill-in the table below for the major events and features of
photosynthesis. The option table is given for you to answer the
needed materials and end products of photosynthesis.
Major Events and Features of Photosynthesis

REACTION NEEDED MATERIALS END PRODUCTS

SERIES
1. Light-dependent a. a.
reactions (take
place in the
thylakoid
membrane)
a. Photochemical b. b.
reactions
b. Electron
transport
c. Chemiosmosis c. c.
2. Carbon fixation 2 2
reactions (take
place in stroma)

Available Choices

a. Electrons b. NADPH, O2 c. Light energy; d. ATP

pigments
(chlorophyll)
e. Electrons, f. Proton gradient, g. Carbohydrates, h. Ribulose
NADP+, H2O, ADP + P, ATP ADP + P, NADP+ bisphosphate,
electron acceptors synthase CO2, ATP,
NADPH,
necessary
enzymes

What I Have Learned

Learning Process Activity:

Write T if the statement is true and F if the statement is false.

______1. In photosynthesis, water is oxidized and oxygen is released.

______2. Has electron transport chain located within the ribosomes, where ATP is
produced by chemiosmosis.
______3. Has enzyme-catalyzed reactions within the semi-fluid interior.
______4. Water is reduced to a carbohydrate.
______5. In photosynthesis, oxygen is reduced to water.

7
 What I Can Do

Performance Task:

For this activity, you have to gather materials that will help build a three-dimensional
model that represents the events or phases of the Calvin cycle. You may use clay,
Styrofoam balls, beads, or recyclable materials. The outputs will be presented to the
teacher.

References

• GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 SPECIALIZED SUBJECT | ACADEMIC-STEM,

The Commission on Higher Education, Philippine Normal University
(2016) https://bit.ly/2DCe9kz (Restrictions are imposed)
• DEPED Learning Modules Grade 7-10
• General Biology 1, Authors: Maria Angelica D. Rea, Mary Zugar M.
Dequillo, Jenny Lyn C. Chua

FAIR USE AND CONTENT DISCLAIMER: This SLM (Self Learning Module) is
for educational purposes only. Borrowed materials (i.e. songs, stories, poems,
pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in these modules are
owned by their respective copyright holders. The publisher and authors do not
represent nor claim ownership over them.

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Division of Cagayan de Oro City

Office Address: Fr. William F. Masterson Ave Upper Balulang
Cagayan de Oro
Telephone Nos.: (08822)855-0048
E-mail Address: cagayandeoro.city@deped.gov.ph