Senior High School

General Chemistry 1
Quarter 2 - Module 7 – Organic Reactions

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

General Chemistry 1 – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 - Module 7: Organic Reactions
First Edition, 2020

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 Senior High School

General
Chemistry 1
Quarter 2 - Module 7 - Organic Reactions

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 Table of Contents

What This Module is About ............................................................................................................ i

What I Need to Know ...................................................................................................................... i
How to Learn from this Module .................................................................................................... ii
Icons of this Module ....................................................................................................................... ii
What I Know ................................................................................................................................... .iii

Second Quarter – Module 7

Lesson 1: Structural Isomerism and Organic Reactions

What’s In ................................................................................................... 1
What’s New ............................................................................................... 1
What Is It: ............................................................................................... 2
What’s More A.......................................................................................... 5
What’s More B.......................................................................................... 6
What I Have Learned .............................................................................. 6
What I Can Do........................................................................................... 7

Summary ....................................................................................................................... 7
Assessment: (Post-Test) ................................................................................................ 8
Key to Answers .............................................................................................................. 9
References .................................................................................................................... 10
What This Module is About

Organic compounds are considered as carbon-containing chemical compounds

of living things because of their association with organisms and life processes. Their
structure, properties, reactions, compositions and preparation are the core topics of
organic chemistry.

About 200 years ago, it is believed that organic compounds needed a ‘life force’
to be produced. Other compounds like rock that were from nonliving things were
referred to as inorganic. The synthesis of urea (an organic compound) from amonium
cyanate (an inorganic compound) as an experiment of Friedrich Wöhler in 1828
dispelled the belief that organic compounds could only be formed by nature. The range
of application of organic compounds includes, but is not limited to petrochemicals,
food, pharmaceuticals, explosives, fragrances, paints and cosmetics.

In this module, we describe the structures, properties and reactions of

hydrocarbons and organic functional groups.

What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. Describe structural isomerism and give examples (STEM_GC11CBIId-g-89);

2. Describe some simple reactions of organic compounds: combustion of organic
fuels, addition, condensation, and saponification of fats (STEM_GC11CBIId-g-
90);

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How to Learn from this Module
To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:
• Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.
• Answer all the given tests and exercises.

Icons of this Module

What I Need to This part contains learning objectives that

Know are set for you to learn as you go along the
module.

What I know This is an assessment as to your level of

knowledge to the subject matter at hand,
meant specifically to gauge prior related
knowledge.
What’s In This part connects previous lesson with that
of the current one.

What’s New An introduction of the new lesson through

various activities, before it will be presented
to you

What is It These are discussions of the activities as a

way to deepen your discovery and under-
standing of the concept.

What’s More These are follow-up activities that are in-

tended for you to practice further in order to
master the competencies.

What I Have Activities designed to process what you

Learned have learned from the lesson

What I can do These are tasks that are designed to show-

case your skills and knowledge gained, and
applied into real-life concerns and situations.

ii
 What I Know

Pretest: MULTIPLE CHOICE:

Directions: Read and understand each item and choose the letter of the correct
answer.
1. Choose the incorrect option regarding Isomerism:
A. They differ in both physical and chemical properties.
B. They have the different molecular formula.
C. Chain isomers differ in the arrangement of their skeleton.
D. They have the same molecular formula.

2. The reaction of water with alkene to produce an alcohol is a/an ______ reaction.
A. Addition C. Combustion
B. Condensation D. Saponification
3. Hydrolysis (saponification) of a fat would yield_____________.
A. water and alkene C. ethanol and acid
B. ketone and aldehyde D. glycerol and soap

4. This type of isomerism occurs when different compounds are formed due to the
different arrangements of their atoms leading to different functional groups.
A. chain C. positional
B. functional D. geometric

5. What reaction takes place when a substance reacts with oxygen gas, releasing
energy in the form of light and heat?
A. Addition C. Combustion
B. Condensation D. Saponification

6. What is formed when water is added to ethene?

A. ethane C. ethanol
B. acetone D. glycerol

7. What reaction takes place when two or more molecules combine to form a larger and
new molecule?
A. Addition C. Combustion
B. Condensation D. Saponification

8. This type of isomerism occurs when the same functional groups are attached to
different positions on a carbon chain.
A. chain C. positional
B. functional D. geometric

9. What reaction is being demonstrated in the chemical equation below?

A. Addition C. Combustion
B. Condensation D. Saponification

10. Saponification of fats needs a strong __________ to proceed to completion.

A. halogen C. acid
B. catalyst D. base

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 Structural Isomerism and
1 Organic Reactions

What’s In

In lesson 1, you have learned that organic compounds are carbon-containing

compounds which do not only pertain to hydrocarbons but also compounds with any
number of other elements. Moreover, you also examined the structures and properties
of hydrocarbons and some functional groups. In this lesson, you will learn the
structural isomerism and simple reactions of selected organic compounds.

What’s New

Activity 1: Clones or isomers

Directions: Identify if the two structures are the same compounds or isomers. Write
“isomers” if the compounds have the same chemical formula but exactly
different structure or compound and write “clones” if the compounds are
exactly the same.

1.

2. .

3.

4.

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 What Is It

I. STRUCTURAL ISOMERISM

When two or more organic compounds have the same molecular formula but
different properties due to their difference in arrangement of atoms along the carbon,
they are called structural isomers. There are six forms of structural isomerism and
the most common are chain, positional and functional isomerism.

STRUCTURAL ISOMERISM

CHAIN POSITIONAL FUNCTIONAL METAMERISM TAUTOMERISM RING-CHAIN

Figure 1. Forms of Structural Isomerism

(http://padakshep.org/otp/subjects/chemistry/organic-chemistry/structural-isomerism/)

a. Chain Isomerism
Chain isomers are organic compounds with the same formula, but the
arrangements of their carbon skeleton are different.

FORMULA: C4H10 Figure 2. Example of chain isomerism

(http://padakshep.org/otp/subjects/chemistry/organic-
chemistry/structural-isomerism/)

b. Positional Isomerism
Positional isomerism occurs when the same functional groups are attached to
different positions on a carbon chain.

FORMULA: C4H8 FORMULA: C3H7OH

Figure 3. Examples of positional isomerism

(http://padakshep.org/otp/subjects/chemistry/organic-chemistry/structural-isomerism/)

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 c. Functional Isomerism
Functional isomerism occurs if different compounds are formed due to the
different arrangements of their atoms leading to different functional groups. As
functional groups are usually the reactive centre of a molecule that leads entirely
different properties.

FORMULA: C2H6O

FORMULA: C3H6O

FORMULA: C2H4O2

Figure 4. Examples of positional isomerism

(http://padakshep.org/otp/subjects/chemistry/organic-chemistry/structural-isomerism/)

II. Simple Reactions of Organic Compounds

a. Combustion Reactions
When a substance reacts with oxygen gas, releasing energy in the form of light
and heat, a combustion reaction occurs. This type of reaction must involve O2 or
oxygen gas as one reactant. One of the most notable combustion reactions is the
combustion of organic fuels. Fuels rapidly react with oxygen to produce energy.
These fuels include: coal, high molecular weight hydrocarbons, methane, propane,
and butane.

Reaction 1. Complete combustion of butane

(https://www.clutchprep.com/chemistry/practice-problems/84902/calculate-the-enthalpy-of-combustion-of-butane-c4h10-g-for-
the-formation-of-h2o-)

b. Addition Reactions
Multiple bonds, such as a double or a triple bond, can be converted into other
functional groups using addition reactions. Other elements such as hydrogen,
halogens, compounds like water and functional groups such as the hydroxyl group
can be attached or added to one or both of the carbons involved in the multiple
bond.

(https://socratic.org/questions/how-can-alkenes-be-used-to-
make-ethanol)

3
 (http://lucychemistry.blogspot.com/2013/05/38-
describe-addition-reaction-of.htm)l

(https://www.masterorganicchemistry.com/2013/05/24/alkyne-
reaction-patterns-the-carbocation-pathway/)

Reaction2. Addition reactions of alkenes and alkynes

c. Condensation Reactions
A condensation reaction takes place when two or more molecules combine to
form a larger and new molecule, with the simultaneous loss of a small molecule
such as water and a formation of a new bond.

ketone aldehyde

New oxygen-carbon bond is formed Water is lost as a product

Loss of water

(https://www.saddleback.edu/faculty/jzoval/chem108_lab/lab_6_ https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-
carboxylic%20acids/lab_6_Pre_lab_carboxylic_acids_current.pdf) and-answers/reaction-based-nmr-provided-identify-
aldehyde-ketone-possible-list-aldehyde-ketone-list-1—
q27958045

Reactions 3. Examples of condensation reactions

d. Saponification Reactions
Saponification reaction takes place when a fat, oil or lipid is cleaved and
converted into soap and alcohol by the action of heat and with the presence of
water and a base. Fats are typically in the form of esters. When esters undergo
saponification, carboxylate (soap) and an alcohol (glycerol) functional groups are
produced.

(https://sites.google.com/site/chemistry_olp/formation-of-esters)

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 Reaction 4. Saponification reaction of a fat
(https://nsb.wikidot.com/c-9-5-5-1)

What’s More (A)

Activity 2: Structural Isomerism Identification

Directions: Identify what type of structural isomerism is being exhibited by each pair
of compounds. Choose from the three most common types of isomerism
(e.g. chain, position and functional isomerism).

1. 3.

2. 4.

5
 What’s More (B)

Activity 3: Organic Reaction Identification

Directions: Identify what type of organic reaction is being represented by each item.
Choose from the basic types of organic reactions (e.g. combustion,
addition, condensation, and saponification reaction).

_____________1. Hydrocarbons reacts with oxygen gas producing water and carbon
dioxide as products.
_____________2. Reaction of water to an alkene leading to the removal of the double
bond and production of an alcohol.

_____________3. A carboxylic acid and an alcohol react forming a new bond with the
simultaneous loss of water molecule, hence the formation of a new
compound.
_____________4. The production of soap from fats.
_____________5. The production of esters from alcohol and carboxylic acid.

What I Have Learned

Activity 4: Think Like a Chemist!

Directions: Level up your way of thinking and put yourself in a chemist’s perspective.
Answer and explain each item briefly and concisely.

1. Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but have different
properties. How is this possible?
2. How does positional and functional isomerism differ from each other?
3. Ethanol and dimethyl ether have the same molecular formula C2H6O.
Ethanol is liquid at room temperature while dimethyl ether is gas. How is this
possible?
4. Why short-chain alkanes like methane and butane serve as good fuels?
5. Does the compound below undergo saponification reaction? Why?

6
 What I Can Do

Activity 5: Meet My Isomers

Directions: Do a research about the structural isomers of the compound C4H10O.

Identify at least three structural isomers, provide their structures and their
individual properties, and uses. Write your answers in each cell of the
table below.

STRUCTURAL ISOMERS OF C4H10O

Name of the isomer Structure of the isomer Properties and uses

1.

2.

3.

SUMMARY

• Structural isomers when two or more organic compounds have the same
molecular formula but different properties due to their difference in arrangement
of atoms along the carbon.
• Chain isomers are organic compounds with the same formula, but the
arrangements of their carbon skeleton are different.
• Positional isomerism occurs when the same functional groups are attached to
different positions on a carbon chain.
• Functional isomerism occurs if different compounds are formed due to the
different arrangements of their atoms leading to different functional groups.
• Combustion reaction occurs when a substance reacts with oxygen gas,
releasing energy in the form of light and heat
• Condensation reaction takes place when two or more molecules combine to
form a larger and new molecule, with the simultaneous loss of a small molecule
such as water and a formation of a new bond.
• Multiple bonds, such as a double or a triple bond, can be converted into other
functional groups using addition reactions.
• Saponification reaction takes place when a fat, oil or lipid is cleaved and
converted into soap and alcohol by the action of heat and with the presence of
water and a base.

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 Assessment: (Post-Test)

Multiple Choice: Answer the questions that follow. Choose the best letter among
the given choices for each item.

1. Two isomeric forms of a saturated hydrocarbon _____________

A. have the same structure.
B. have different compositions of elements.
C. have the same molecular formula.
D. react vigorously with one another.

2. The reaction of water with alkene to produce an alcohol is a/an ______ reaction.
A. Saponification C. Combustion
B. Condensation D. Addition

3. The isomerism shown is _____________.

A. chain C. positional
B. functional D. geometric

4. The isomerism shown is _____________.

A. chain C. positional
B. functional D. geometric

5. Saponification of fats needs a strong __________ to proceed to completion.

A. halogen C. acid
B. catalyst D. base

6. What reaction takes place when a substance reacts with oxygen gas, releasing energy in
the form of light and heat?
A. Addition C. Combustion
B. Condensation D. Saponification

7. What is lost as a product when a ketone and an aldehyde react to form a new Carbon-
carbon bond?
A. halogen C. acid
B. water D. alcohol

8. Which of the following would undergo addition reactions?

A. halogen C. alkane
B. alkyne D. alcohol

9. Fats are typically in form of what?

A. halogen C. acid
B. alkyne D. esters
10. What is formed when a carboxylic acid and an alcohol undergo condensation reaction?
A. new C-C bond C. new N-O bond
B. new O-C bond D. ester

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 9
PRETEST:
1. B 2. A 3.D 4.B 5.C 6.C 7.B 8.C 9.C 10.D
POST TEST:
1.C 2.D 3.B 4.A 5.D 6.C 7.B 8.B 9.D 10.B
ACTIVITY 1: CLONES OR ISOMERS
1.Isomers 2. Clones
3. Isomers 4. Isomers
ACTIVITY 2: STRUCTURAL ISOMERISM DENTIFICATION
ACTIVITY 3: ORGANIC REACTION IDENTIFICATION
ACTIVITY 4: THINK LIKE A CHEMIST
ACTIVITY 5: MEET MY ISOMERS
Answers may vary
Key to Answers
References
“3.8 describe the addition reaction ... - Edexcel IGCSE Chemistry”, accessed last
November 2, 2020, http://lucychemistry.blogspot.com/2013/05/38-describe-
addition-reaction-of.htm)l
“Addition Reactions.”, accessed last September 17, 2020., https://nptel.ac.in/content/
storage2/courses/104101005/downloads/LectureNotes/chapter%208.pdf
“Alkyne Reaction Patterns – Hydrohalogenation – Carbocation ...,” accessed last
November 2, 2020, https://www.masterorganicchemistry. com/2013/05/24/
alkyne-reaction-patterns-the-carbocation-pathway/
“Based on the NMR provided, identify which aldehyde ... – Chegg”, accessed last
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answers/reaction-based-nmr-provided-identify-aldehyde-ketone-possible-list-
aldehyde-ketone-list-1—q27958045
“Basic principles in organic chemistry: Structural isomerism”, accessed last November
2, 2020, http://padakshep.org/otp/subjects/chemistry/organic-
chemistry/structural-isomerism/
Brown, Theodore. Chemistry: The Central Science. New York: Pearson,2015.
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2, 2020, https://www.clutchprep.com/chemistry/practice-
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the-formation-of-h2o-
“Catalytic Hydrogenation of Alkynes: Mechanism & Explanation,” accessed last
November 2, 2020”, https://study.com/academy/lesson/catalytic-
hydrogenation-of-alkynes-mechanism-explanation.html
Chang, R. and Goldsby, K. Chemistry. New York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2010.
“Condensation Reactions.” Chemistry LibreTexts, accessed Sept. 17, 2020,
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Book%3A
_Introductory_Chemistry_(CK12)/25%3A_Organic_Chemistry/25.18%3A_
Condensation_Reactions
“Esters and Formation of esters-Alcohol”, accessed last November 4, 2020,
https://sites.google.com/site/chemistry_olp/formation-of-esters
“Hydrocarbons-Lessons-Tes Teach”, accessed last November 2, 2020,
https://www.tes.com/lessons/hUjQYBl3Z4qVw/hydrocarbons
“Learn Physical Properties of Alkynes in 3 minutes”, accessed last November 2, 2020,
https://www.toppr.com/content/story/amp/physical-properties-of-alkynes-
37358/
Molview. Accessed September 2020. molview.org
“Physical Properties of Aldehydes & Ketones.” Ck-12. accessed September 18, 2020.,
https://www.ck12.org/na/ald-physical-properties-of-aldehydes-ketones-
1/lesson/Physical-Properties-of-Aldehydes-and-Ketones-xii-
chemistry/#:~:text=Aldehydes%20and%20Ketones-
,Properties%20of%20Aldehydes%20and%20Ketones,chain%20increases%2
C%20water%20solubility%20decreases.
“Organic Chemistry.” American Chemical Society, accessed September 17, 2020.,
https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/careers/college-to-career/areas-of-
chemistry/organic-chemistry.html
“Saponification - Nsb Notes – Wikidot”, accessed last November 2, 2020,
https://nsb.wikidot.com/c-9-5-5-1

10
“Uses and cracking of crude oil - Revision Notes in GCSE.”, accessed last November
2, 2020, https://getrevising.co.uk/revision-notes/uses-and-cracking-of-crude-oil
Silberberg, Martin. Principles of General Chemistry. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher
Education, 2013.
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accessed last November 2, 2020, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-
orgbiochemistry/chapter/12-2-structures-and-names-of-alkanes/

FAIR USE AND CONTENT DISCLAIMER: This SLM (Self Learning Module) is
for educational purposes only. Borrowed materials (i.e. songs, stories, poems,
pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in these modules are
owned by their respective copyright holders. The publisher and authors do not
represent nor claim ownership over them.

For inquiries and feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)

DepEdDivision of Cagayan de Oro City

Fr. William F. Masterson Ave., Upper Balulang, Cagayan de Oro

Telefax: ((08822)855-0048
E-mail Address: cagayandeoro.city@deped.gov.ph

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