NOT

9
Science
Quarter 1,Wk 4 - Module 3
(Location of Genes in Chromosomes)

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

Science- Grade 9
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1, Wk4 - Module 3: (Location of Genes in Chromosomes)
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education – Division of Iligan City Schools
Division Superintendent: Roy Angelo L. Gazo, PhD.,CESO V

Development Team of the Module

Authors: Kresha M. Lluisma and Laarni H. Ybarbia
Content and Language Evaluators: Sheila J. Paragoso and Juliet L. Abrinica
Illustrator and Layout Artist: Chris T. Sagarino
Management Team
Chairperson: Roy Angelo E. Gazo, PhD, CESO V
Schools Division Superintendent
Co-Chairpersons: Shambaeh A. Abantas-Usman, PhD
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Mala Epra B. Magnaong, Chief ES, CLMD

Members Henry B. Abueva OIC-CID Chief

Ann Q. Solijon, EPS-Science
Rustico Y. Jerusalem, LRMS Manager
Meriam S. Otarra, PDO II
Charlotte D. Quidlat, Librarian II

Printed in the Philippines by

Department of Education – Division of Iligan City
Office Address: General Aguinaldo, St., Iligan City
Telefax: (063)221-6069
E-mail Address: iligan.city@deped.gov.ph
 9
Science
Quarter 1, Wk.4 - Module 3
(Location of Genes in Chromosomes)

This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed

by select teachers, school heads, Education Program Supervisor in Science of
the Department of Education-Division of Iligan City. We encourage teachers
and other education stakeholders to email their feedback, comments, and
recommendations to the Department of Education-Iligan City Division at
iligan.city@deped.gov.ph.

We value your feedback and recommendations.

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

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 Table of Contents

What this Module is About ..................................................................................................... i

What I Need to Know ............................................................................................................. i
How to Learn from this Module ............................................................................................. .ii
Icons of this Module .............................................................................................................. .ii

What I Know.........................................................................................................................iii

Lesson 1:
Location of Genes in Chromosomes

What I Need to Know .................................................................................... 1

What’s New ................................................................................................... 1
Activity No. 1: Wordsearch Puzzle……………………………… 2
What Is It ....................................................................................................... 2
What’s More .................................................................................................. 4

What I Have Learned .................................................................................... 5

Activity No. 2: Name and Match Me .......................................... 5

Summary ............................................................................................................................ .6
Assessment (Post-Test) ................................................................................................... 8
Key to Answers .................................................................................................................................. 9

References ………………………………………………………………………………………10
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What This Module is About

Introductory Message
Welcome to the Science 9 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Location of Genes in
the Chromosome.

To the teachers:
This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators from public
schools to assist you, teacher or facilitator, in helping the learners meet the standards set by
the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in
schooling.
As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You also
need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their own learning
for optimal development and understanding. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and
assist the learners as they do the tasks included in this module.

To the parents:
As vital partners in education, your support to your children’s learning at home is a great factor
to ensure that they will become successful in what they do. As parents, you are expected to
monitor your children’s progress while they are accomplishing the tasks in this module while
at the same time, ensuring that they learn independently.
The objectives set for this learning material will be certainly accomplished with your steadfast
guidance and support.

To the learners:
This learning resource hopes to engage you into guided and independent learning activities
at your own pace and time. This also aims to help you acquire the needed 21st century skills
while taking into consideration your needs and circumstances.
Furthermore, it is our objective that you will have fun while going through this material. Take
charge of your learning pace and in no time, you will successfully meet the targets and
objectives set in this module which are intended for your ultimate development as a learner
and as a person.

What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. Describe the location of genes in chromosomes.
Code: S9LT-Id-28

i
How to Learn from this Module
To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:
• Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.
• Answer all the given tests and exercises.

Icons of this Module

What I Need to This part contains learning objectives that

Know are set for you to learn as you go along the
module.

What I know This is an assessment as to your level of

knowledge to the subject matter at hand,
meant specifically to gauge prior related
Knowledge
What’s In This part connects previous lesson with that
of the current one.

What’s New An introduction of the new lesson through

various activities, before it will be presented
to you

What is It These are discussions of the activities as a

way to deepen your discovery and under-
standing of the concept.

What’s More These are follow-up activities that are in-

tended for you to practice further in order to
master the competencies.

What I Have Activities designed to process what you

Learned have learned from the lesson

What I can do These are tasks that are designed to show-

case your skills and knowledge gained, and
applied into real-life concerns and situations.

ii
 What I Know (Pre-test)

Multiple Choice. Select the letter of the best answer from among the given choices. Write
it on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following theories does NOT explain the chromosomal basis of
inheritance?
A. Genes are located in the chromosomes.
B. Chromosomes and their related genes undergo segregation during meiosis
C. Mendel’s laws of inheritance do not relate to the behavior of chromosomes in
meiosis
D. Chromosomes and their related genes undergo independent assortment in the
formation of gametes.
.
2. Which structure in a cell are chromosomes be found?
A. cell membrane B. Mitochondria C.nucleus D.centromere

3. A child’s body cells each contain 46 chromosomes. How many chromosomes did the
child inherit from his mother?
A. 46 chromosomes B. 23 chromosomes C. 23 pairs D. 13 pairs

4. Which of the following laws violates the chromosomal theory of inheritance?

A. Law of dominance C. Law of independent assortment
B. Law of segregation D. None of these

5. Describe the centromere of a chromosome.

A. The part of the cell where the chromosome is located
B. The longest arm of the chromosome
C. The part of the DNA where the genes are found.
D. The point in the chromosome that joins together the two chromatids.

6. Which of the following is considered the basic unit of heredity?

A. Trait B.Chromosome C.Enzyme D.Gene

7. DNA can sometimes be found in tightly compacted structures called _______in the
nucleus of a cell.
A. chromosomes B. nucleotides C. genes D. nitrogenous bases

8. What is the complementary strand for A C G TT?

A. C- A- T- G- G
B. T-G- C- A- A
C. G- T- C- A- A
D. T- G- A- C- C

9. The location of a particular gene on a chromosome is called the ______.

A. “p” arm B. “q” arm C.genetic locus D.DNA

10. Which sentence is false?

A. Humans have 23 pairs of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
B. Alleles are different forms or versions of the same gene.
C. A chromosome contains hundreds to thousands of genes.
D. Each gene has a special role in determining physical traits.

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 Location of Genes in
Lesson Chromosomes
1
What I Need to Know

At the end of the lesson, you will be able to:

1. Explain the chromosomal basis of inheritance.

2. Identify the components of a DNA molecule.

What’s New
Take a look at each other. Why do we have different traits? What is a
trait?Atrait is an observable or an inherited characteristicof an organism from a parent
determined by genes.What are genes? Where are genes found in a cell? Genes are
functional unit of heredity found in the chromosomes, which are in the nucleus of a
cellasillustrated in Figure 1.Genes are sections of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that
are in charge of different functions like making one of the proteins called histones.
Histones provide support to a chromosome to be packed in the nucleus of the
cell.How do genes determine traits?Each gene has a special role in determining
physical traits — how we look —and many others about us. They carry information
that makes you who you are and what you look like: wavy, curly or straight hair, long
or short legs, fair or brown skin and even how you smile or laugh or cry. Many of these
things are passed by genes from one generation to the next in a family.

Figure 1. Chromosome Structure

1
 To help you understand better some important concepts in the structure of
chromosomes, do this word search puzzle activity.
Activity No. 1: Word Search Puzzle. Find and encircle in horizontal, vertical and
diagonal positions for the words in the boxabove the puzzle. As you find the word,
look for its meaning and write it on the space provided before each number.

chromosomes alleles DNA centromere gene

nucleus heredity locus histones trait

N G P H I S T O N E A V E D L W L
B A L L E L E S F B L E G F A S A
T O L C H R O M O S O M E S S P E
R Q N U C L E U S X C G N S C I I
A V N L W D K D N A U N E G F E O
I S B M P C I H I O S I A B E Q U
T X A Q L J C E N T R O M E R E T
C V T U H Y J A E U Y K H R L H L

___________1. An observable characteristic determined by genes.

___________2. These are structures within the cells that contain a person’s gene.
___________3. A unit of heredity responsible for determining some characteristics which is
transferred from a parent to offspring.
___________4. A membrane-bound organelle in the cell that contains chromosomes.
___________5. The position or location of a gene on a chromosome.
___________6. These are different forms of the same gene which are located on the same
part of the chromosome.
___________7. It contains the genetic code of the organisms.
___________8. It is a structurein a chromosome that joins togetherthe sisterchromatids.
___________9. The passing on of a characteristic/ trait genetically from one generation to
the next.
___________10. It is a protein which provides support to a chromosome.

What Is It

Who figured out that genes are on chromosomes? Walter Sutton and
Theodor Boveri. Generally, became popular for this insight. They found the best
evidencethat an inherited trait is determined by chromosomes. Boveri and
Sutton’s chromosome theory of inheritancestates that genes are found at
specific locations on chromosomes, and that the behavior of chromosomes
during meiosis can explain GregorMendel’s laws of inheritance which you
havelearned in Grade 8. Recall that meiosis is a process where a single cell
divides into two to produce four daughter cells.

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Observations that support the chromosome theory of inheritance are the following:
 Just like Mendel's concept on genes, chromosomes come in homologous or
matched
 pairs in an organism. One member of the pair of genes and chromosomes
comes from the mother and one from the father.
 The members of a homologous pair separate in meiosis, so each sperm or
egg receives just one member. This process is just like the segregation of
alleles into gametes in Mendel's law of segregation.
 The chromosomes and their related genes are sorted into gametes
independently to one another in meiosis, just like the alleles of different
genes in Mendel's law of independent assortment.

A chromosome contains hundreds to thousands of genes.Each

chromosome has a centromerethat joins together the two chromatids anddivides
also the chromosome into 2 sections or “arms”. The short arm of chromosome is
labelled the “p arm”. The long arm of chromosome is labelled the “q arm”. The
location of centromere on each chromosome gives the chromosome its
characteristic shape, and can be used to help describe the location of the specific
genes.

Figure 2. Location of Genes in a Homologous Chromosome

How are genes located on chromosomes? Genes on each chromosome are

arranged in a particular sequence, and each gene has a specific location on the
chromosome called locus (plural, loci) as shown in Figure 2. It has been mentioned
earlier that a gene is a section of the DNA that codes for a protein which expresses
some given trait (height, eye and skincolor, and others) within that individual.
Chromosomes usually contain thousands of different loci. Every chromosome
comes in a pair - one from the mother and one from the father parent in diploid
organisms like us, humans. These pairs of chromosomes are called homologous
chromosomes. In humans, there are 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes for a
total of 46 chromosomes. Homologous chromosomes (1) have similar structure and
shape and (2) have genes that code for proteins that express the same trait. These
homologous genes are called alleles. There aretwo alleles at each genetic locus,
with one allele inherited from each parent.

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 Alleles are different forms of the same gene which are located on the same
part of the chromosome. Although alleles code for the same trait, they do not need
to be the same. For instance, an allele pair might contain one gene that codes for
blue eye color while the other gene codes for brown eye color. Notice that since the
homologous chromosomes have similar structure, any allele pair is usually found
along the same locus on the chromosomes.

What’s More

You have already learned about chromosomes and the inherited traits that
genes produce. But, of what material are genes made? How does the genetic
material produce the characteristics of an organism? DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid
is the genetic material that carries the hereditary information to ensure continuity of
life. Its structure was not determined until the 1950s. James D. Watson and Francis
H. C. Crick found out that DNA is composed of building units known asnucleotides.
Look at Figure 3 for the structure of a nucleotide. It isbuilt on a deoxyribosesugar
and phosphate group that supports the four nitrogenous bases: guanine pairs
with cytosine and vice-versa while adenine pairs with thymine and vice versa.
The bases are complementary, always appearing opposite to each other on the
helix. This is critical in the reproduction of thegenetic material, as it allows a strand
to divide and copy itself, since it only needs half of the material in the helix to
duplicatesuccessfully.

Figure 3. Structure of a Nucleotide

4
In Figure 4, you have noticed that the structure of the DNA is actually in a double
helix which means that the long two chains of nucleotides are arranged in a spiral-
like twisted ladder.

Figure 4. Double Helix Structure of DNA

What I Have Learned

Activity 2. Name and Match Me

I. Label the following parts with the given words in the box below. Write your answer on
the blank.
nucleus nitrogenous bases chromosome centromere
deoxyribose sugar chromatid phosphate group DNA
i

5
 6. __________

Illustration by Chris T. Sagarino

II. MATCHING TYPE. Match Column A with B. Write only the letter on the blank.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
_____ 1. the scientists who proposed the chromosomal A. loci
theory of inheritance B. cytosine
_____ 2. building units of DNA C. Sutton and Boveri
______3.complementary pair of guanine D. gene
______4.locations of genes in the chromosome E. nucleotides
______5.functional unit of heredity F. “q arm”
______6.genetic material G. Watson and Crick
_____ 7.long arm of chromosome H. adenine
I. DNA

Summary

 Heredity is the passing on of physical or mental characteristics genetically

from one generation to another.
 A trait or a character is a feature of an organism.
 Genes are sections of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that contain the code for
a specific protein.
 Genes on each chromosome are arranged in a particular sequence, and
each gene has a specific location on the chromosome called locus (plural,
loci).
 Chromosomes are structures within cells that contain a person’s genes.
 Histones provide support to a chromosome to be packed in the nucleus of
the cell.
 Each chromosome has constriction point which is called the centromere,
which divides the chromosome into 2 sections or “arms”. The short arm of
chromosome is labelled the “p arm”. The long arm of chromosome is labelled
the “q arm”.

6
 Boveri and Sutton’s chromosome theory of inheritance states that genes are
found at specific locations on chromosomes, and that the behavior of
chromosomes during meiosis can explain Gregor Mendel’s laws of
inheritance.
 Observations that support the chromosome theory of inheritance are the
following:
 Chromosomes come in homologous or matched pairs in an organism. One
member of the pair of genes and chromosomes comes from the mother and
one from the father.
 The members of a homologous pair separate in meiosis. This process is just
like the segregation of alleles into gametes in Mendel's law of segregation.
 The chromosomes and their related genes are sorted into gametes
independently just like the alleles of different genes in Mendel's law of
independent assortment.
 DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is the genetic material that carries the
hereditary information.
 Each nucleotide is made up of three parts: a nitrogen-containing ring
structure called a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar, and at least one
phosphate group.
 Each nucleotide in DNA contains one of four possible nitrogenous bases:
adenine (A), guanine (G) cytosine (C), and thymine (T).

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Assessment: (Post-Test)

Multiple Choice: Select the letter of the best answer from among the given choices.
Write it on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following is considered the basic unit of heredity?
A.Gene B.Trait C.Enzyme D.Chromosome

2. Which structure in a cell are chromosomes be found?

A. cell membrane B.centromere C.nucleus D.mitochondria

3. What is the relationship among DNA, a gene, and a chromosome?

A. A chromosome contains hundreds of genes, which are composed of DNA.
B. A chromosome contains hundreds of genes, which are composed of protein.
C. A gene contains hundreds of chromosomes, which are composed of protein.
D. A gene is composed of DNA, but there is no relationship to a chromosome.

4. Describe the location of genes in chromosomes?

A. The genes on each chromosome are arranged in a particular sequence.
B. The genes carry the traits which are passed from parents to offspring
C. Many genes are located in the chromosome which is made of DNA units.
D. Each gene has a particular location on the chromosomes called its locus.

5. The location of a particular gene on a chromosome is in the ______?

A. DNA B.q arm C.genetic locus D. nucleus

6. Which of the following theories does NOT explain the chromosomal basis of
inheritance?
A. Genes are located in the chromosomes.
B.Chromosomes and their related genes undergo segregation during meiosis
C.Mendel’s laws of inheritance do not relate to the behavior of chromosomes
in
meiosis.
D. Chromosomes and their related genes undergo independent assortment
in the formation of gametes.

7. A type of chromosome pair that has similar structure and shape and has
genes that codes for proteins which expresses the same trait.
A. Heterozygous chromosome C. Homologous chromosome
B. Homozygous genes D. Inheritance trait

8. Which sequence of DNA bases would pair with this partial strand: ATG TGA CAG?
A. GTA AGT GAC B. TAC ACT GTC C. CAT TCA CTG D. ATG TGA CAG

9. The part of the nucleotide that contains the “genetic code.”

A. deoxyribose sugar C. phosphate group
B. DNA D.nitrogenous bases

10. DNA contains the genetic blueprint for making ___________.

A. proteins B. atoms C. energy D. traits

8
9
References

Printed

Liza A. Alvarez. Science - Grade 9 Learner’s Module (Philippines: Department of Education,

Reprint, 2017), 28 and 42-45.

John Donnie A. Ramos. Exploring Life through Science The New Grade 9. (Quezon City:
Phoenix Publishing House, Inc., 2014). 5-11.
Peter H. Raven and George B. Johnson.Biology 6 th Edition. (New York: McGraw Hill
Publishing Company, 2001). 284.

Gerard JTortora, Berdell R. Funke, and Christine L. Case.Microbiology: an Introduction.

(Essex: Pearson, 2019). 211.

Electronic resources

“DNA Quiz - University of Notre Dame.”Accessed July 2, 2020.

https://www3.nd.edu/~hgberry/biology2012/mod7/7.24%20DNA%20Quiz%20(PDF).pdf.

“DNA Base Pairing Worksheet 1.CGTAAGCGCTAATTA 2.” studylib.net.Accessed July 1,

2020. https://studylib.net/doc/8139619/dna-base-pairing-worksheet-1.-cgtaagcgctaatta-2.

“K TO 12 GRADE 9 LEARNER'S MATERIAL IN SCIENCE.” LinkedIn SlideShare, July 17,

2014. Accessed, June 27, 2020.https://www.slideshare.net/lhoralight/science-37094718.

Griffiths, Anthony JF. “The Nature of DNA.”Modern Genetic Analysis. U.S. National Library of
Medicine, January 1, 1999.Accessed, June 28, 2020.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21261/.

Griffiths, Anthony JF. “Chromosomal Basis of Heredity.”An Introduction to Genetic

Analysis.7th edition. U.S. National Library of Medicine, January 1, 1970. Accessed, June 29,
2020.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21960/.

“Concept 1Children Resemble Their Parents.” Mendel as the Father of Genetics :: DNA from
the Beginning. Accessed July 5, 2020. http://www.dnaftb.org/1/bio.html.

The chromosomal basis of inheritance (article).(n.d.). Retrieved July 05, 2020, from
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/classical-genetics/chromosomal-basis-of-
genetics/a/discovery-of-the-chromosomal-basis-of-inheritance

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