Science 9

Science – Grade 9
Quarter 3 – Module 6: Volcanic Material Emissions and its Effects on Humans
and other Living Things
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, Section 176 states that no copyright shall subsist in any
work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the
government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for
exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things,
impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand

names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective
copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use
these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors
do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Published by the Department of Education - Schools Division of Pasig City

Development Team of the Self-Learning Module

Writer: John F. Bautista
Editor: Rosalina B. Piamonte
Reviewer: Mylyn P. Gabriel
Illustrator:
Layout Artist: Jean Rean M. Laurente
Management Team: Ma. Evalou Concepcion A. Agustin
OIC-Schools Division Superintendent
Carolina T. Rivera, CESE
OIC-Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Manuel A. Laguerta, EdD
Chief, Curriculum Implementation Division

Education Program Supervisors

Librada L. Agon EdD (EPP/TLE/TVL/TVE)

Liza A. Alvarez (Science/STEM/SSP)
Bernard R. Balitao (AP/HUMSS)
Joselito E. Calios (English/SPFL/GAS)
Norlyn D. Conde EdD (MAPEH/SPA/SPS/HOPE/A&D/Sports)
Wilma Q. Del Rosario (LRMS/ADM)
Ma. Teresita E. Herrera EdD (Filipino/GAS/Piling Larang)
Perlita M. Ignacio PhD (EsP)
Dulce O. Santos PhD (Kindergarten/MTB-MLE)
Teresita P. Tagulao EdD (Mathematics/ABM)

Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education – Schools Division of

Pasig City
 Science 9
Quarter 3
Self-Learning Module 6
Volcanic Material Emissions
and its Effects on Humans and
other Living Things
Introductory Message

For the Facilitator:

Welcome to the Science 9 Self-Learning Module on Volcanic Material

Emissions and its Effects on Humans and other Living Things!

This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed, and

reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its
Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners
acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely: Communication,
Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
 For the Learner:

Welcome to the Science 9 Self-Learning Module on Volcanic Material

Emissions and its Effects on Humans and Other Living Things!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills

that you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson

at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts

and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module.

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and

application of the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the

lesson.

Posttest - This measure how much you have learned from the
entire module.
 EXPECTATIONS

This module is designed and written to explain what happens when volcanoes
erupt. It has prepared to provide activities for reinforcement, strengthening, and
enriching knowledge and skills. The skills in this module cover all the most essential
learning competencies in the list issued by the Department of Education.
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. enumerate the material emissions of volcanoes;
2. describe the effects of material emissions from volcanoes to humans and other
living things; and
3. recognize the importance of disaster risk reduction management to the safety
of the people in terms of volcanic eruptions.

PRETEST
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper.

1. There are different volcanic materials thrown by erupting volcano. All of the
following are the basic volcanic materials except:

A. Gas C. Lava
B. Igneous Rock D. Rock Fragments
2. We can group volcanic materials into lava flows and pyroclastic materials.
Which of the following DOES NOT belong to lava flows?
A. Aa B. Ash C. Lava D. Pahoehoe
3. Each volcanic material has different characteristics. Which among the
following is characterized as a very fluid lava flow, that in solidified form, and is
characterized by smooth, billowy, or ropy surfaces?
A. Aa B. Block C. Pahoehoe D. Pillow lava

4. Which of the following volcanic materials is characterized by hot lava, gas, and
rocks spewing from the volcano at a very fast speed?
A. lahar B. pyroclastic materials C. mudflow D. lava
5. A thick layer of volcanic ash can be heavy enough to collapse the roofs of
buildings because ash ___________.
A. Is solid
B. Cannot be blown by winds
C. Because heavier as it cools
D. Consists of tiny fragments of rocks that become heavy as they pile up.
 RECAP

In your previous lesson, you have learned about the types of a volcanic
eruptions. Can you still remember your lesson about it? Let us have some practice
exercises to refresh your mind. Loop the five types of volcanic eruptions hidden in
the puzzle. They can be looped horizontally, vertically, or diagonally and identify the
type of eruptions according to the given clues below.

P H R E A T I C Q Y F K C A L
S C L R I T N T D Q G Q A R J
A J F V U L C A N I A N C F I
T O Q H O Y Q Y K X J A V J T
N L P I L H D Q Q Z F P K K Y
A P S T R O M B O L I A N G L
I R D Q A V O E W I A D Q F N
N W M A Q C P R E O K G Y C A
I Q A G W X S H U U T J U X D
L X Z K E M D I A A U A I A H
P H R E A T O M A G M A T I C

____________________________- An eruption driven by the heat from magma

interacting with water.

____________________________- An eruption resulting from the interaction of new

magma or lava with water and can be very explosive. The water can be from
groundwater, hydrothermal systems, surface runoff, a lake or the sea.

____________________________- These are the least violent types of explosive eruptions.

____________________________- are small to moderate explosive eruptions, lasting

seconds to minutes. Ash columns can be up to 20 km in height, and lava blocks and
bombs may be ejected from the vent.

____________________________-The most explosive and largest type of volcanic

eruptions. Eruptions with a high rate of magma discharge, sustained for minutes to
hours. They form a tall, convective eruption column of a mixture of gas and rock
particles and can cause wide dispersion of ash.
 LESSON

In your previous lesson, you have learned about the factors that affect the
viscosity of magma and the types of volcanic eruptions it’s time to find out what are
the volcanic materials ejected by the volcanoes and its effects to humans and other
living things.

Volcanic eruptions produce three types of materials: volcanic gas, lava, and
fragmented debris called tephra.

Volcanic gases are ejected by active volcanoes. These include dissolved gases
in magma and lava or gases emanating from lava, gases trapped in vesicles in
volcanic rocks, and even emitted by groundwater heated by volcanic eruptions. At
extremely high pressure, the gases are dissolved within magma. However, if the
pressure decreases, the gas comes out of the solution, forming bubbles. The main
component of volcanic gas emissions is water vapor, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide,
and hydrogen sulfide. Volcanoes release gases when erupt, and through openings
called fumaroles (Figure 1). They can also release gas into soil and groundwater .

Figure 1. Norris Basin fumaroles, Yellowstone

https://www.flickr.com/photos/cloudsoup/3833688957

Lava is a molten rock(magma) that is ejected out from the interior of the earth.
The ease with which lava flows and the structures it forms depends on how much
silica and gas the lava contains. The stiffness of lava is described in terms
of viscosity– lava that flows easily has low viscosity, and lava that is sticky and stiff
has high viscosity. In general, high-silica lava contains more gas than low-silica lava.
When the gas forms into bubbles, viscosity increases further. A lava flow is a moving
outpouring of lava created during a non-explosive effusive eruption.
 The following are the lava flow materials and pyroclastic materials that are
ejected from the opening of volcanoes. Below is a list of the various volcanic material
definitions describing the general characteristics of those materials, and in some
cases explanations on their formation.

Lava Flow Materials- are a stream of molten rock that erupts relatively non-
explosively from a volcano and moves slowly downslope.

a. Aa:: Aa (pronounced "ah-ah" - a Hawaiian term), is lava that has a rough,

jagged, spiny, and generally clinkery surface.
b. Pahoehoe: Pahoehoe (pronounced "pah-hoy-hoy" - a Hawaiian term), is a very
fluid lava flow, that in solidified form, is characterized by a smooth, billowy, or
ropy surfaces.
c. Lava: The term used for magma once it has erupted onto the Earth's surface.
d. Pillow Lava: A special structure of fluid lava erupted or flowing underwater.

Pyroclastic Materials -It pertains to fragmented rock material formed by a

volcanic explosion or ejection from a volcanic vent.
a. Volcanic Ash: Fragments less than 2 millimeters in diameter of lava or rock
blasted into the air by volcanic explosions.
b. Blocks:: Fragments of lava or rock larger than 64 millimeters in size that are
blasted into the air by volcanic explosions.
c. Bombs: Fragments of fluid or partially fluid lava or rock larger than 64
millimeters in size that are blasted into the air by volcanic explosions.
d. Cinder:: Cinders are vesicular lava fragments 1 centimeter or larger in
diameter.
e. Lapilli: Fragments of lava or rock between 2 and 64 millimeters in size that are
blasted into the air by volcanic explosions.
f. Pumice:: A light-colored, frothy, vesicular volcanic rock, usually of
intermediate and felsic composition, formed by the expansion of gas in erupting
lava.
g. Scoria:: A dark to reddish-colored, scoriaceous, vesicular volcanic rock, usually
of mafic composition.
h. Tephra:: Solid material of all sizes explosively ejected from a volcano into the
atmosphere.

Figure 2. Lava and Pyroclastic Flow Materials

How do volcanic eruptions affect society?

A volcanic eruption is often associated with both positive and negative effects.
Our planet, the Earth is active, geologically speaking and as such, it undergoes a
process of constant renewal by way of volcanic eruptions. Volcanoes erupt when
magma reaches the surface due to high pressure and starts to pool in a magma
chamber.
 Volcanic eruptions help bring put various minerals and chemicals to the
surface; this process helps to increase the fertility of the soil which is why volcanic
soil is much valued. Apart from enhancing soil fertility, the resultant eruption also
helps to bring out various precious minerals buried deep in the earth such as
Diamonds, Opal, Garnets, emeralds and much more .

Volcanoes can provide you with a ready source of power since the same can
be tapped by geothermal power stations and help to power up the various cities
located close by. Volcanoes have been spewing moisture-laden gases directly into the
atmosphere for almost 4 billion years and more. Volcanic ash is valued as a premium
building material and it has certainly been valued for its waterproofing properties
since ancient times.

The eruption of Pinatubo Volcano has created spectacular resulting in

an income generation of the community serving as an attraction to the people.
People became creative also by making earthenware out of the ashfall from the
Pinatubo Volcano eruption.

Figure 3. Pinatubo Crater Lake

https://www.flickr.com/photos/davedeluria/150988141

All volcanic eruptions result in widespread damage to the point that whole
cities are destroyed along with the entire local infrastructure. This can impact the
local population on several levels, and it can take a while before the city can be
reconstructed. It can cause loss of lives and properties. Even though a volcanic
eruption leads to increased fertility in the soil, the process takes time. Meanwhile,
the fall out on the local environment is immediate with ash, toxic gases all of which
impact the local flora and fauna.

The next activities will give you a first-hand idea about the volcanic materials
emitted by volcanoes during volcanic eruptions and its effects on humans and other
living things.
 ACTIVITIES

Module No 6: Activity No.1: Volcanic Materials

Direction: Matching the image square. Choose the description on the right column
which corresponds to the term on the left column. Write the number corresponding
to the squares in the box. If your answers are all correct, the sum of the numbers
in the horizontal rows, vertical columns, and diagonals will all be the same.

a. Aa 1. A special structure of fluid lava

b. Scoria 2. less than 2 millimeters rock fragments
c. Pahoehoe 3. 2 - 64 millimeters in size rock fragments
d. Pumice 4. a dark-colored rock
e. Lava 5. Rough, jagged, and spiny lava
f. Ash 6. A molten rock ejected out in a volcano
g. Lapilli 7. Rock fragments larger than 64 millimeters
h. Cinder 8. 1 cm lava fragments
i. Blocks 9. Smooth and billowy fluid lava flow
10. a light-colored rock

a b c

d e f

g h i

Module No 6: Activity No.2: Effects of Volcanic Eruptions

Classify the effects of volcanic eruption if it is positive or negative effects. Write

your answer in the boxes below.

1. It can cause loss of lives and properties.

2. It serves as a tourist spot.
3. Volcanic eruptions can cause a decrease in the Earth’s surface temperature.
4. As lava flows or pyroclastic materials are ejected in the air, they can destroy
anything on their way.
5. The strong winds during its eruption spread the aerosol particles from the
plume around the globe. The measurable cooling of the Earth’s surface for a
period for almost two years.
6. It can cause loss of infrastructures.
7. There will be the destruction of crops.
8. It produces very rich soils for farming.
9. People became creative also by making earthenware out of the ashfall.
10. It helps us to know what’s inside the Earth.
 WRAP-UP

A. Write your answer on the space provided before the number.

______________ 1. A lava that has a rough, jagged, spiny, and generally clinker
surface.
______________ 2. It is the term used for the hot molten materials that reached the
Earth’s surface.
______________ 3. Fragments less than 2 millimeters in diameter of lava or rock
blasted into the air by volcanic explosions.
______________ 4. It is a very fluid lava flow, that in solidified form, it is
characterized by a smooth, billowy surface.
______________ 5. Vesicular lava fragments 1 centimeter or larger in diameter.

B. Identify the effects of a volcanic eruption. Put ✔ inside the box if it is an

effect of volcanic eruption and X if not.

1. It can cause loss of lives and properties.

2. As lava flows or pyroclastic materials are ejected in the air, they can
destroy anything on their way.

3. Volcanic eruptions can cause a decrease in the Earth’s surface

temperature.

4. Volcanic eruption can cause flash floods.

5. It produces very rich soils for farming.

 VALUING

Module No 6: Activity 3: Why do people still live next to an active volcano?

Volcanic eruptions happen when lava and gas are discharged from a volcanic
vent. The most common consequences of this are population movements a large
number of people are often forced to flee the moving lava flow. Volcanic eruptions
often cause temporary food shortages and volcanic ash landslides called a lahar.
What are things we should remember before, during, and after a volcanic eruption?
What do you know to help the government in instances like this?

POSTTEST

Read and answer the following questions. Encircle the letter of the best answer.
1. Aside from lava, broken rocks, lava bombs fine ash, and dust are also ejected. What is
a pyroclastic flow?
A. a type of lava flow
B. a form of precipitation
C. an opening in the side of the volcano
D. hot volcanic ash and debris that rushes down the side of the volcano
2. Lava flow materials are a stream of molten rock that erupts relatively non-explosively
from a volcano and moves slowly downslope. Which of the following is an example of a
lava flow material?
A. pahoehoe, pumice, scoria
B. Aa, pahoehoe, lava, and pillow lava
C. Ash, lapilli, blocks, and bombs
D. Aa, ash, pahoehoe, and block
3. The eruption of Pinatubo in 1991, one of the longest volcanic eruptions resulted in the
ejection of small mineral grains and glass particles with a diameter of less than 2 mm.
Which pyroclastic material is described in the statement?
A. cinders B. lapilli C. pumice D. volcanic ash
4. A volcanic eruption can affect the condition of the atmosphere. How does the
eruption of volcano lower the atmospheric temperature?
A. Volcanic eruption increases the amount of rainfall.
B. The eruption releases carbon dioxide in the atmosphere that lowers the
temperature.
C. Lava and pyroclastic materials emitted by volcano may kill the plants,
animals.
D. Sulfur dioxide and ash fall carried by the wind during volcanic eruption may
block the sunlight.
5. How do volcanic ashes be heavy enough to make roofs of buildings collapse?
A. Ashes are solid.
B. Ashes cannot be blown by the wind.
C. Ashes become heavier as it cools.
D. Ashes consist of tiny fragments of rock that become heavy as they pile up.
Pre-assessment
1. B 2. B 3. D 4. B 5. D
Recap
Phreatic, Phreatomagmatic, Strombolian, Vulcanian, Plinian
Activity 1
a 5 b 4 c 9
d 10 e 6 f 2
g 3 h 8 I 7
Activity 2
Positive effects Negative Effects
1. It serves as a tourist spot. 1. It can cause loss of lives and
2. Volcanic eruptions can cause properties.
a decrease in the Earth’s 2. As lava flows or pyroclastic
surface temperature. materials are ejected in the air,
3. The strong winds during its they can destroy anything on
eruption spread the aerosol their way.
particles from the plume 3. It can cause loss of
around the globe. The infrastructures.
measurable cooling of the 4. There will be the destruction of
Earth’s surface for almost crops.
two years.
4. It produces very rich soils for
farming.
5. People became creative also
by making earthenware out of
the ash fall
6. It helps us to know what is
inside the Earth.
Wrap-Up
1. Aa 2. Lava 3. Volcanic ash 4. Pillow lava 5. Cinders
1. ✔ 2. ✔ 3. ✔ 4. X 5. ✔
Activity 3
Answers may vary.
Post-Assessment
1. D 2. B 3. D 4. D 5. D
KEY TO CORRECTION
 References
A. Books

Madriaga, et. al. 2017. Science Links 8 Revised Edition. Manila. Rex Book
Store,Inc.

B. Online and Electronic Sources

Materials Produced by Volcanic Eruptions. Accessed as of September 19, 2020.

https://openpress.usask.ca/physicalgeology/chapter/11-2-materials-
produced-by-volcanic-eruptions/

Lava. Accessed as of September 19, 2020.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava

Volcanic gas. Accessed as of September 19, 2020.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_gas

Volcanic Material Identification. Accessed as of September 19, 2020.

http://profharwood.x10host.com/GEOL101/Labs/VolcanicMaterials/index.ht
m

Volcanic ash. Accessed as of September 19, 2020.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_ash

Positive and negative impacts of Volcanic Eruptions. Accessed as of September

19, 2020. https://positivenegativeimpact.com/volcanic-
eruptions#:~:text=Positive%20Effects%20of%20Volcanic%20Eruptions%201%
20Soil%20fertility%3A,billion%20years%20and%20more.%20...%20More%20it
ems...%20