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9
Science
Quarter 1, Wk 4 - Module 3
(Location of Genes in Chromosomes)

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

Science- Grade 9
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1, Wk4 - Module 3: (Location of Genes in Chromosomes)
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education – Division of Iligan City Schools
Division Superintendent: Roy Angelo L. Gazo, PhD.,CESO V

Development Team of the Module

Authors: Kresha M. Lluisma and Laarni H. Ybarbia
Evaluators: Sheila J. Paragoso, Juliet L. Abrinica, Marigold B. Paguta
Illustrator and Layout Artist: Chris T. Sagarino
Management Team
Chairperson: Roy Angelo E. Gazo, PhD, CESO V
Schools Division Superintendent
Co-Chairpersons: Nimfa R. Lago,PhD, CESE
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Mala Epra B. Magnaong, Chief ES, CLMD

Members Henry B. Abueva OIC-CID Chief

Ann Q. Solijon, EPS-Science
Sherlita L. Daguisonan, LRMS Manager
Meriam S. Otarra, PDO II
Charlotte D. Quidlat, Librarian II

Printed in the Philippines by

Department of Education – Division of Iligan City
Office Address: General Aguinaldo, St., Iligan City
Telefax: (063)221-6069
E-mail Address: iligan.city@deped.gov.ph
 9
Science
Quarter 1, Wk.4 - Module 3
(Location of Genes in Chromosomes)

This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed

by select teachers, school heads, Education Program Supervisor in Science
of the Department of Education-Division of Iligan City. We encourage
teachers and other education stakeholders to email their feedback,
comments, and recommendations to the Department of Education-Iligan City
Division at iligan.city@deped.gov.ph.

We value your feedback and recommendations.

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

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 Table of Contents

What this Module is About ..................................................................................................... i

What I Need to Know ............................................................................................................. i
How to Learn from this Module ............................................................................................. .ii
Icons of this Module .............................................................................................................. .ii

What I Know.........................................................................................................................iii

Lesson 1:
Location of Genes in Chromosomes

What I Need to Know .................................................................................... 1

What’s New ................................................................................................... 1
Activity No. 1: Word Search Puzzle
What Is It ....................................................................................................... 2
What’s More .................................................................................................. 4
Activity No. 2: DNA Modelling…………………………………….5
What I Have Learned .................................................................................... 6
Activity No. 3: Name and Match Me……………………………..7
What I Can Do ............................................................................................... 7
Activity No. 4: Where Could I Find You?

Summary ............................................................................................................................ 9
Assessment (Post-Test) ................................................................................................... 10
Key to Answers .................................................................................................................................. 11

References …………………………………………………………………………………… 13
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What This Module is About

Introductory Message
Welcome to the Science 9 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Location of Genes in
the Chromosome..

To the teachers:
This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators from public
schools to assist you, teacher or facilitator, in helping the learners meet the standards set by
the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in
schooling.
As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You also
need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their own
learning for optimal development and understanding. Furthermore, you are expected to
encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in this module.

To the parents:
As vital partners in education, your support to your children’s learning at home is a great
factor to ensure that they will become successful in what they do. As parents, you are
expected to monitor your children’s progress while they are accomplishing the tasks in this
module while at the same time, ensuring that they learn independently.
The objectives set for this learning material will be certainly accomplished with your
steadfast guidance and support.

To the learners:
This learning resource hopes to engage you into guided and independent learning activities
at your own pace and time. This also aims to help you acquire the needed 21st century skills
while taking into consideration your needs and circumstances.
Furthermore, it is our objective that you will have fun while going through this material. Take
charge of your learning pace and in no time, you will successfully meet the targets and
objectives set in this module which are intended for your ultimate development as a learner
and as a person.

What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. Describe the location of genes in chromosomes.
Code: S9LT-Id-28

i
How to Learn from this Module
To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:
• Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.
• Answer all the given tests and exercises.

Icons of this Module

What I Need to This part contains learning objectives that

Know are set for you to learn as you go along the
module.

What I know This is an assessment as to your level of

knowledge to the subject matter at hand,
meant specifically to gauge prior related
knowledge
What’s In This part connects previous lesson with that
of the current one.

What’s New An introduction of the new lesson through

various activities, before it will be presented
to you

What is It These are discussions of the activities as a

way to deepen your discovery and under-
standing of the concept.

What’s More These are follow-up activities that are in-

tended for you to practice further in order to
master the competencies.

What I Have Activities designed to process what you

Learned have learned from the lesson

What I can do These are tasks that are designed to show-

case your skills and knowledge gained, and
applied into real-life concerns and situations.

ii
 What I Know (Pre-test)

Multiple Choice. Select the letter of the best answer from among the given choices. Write
it on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following theories does NOT explain the chromosomal basis of
inheritance?
A. Genes are located in the chromosomes.
B. Chromosomes and their related genes undergo segregation during meiosis
C. Mendel’s laws of inheritance do not relate to the behavior of chromosomes in
meiosis
D. Chromosomes and their related genes undergo independent assortment in the
formation of gametes.
.
2. Which structure in a cell are chromosomes be found?
A.cell membrane B. mitochondria C. nucleus D. centromere

3. A child’s body cells each contain 46 chromosomes. How many chromosomes did the
child inherit from his mother?
A. 46 chromosomes B. 23 chromosomes C. 23 pairs D. 13 pairs

4. Which of the following laws violates the chromosomal theory of inheritance?

A. Law of dominance C. Law of independent assortment
B. Law of segregation D. None of these

5. Describe the centromere of a chromosome

A. The part of the cell where the chromosome is located
B. The longest arm of the chromosome
C. The part of the DNA where the genes are found.
D. The point in the chromosome that joins together the two chromatids.

6. Which of the following is considered the basic unit of heredity?

A. Trait B. Chromosome C. Enzyme D.Gene

7. DNA can sometimes be found in tightly compacted structures called _______in the
nucleus of a cell.
A. chromosomes B. nucleotides C. genes D. nitrogenous bases

8. What is the complementary strand for A C G T T?

A. C- A- T- G- G
B. T-G- C- A- A
C. G- T- C- A- A
D. T- G- A- C- C

9. The location of a particular gene on a chromosome is called the ______.

A. “p” arm B. “q” arm C. genetic locus D.DNA

10. Which sentence is false?

A. Humans have 23 pairs of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
B. Alleles are different forms or versions of the same gene.
C. A chromosome contains hundreds to thousands of genes.
D. Each gene has a special role in determining physical traits.

iii
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 Location of Genes in
Lesson Chromosomes
1
What I Need to Know

At the end of the lesson, you will be able to:

1. Explain the chromosomal basis of inheritance.

2. Identify the components of a DNA molecule.

What’s New

Take a look at each other. Why do we have different traits? What is a trait? A trait is
an observable or an inherited characteristic of an organism from a parent determined by
genes.What are genes? Where are genes found in a cell? Genes are functional unit of
heredity found in the chromosomes, which are in the nucleus of a cell as illustrated in Figure
1.Genes are sections of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that are in charge of different functions
like making one of the proteins called histones. Histones provide support to a chromosome to
be packed in the nucleus of the cell. How do genes determine traits? Each gene has a special
role in determining physical traits — how we look —and many others about us. They carry
information that makes you who you are and what you look like: wavy, curly or straight hair,
long or short legs, fair or brown skin and even how you smile or laugh or cry. Many of these
things are passed by genes from one generation to the next in a family.

Figure1. Chromosome Structure

1
 To help you understand better some important concepts in the structure of
chromosomes, do this word search puzzle activity.

Activity No. 1: Word Search Puzzle. Find and encircle in horizontal ( ), vertical ( ) and
diagonal ( ) positions for the words in the box above the puzzle. As you find the word, look
for its meaning and write it on the space provided before each number.

chromosomes alleles DNA centromere gene

nucleus heredity locus histones trait

N G P H I S T O N E A V E D L W L
B A L L E L E S F B L E G F A S A
T O L C H R O M O S O M E S S P E
R Q N U C L E U S X C G N S C I I
A V N L W D K D N A U N E G F E O
I S B M P C I H I O S I A B E Q U
T X A Q L J C E N T R O M E R E T
C V T U H Y J A E U Y K H R L H L

___________1. An observable characteristic determined by genes.

___________2. These are structures within the cells that contain a person’s gene.
___________3. A unit of heredity responsible for determining some characteristics which is
transferred from a parent to offspring.
___________4. A membrane-bound organelle in the cell that contains chromosomes.
___________5. The position or location of a gene on a chromosome.
___________6. These are different forms of the same gene which are located on the same
part of the chromosome.
___________7. It contains the genetic code of the organisms.
___________8. It is a structure in a chromosome that joins together the sister chromatids.
___________9. The passing on of a characteristic/ trait genetically from one generation to
the next.
___________10. It is a protein which provides support to a chromosome.

What Is It

Who figured out that genes are on chromosomes? Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri
Generally became popular for this insight. They found the best evidence that an inherited
trait is determined by chromosomes. Boveri and Sutton’s chromosome theory of
inheritance states that genes are found at specific locations on chromosomes, and that the
behavior of chromosomes during meiosis can explain Gregor Mendel’s laws of inheritance
which you have learned in Grade 8. Recall that meiosis is a process where a single cell
divides into two to produce four daughter cells.

2
Observations that support the chromosome theory of inheritance are the following:
 Just like Mendel's concept on genes, chromosomes come in homologous or matched
 pairs in an organism. One member of the pair of genes and chromosomes comes
from the mother and one from the father.
 The members of a homologous pair separate in meiosis, so each sperm or egg
receives just one member. This process is just like the segregation of alleles into
gametes in Mendel's law of segregation.
 The chromosomes and their related genes are sorted into gametes independently to
one another in meiosis, just like the alleles of different genes in Mendel's law of
independent assortment.

A chromosome contains hundreds to thousands of genes. Each chromosome has a

centromere that joins together the two chromatids and divides also the chromosome into 2
sections or “arms”. The short arm of chromosome is labelled the “p arm”. The long arm of
chromosome is labelled the “q arm”. The location of centromere on each chromosome
gives the chromosome its characteristic shape, and can be used to help describe the
location of the specific genes.

Figure 2. Location of Genes in a Homologous Chromosome

How are genes located on chromosomes? Genes on each chromosome are

arranged in a particular sequence, and each gene has a specific location on the
chromosome called locus (plural, loci)as shown in Figure 2. It has been mentioned earlier
that a gene is a section of the DNA that codes for a protein which expresses some given
trait (height, eye and skin color, and others) within that individual. Chromosomes usually
contain thousands of different loci. Every chromosome comes in a pair - one from the
mother and one from the father parent in diploid organisms like us, humans. These pairs of
chromosomes are called homologous chromosomes. In humans, there are 23 pairs of
homologous chromosomes for a total of 46 chromosomes. Homologous chromosomes (1)
have similar structure and shape and (2) have genes that code for proteins that express the
same trait. These homologous genes are called alleles. There are two alleles at
each genetic locus, with one allele inherited from each parent. Alleles are different forms of
the same gene which are located on the same part of the chromosome. Although alleles
code for the same trait, they do not need to be the same. For instance, an allele pair might
contain one gene that codes for blue eye color while the other gene codes for brown eye
color. Notice that since the homologous chromosomes have similar structure, any allele pair
is usually found along the same locus on the chromosomes.

3
 What’s More

You have already learned about chromosomes and the inherited traits that genes
produce. But, of what material are genes made? How does the genetic material produce the
characteristics of an organism? DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is the genetic material that
carries the hereditary information to ensure continuity of life. Its structure was not
determined until the 1950s. James D. Watson and Francis H. C. Crick found out that DNA is
composed of building units known as nucleotides. Look at Figure 3 for the structure of a
nucleotide. It isbuilt on a deoxyribose sugar and phosphate group that supports the four
nitrogenous bases: guanine pairs with cytosine and vice-versa while adenine pairs with
thymine and vice versa.The bases are complementary, always appearing opposite to each
other on the helix. This is critical in the reproduction of the genetic material, as it allows a
strand to divide and copy itself, since it only needs half of the material in the helix to
duplicate successfully.

Figure 3. Structure of a Nucleotide

In Figure 4, you have noticed that the structure of the DNA is actually in a double helix which
means that the long two chains of nucleotides are arranged in a spiral-like twisted ladder.

Figure 4. Double Helix Structure of DNA

4
Activity 2. DNA Modelling

Objectives: 1. Identify the components of a DNA molecule.

2. Construct a model of a DNAmolecule.

Materials:
 cut-outs of basic subunits of DNA
 scissors
 crayons
 long bond paper
 tape or glue

Procedure:

1. Color and cut out all the units needed to make the nucleotides from the DNA Model
Template provided in Figure 5 after “What I Can Do”.

2. Color code the nitrogenous bases, phosphate and sugars. Adenine= yellow,
Guanine= green, Thymine= blue, Cytosine = red, Phosphate = brown , and
Deoxyribose sugar = black

3. Using the small squares and stars as guides, line up the bases, phosphates and
sugars. Attach the bases to the sugar using the circle as guide. Construct the DNA
model using the following sequence to form a row from top to bottom.
Thymine - Adenine
Adenine - Thymine
Cytosine - Guanine
Guanine - Cytosine
Adenine - Thymiine
Cytosine – Guanine

4. Now, glue the appropriate parts together forming nucleotides on a long bond paper.
.Complete the right side of the ladder. You will have to turn them upside down in order
to make them fit with the left side.

GUIDE QUESTIONS:
1. What are the 2 common parts of a nucleotide?

2. What is the part of the nucleotide that differs among the other nucleotides?

3. What is the pairing arrangement of the nitrogenous bases?

______________ pairs with _____________ and ___________ pairs with ____________

4. Are there always going to be an equal number of adenine and thymine nucleotides in a
molecule? Why?

5
 What I Have Learned

Activity 3. Name and Match Me

I. Label the following parts with the given words in the box below. Write your answer on the
blank.
nucleus nitrogenous bases chromosome centromere
deoxyribose sugar chromatid phosphate group DNA

6. __________

Illustration by Chris T. Sagarino

II. MATCHING TYPE. Match Column A with B. Write only the letter on the blank.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
_____ 1.thescientists who proposed the chromosomal A. loci
theory of inheritance B. cytosine
_____ 2.building units of DNA C. Sutton and Boveri
______3.complementary pair of guanine D. gene
______4.locations of genes in the chromosome E. nucleotides
______5.functional unit of heredity F. “q arm”
______6.genetic material G. Watson and Crick
_____ 7.long arm of chromosome H. adenine
I. DNA

6
 What I Can Do

Activity 4. Where Could I Find You?

Objective : Describe the location of genes.
Materials: long bond paper, pencil/pen, ruler
Use these structures in making a DNA model.

Illustration by Juliet L Abrinica

Procedure:
1. Make a DNA molecule by pairing the DNA strand below with its complementary strand.
C-G-A-T-G-A-T-C-C-A-T—T
2. Use the structures in the diagram above in constructing the DNA molecule.
3. Encircle the possible gene in the DNA molecule.

Guide Questions:
1. What is the complementary strand of the given DNA strand?
2. Is the gene part of a DNA molecule? or the whole DNA molecule?
3. Where are genes located?
4. Describe the location of genes in chromosomes.

7
DNA Model Template

Adapted from Science - Grade 9 Learner’s Module, 1st Edition, 2014

Figure 5. Basic Subunits of DNA

8
Summary

 Heredity is the passing on of physical or mental characteristics genetically from one

generation to another.
 A trait or a character is a feature of an organism.
 Genes are sections of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that contain the code for a
specific protein.
 Genes on each chromosome are arranged in a particular sequence, and each
gene has a specific location on the chromosome called locus (plural, loci).
 Chromosomes are structures within cells that contain a person’s genes.
 Histones provide support to a chromosome to be packed in the nucleus of the cell.
 Each chromosome has constriction point which is called the centromere, which
divides the chromosome into 2 sections or “arms”. The short arm of chromosome is
labelled the “p arm”. The long arm of chromosome is labelled the “q arm”.
 Boveri and Sutton’s chromosome theory of inheritance states that genes are found at
specific locations on chromosomes, and that the behavior of chromosomes during
meiosis can explain Gregor Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
 Observations that support the chromosome theory of inheritance are the following:
 Chromosomes come in homologous or matched pairs in an organism. One member
of the pair of genes and chromosomes comes from the mother and one from the
father.
 The members of a homologous pair separate in meiosis. This process is just like the
segregation of alleles into gametes in Mendel's law of segregation.
 The chromosomes and their related genes are sorted into gametes independently just
like the alleles of different genes in Mendel's law of independent assortment.
 DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is the genetic material that carries the hereditary
information.
 Each nucleotide is made up of three parts: a nitrogen-containing ring structure called
a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar, and at least one phosphate group.
 Each nucleotide in DNA contains one of four possible nitrogenous bases: adenine (A),
guanine (G) cytosine (C), and thymine (T).

9
 Assessment: (Post-Test)

Multiple Choice: Select the letter of the best answer from among the given choices.
Write it on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following is considered the basic unit of heredity?
A.Gene B.Trait C.Enzyme D.Chromosome

2. Which structure in a cell are chromosomes be found?

A. cell membrane B.centromere C.nucleus D.mitochondria

3. What is the relationship among DNA, a gene, and a chromosome?

A. A chromosome contains hundreds of genes, which are composed of DNA.
B. A chromosome contains hundreds of genes, which are composed of protein.
C. A gene contains hundreds of chromosomes, which are composed of protein.
D. A gene is composed of DNA, but there is no relationship to a chromosome.

4. Describe the location of genes in chromosomes?

A. The genes on each chromosome are arranged in a particular sequence.
B. Each gene has a particular location on the chromosome called its locus.
C. Many genes are located in the chromosome which is made of DNA.
D. All of the above

5. The location of a particular gene on a chromosome is in the ______?

A. DNA B.q arm C.genetic locus D. nucleus

6. Which of the following theories does NOT explain the chromosomal basis of
inheritance?
A. Genes are located in the chromosomes.
B. Chromosomes and their related genes undergo segregation during meiosis
C. Mendel’s laws of inheritance do not relate to the behavior of chromosomes in
meiosis.
D. Chromosomes and their related genes undergo independent assortment in the
formation of gametes.

7. A type of chromosome pair that has similar structure and shape and has genes that
codes for proteins which expresses the same trait.
A. Heterozygous chromosome C. Homologous chromosome
B. Homozygous genes D. Inheritance trait

8. Which sequence of DNA bases would pair with this partial strand: ATG TGA CAG?
A. GTA AGT GAC B. TAC ACT GTC C. CAT TCA CTG D. ATG TGA CAG

9. The part of the nucleotide that contains the “genetic code.”

A. deoxyribose sugar C. phosphate group
B. DNA D. nitrogenous bases

10. DNA contains the genetic blueprint for making ___________.

A. proteins B. atoms C. energy D.traits

10
11
12
References

Printed

Liza A. Alvarez. Science - Grade 9 Learner’s Module (Philippines: Department of Education,

Reprint, 2017), 28 and 42-45.

John Donnie A. Ramos. Exploring Life through Science The New Grade 9. (Quezon City:
Phoenix Publishing House, Inc., 2014). 5-11.
Peter H. Raven and George B. Johnson.Biology 6 th Edition. (New York: McGraw Hill
Publishing Company, 2001). 284.

Gerard JTortora, Berdell R. Funke, and Christine L. Case.Microbiology: an Introduction.

(Essex: Pearson, 2019). 211.

Electronic resources

“DNA Quiz - University of Notre Dame.”Accessed July 2, 2020.

https://www3.nd.edu/~hgberry/biology2012/mod7/7.24%20DNA%20Quiz%20(PDF).pdf.

“DNA Base Pairing Worksheet 1.CGTAAGCGCTAATTA 2.” studylib.net.Accessed July 1,

2020. https://studylib.net/doc/8139619/dna-base-pairing-worksheet-1.-cgtaagcgctaatta-2.

“K TO 12 GRADE 9 LEARNER'S MATERIAL IN SCIENCE.” LinkedIn SlideShare, July 17,

2014. Accessed, June 27, 2020.https://www.slideshare.net/lhoralight/science-37094718.

Griffiths, Anthony JF. “The Nature of DNA.”Modern Genetic Analysis. U.S. National Library
of Medicine, January 1, 1999.Accessed, June 28, 2020.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21261/.

Griffiths, Anthony JF. “Chromosomal Basis of Heredity.”An Introduction to Genetic

Analysis.7th edition. U.S. National Library of Medicine, January 1, 1970. Accessed, June 29,
2020.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21960/.

“Concept 1Children Resemble Their Parents.” Mendel as the Father of Genetics :: DNA from
the Beginning. Accessed July 5, 2020. http://www.dnaftb.org/1/bio.html.

The chromosomal basis of inheritance (article).(n.d.). Retrieved July 05, 2020, from
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/classical-genetics/chromosomal-basis-of-
genetics/a/discovery-of-the-chromosomal-basis-of-inheritance

13
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Department of Education – Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)

DepEd Division of Iligan City

General Aguinaldo, St., Iligan City
Telefax: (063)221-6069
E-mail Address: iligan.city@deped.gov.ph