Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
National Capital Region
DIVISION OF CITY SCHOOLS – MANILA
Manila Education Center Arroceros Forest Park
Antonio J. Villegas St. Ermita, Manila

SCIENCE 9
MEET CLI-MATE
and its FACTors
QUARTER 3 WEEK 5 SLEM 5
Most Essential Learning Competency:
Explain how different factors affect the climate of an area.
(S9ES -IIIe – 30)

1
HOW TO USE THIS SUPPLEMENTARY LEARNING MATERIAL (SLeM)

Before you start answering the SLeM, I want you to set aside other tasks that will disturb
you while enjoying the lessons. Read carefully the instructions below to successfully enjoy the
objectives of this kit. Have fun!
1. Follow carefully all the contents and instructions indicated in every part of this SLeM.
2. Write on your notebook the concepts about the lessons. Keep in mind that Writing
develops and enhances learning.
3. Perform all the provided activities in the SLeM.
4. Let your facilitator/guardian assess your answers.
5. Analyze conceptually the posttest and apply what you have learned.
6. Enjoy studying!

PARTS OF THE SUPPLEMENTARY LEARNING MATERIAL

• Expectations - This will provide what you will be able to know after completing the
lessons in the SLeM.
• Pre-test - This will assess your prior knowledge and the concepts to be mastered
throughout the lesson.
• Looking Back - This section will measure the skills that you learned and understood
from the previous lesson.
• Brief Introduction- This section will give you an overview of the lesson.
• Activities - These are activities designed to develop your critical thinking and other
competencies that you need to master. This can be done solely or with your partner
depending on the nature of the activity.
• Remember - This section summarizes the concepts and applications of the lessons.
• Checking your Understanding - This will verify how you learned from the lesson.
• Post-test - This will measure how much you have learned from the entire SLeM.

MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT PLAN

School Division Superintendent: Maria Magdalena M. Lim, CESO V
Chief Education Supervisor: Aida H. Rondilla
CID Education Program Supervisor: Rebecca M. Roxas
CID LR SUPERVISOR: Lucky S. Carpio
CID LRMS LIBRARIAN II: Lady Hannah C. Gillo
CID LRMS PDO II: Albert James P. Macaraeg

Editor/Validator: Arlene S. Gatpo

Writer: Ronaliza M. Atiagan
Illustrator:
Lay-out Artist:

GET FULLY GEARED and READY TO ROCK and LEARN

2
LESSON 1: CLIMATE and WEATHER
EXPECTATIONS:
In this module, you will find out what are the factors influencing climate. This
will guide you to achieve the following specific goals. In your previous year, you have
discussed about weather and how does it affect the organisms in a certain location. The
pattern of human life in any particular region is to a
very large extent determined by the climate. Climate Cheer Up! Don’t worry these will
affects people’s way of living. The design of houses and be easy.
the use of construction materials in different regions I know you are
around the world was built based on climatic regions. excited on this journey.
Loose and very comfortable clothes are popular in
Flip the next page and take the
countries where the climate is hot while in colder
PRE-TEST.
regions, people wear thicker clothes to keep their bodies
warm. People residing in dry regions carry out countryside
occupations moving from place to place along with their herds of cattle food
resources while in areas where rainfall is abundant, forestry comes
up as an important occupation and during winter, indoor
occupations like making carpets, weaving and handicrafts are
adept. Regions or countries with a very suitable climate, arts
and culture is very rich. Open air stage performances are
popular in areas that are not very cold. In terms of crop
productions, different food habits are also influenced by climate.
Climate determines the nature of crops that can be grown respectively
in different regions. With these reasons to consider, people living in
extremely cold countries are known to migrate in warmer places to
search jobs. People tend to live in places where climates are
temperate to live a more settled life. In this module, you will find out what are the climate
and its factors. It is aligned with the most essential learning competencies as follows,
necessary for you to understand clearly how climate deals with the changing world.

• Differentiate climate from weather

• Identify factors that affect climate.
• Explain how altitude affects the climate.
• Explain how land topography affects climate.
• Explain how ocean surface and circulation directly affect the pattern of
climate around the world.
• Describe the impacts of climate change to humans

3
 PRE-TEST:

Choose the best answer.

1. What will happen if there is too much carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?
A. Greenhouse effect occurs.
B. Temperature increases.
C. Water vapor condenses.
D. Climate changes.

2. Why does cloud formation disappear as the air moves slowly towards the
leeward side of a mountain?
A. The air condenses as it moves to the leeward side.
B. The amount of water vapor is not enough.
C. The temperature becomes lower.
D. There is too much water vapor.

3. Which side of the mountain often receives

the most precipitation?
This will give
A. leeward side you an idea on
B. rain shadow what to learn in
this module.
C. windward side
TAKE THE PRE-
D. peak TEST NOW!

4. Which is the best practice to reduce the

effect of climate change?
A. livestock raising
B. organic farming
C. burning fossil fuel
D. car manufacturing

4
 5. Which of the following shows the effect of climate change?
A. rising of sea level
B. deforestation of the forest
C. coastal erosion in some places
D. siltation of bodies of water

6. During summer, many people visit Baguio because of the cold weather.
What do you think makes Baguio cold?
A. The latitude B. The altitude C. The topography D. The distance from the ocean

7. Why do places at the same latitude but different altitudes have different
climate?
A. Amount of heat received varies.
B. Amount of precipitation differs.
C. Higher altitudes have lower temperature.
D. Higher altitudes have higher temperature.
8. The arrows on the cross section below show the prevailing wind that
flows over a mountain. Points A and B represent locations on opposite sides of
the mountain. Which statement correctly describes the differences in the
climates of locations A and B?

Article Title: Earth Science New York Regent Exams

Retrieved from:
https://www.syvum.com/cgi/online/serve.cgi/exam/regents/earth_science/regents_earth_jun_2003.html?question_hide
Website title: Syvum NY Regents Exam
Date accessed: August 25, 2020

5
 A. Location A is cooler and wetter than location B.
B. Location A is warmer and drier than location B.
C. Location B is cooler and drier than location A.
D. Location B is warmer and wetter than location A.

9. The coldest climates on Earth are located at or near poles primarily

because Earth’s polar regions ______.
A. Receive less total yearly hours of daylight
B. Absorb the greatest amount of insolation
C. Are usually farthest from the Sun
D. Receive mostly low-angle insolation
10. Which diagram best illustrates how air rising over a mountain
produces precipitation?

A B

C D

Article Title: Earth Science New York Regent Exams

Retrieved from:
https://www.syvum.com/cgi/online/serve.cgi/exam/regents/earth_science/regents_earth_jun_2003.html?question_hide
Website title: Syvum NY Regents Exam
Date accessed: August 25, 2020

WELL DONE!
Do not forget to check your answers
with your facilitator! Keep going...
6
 LOOKING BACK TO YOUR LESSON!
Retrieved from:
https://www.dreamstime.com/stock-image-
people-memory-concept-image26446171

DIRECTIONS: Study the weather forecast below. Give the different factors
affecting weather conditions by filling in the correct letters.

Place Weather Caused by Impacts

Condition

Metro Manila and the rest Partly cloudy to Localized Possible flash
of Luzon cloudy skies with Thunderstorms floods or
isolated rain landslides during
showers or severe
thunderstorms thunderstorms

FORECAST WEATHER CONDITIONS

FACTORS
AFFECTING WEATHER

 A__R
T__MPE__A__UR__

 BAROMETIC __RE__SUR__

 __ UM__ __ IT __

 WIND S__ __ ED
Article title: Daily Weather
Retrieved from: http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/weather
Website title: Pag-asa Website  WIND __ IREC __ __ __ N
Date accessed: June 10, 2020

 PR__ __ IP __ TA __ __ ON

You are catching on, now you have got it! Let us now
start our journey in the next level... Buckle UP!

7
 BRIEF INTRODUCTION
When we talk about weather, it refers to the condition of the
atmosphere at a particular time. Weather is described by means of its
recorded temperature, humidity, precipitation, cloudiness, brightness,
visibility and wind on a certain day or hour. On the other hand, climate
simply refers refer to the long period records of weather such as long-term
average conditions of weather elements, the greatest amount of rainfall or
sunshine. Climate may differ from one another. The reasons for these
differences are because of general factors affecting it. Provided below are
the factors that affects climate.

1. Latitude or distance from the equator – You have noticed that most of the
sun’s rays strike vertically in places near the equator. This makes the temperature
higher in these areas, resulting in warm climate. Places that are not always vertically
hit by the sun’s rays experience cold climate. As the latitude increases, the smaller the
angle of the sun’s rays strike the surface. Therefore, when the area is farther from
the equator, the air temperature is lower. When the place is closer to the equator,
the air temperature is higher.

Figure 1. The figure show how sun rays affect climate.

Article title: A path through the wood

Retrieved from: http://bwstoa.blogspot.com/2014/10/factors-that-influence-climate.html
Website title: The online portal for Mr. Firchau's Language Arts classes.
Date accessed: June 10, 2020
8
 2. Prevailing wind - The prevailing wind is the most frequent wind
direction experience in a location. In the Philippines, which is
located in the tropics .Prevailing wind in any particular place in the
country is due to its geographical location and the different
wind systems. In meteorology, the study of earth’s atmosphere,
there are two sides to any island—the windward side and the
leeward side.
The Windward Side
This is the colder, wetter side of an island. It is subject to consistent
winds that blow cool, moist air upward. As this air is lifted, due to a decrease
in atmospheric pressure, it begins to cool (scientifically called adiabatic
cooling). Cooler air is not able to hold as much water vapor as warm air, so at
some point the moisture in the air
begins to condense and clouds
form rain.
The Leeward Side
As condensation occurs, it
releases heat into the surrounding
air. This effect is called latent
heat of condensation. By the
time the air descends down the Figure 2: Leeward and Windward side

other side of an island (or Article title: Rainshadow

mountain), most of its moisture URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain_shadow
Website title: Bitesize: Wikipedia
has been condensed out. As the Date accessed: August 20, 2020
air continues to descend towards
sea level, atmospheric pressure
increases which causes a temperature increase. Because of all of this
(scientifically called adiabatic warming), the leeward side is generally warmer
and drier. (Peterson, 2020)
The prevalence of rain on windward sides of islands promotes the growth of
Lesson Resources
vegetation whereas the
Article title: A Lesson in Meteorology: Windward and Leeward leeward side flora is
Retrieved from: https://cimioutdoored.org/a-lesson-in-meteorology-
windward-and-leeward/ acclimated to a drier
Website title: Bitesize: Catalina Marine Institute climate. (Firchau, 2014)
Date accessed: August 20, 2020

9
 3. Altitude or height above sea level - Why do mountain climbers wear
jackets and thick clothes when they go up the mountain? The air
temperature decreases as the altitude increases. For every 1000 m, there
is a drop of 6.50C. At higher elevations, there is less air. The air molecules
are farther apart, thus making the air less dense. Lighter air cannot absorb
much heat, making air temperature lower. Ultimately, the decrease in air
temperature is due to the decrease in air pressure. In Baguio City, temperate
climate typically 19.3 degrees centigrade. Temperature decreased to as low as 10
degrees in the cold months of December, January and February. This is due to
its elevation of 1,500 meters above mean sea level. Dry season is from November
to April and wet season for the rest of the months.

Figure 3: An overview comparison of temperature of La Union and Baguio based on its location. Made a few revisions

Article title: Factors Affecting Climate

Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zgyw4qt/revision/1
Website title: Bitesize
Date accessed: August 20, 2020

10
4. Distance from the sea – This factor shows how ocean heats up and
cools down slowly than land. Thus, coastal areas tend to be cooler in
summer days and warmer during winter days which have the same
latitude as well as altitude. La Union which is located at coastal areas
have this kind of annual climate conditions and Baguio city has the
cold climate year-round due to its distance from sea level.

5. Topography- The topography of an area can influences the

weather and climate. Looking at the figure no. 3 again as it described
the overview location of La Union and Baguio City, mountainous
areas tend to have more extreme weather because it acts as a barrier
to air movements and moisture like the cordillera region. The
mountain range separates the Ilocos plains on the west and
the Cagayan Valley on the east. It also affects the weather pattern in
the island of Luzon in such it acts as a barrier against the Northeast
and Southwest monsoons as well as cyclones crossing the island.
Thus, La union as part of Ilocos Region has the tropical rainforest
climate prevailing. The province is squeezed in by the Cordillera
mountain range to the east and the South China Sea to the west.
One side of the mountain can be dry while the other side is full of
vegetation. These mountains can cause wall or barrier to rain clouds.
When wind blows across a mountain range, air rises and cools
and clouds can form. Another way
that mountains cause cloud formation is when air rises because
the mountain is warmer than the surrounding air and cases the air
to rise. (UCAR, 2019)

11
 6. Ocean Currents– Outside of Article title: How does the ocean affect climate and the weather
Earth’s equatorial areas, on land?
Retrieved
weather patterns are driven from:https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/facts/climate.html#:~:text=
largely by ocean currents. Ocean%20currents%20act%20much%20like,solar%20radiation%
Currents are movements of 20reaching%20Earth's%20surface.
Website title:: Ocean Exploration and Research
ocean water in a continuous Date accessed: August 20, 2020
flow, created largely by surface
winds but also partly by
temperature and salinity gradients, Earth’s rotation, and tides. Major
current systems typically flow clockwise in the northern hemisphere and
counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere, in circular patterns that
often trace the coastlines. Ocean currents act much like a conveyor belt,
transporting warm
water and
precipitation from
the equator
toward the poles
and cold water
from the poles
back to the
tropics. Thus,
ocean currents
regulate global
climate, helping Figure 4: Ocean surface currents
to counteract Article title: Ocean Circulation
Retrieved from:
the uneven distribution of solar radiation reaching http://www.coastalwiki.org/wi
Earth’s surface. ki/Ocean_circulation
Website title: Coastal Wiki
Without currents in the ocean, regional temperatures Date accessed: November 9,
2020
would be more extreme—super hot at the equator and frigid
toward the poles—and much less of Earth’s land would be
habitable. Ocean Currents can occur even in global scale which because it is
wind-driven. (Topkien and Song, 2020)

12
 BRIEF INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS CLIMATE CHANGE?

Environment continuously undergo natural changes. The following are

the climatic reasons of how green gases occur as the earths’ responses in these
changes.
• changes in natural process like solar radiation or even radiation itself (The
emission of energy as electromagnetic waves)
• volcanic activity or eruptions
• deviations in the earth's orbit
• continental drift
• changes in greenhouse gas concentrations, and
• large-scale movements of the earth's crust.
These reasons are brought and attributed by human activities.
Greenhouse gases are layers of gases which insulate the planet by trapping heat
from the sun. These natural gases help the living planet to sustain life but these
gases are extremely increasing in concentration due to coal burning and the
overuse of aerosol products. Based on studies, the temperature of the earth has
warmed by nearly 1°C over the last 100 years and scientists predict this trend
will continue. The warming of planet resulted to change sin climate as well as an
increase in the extreme weather conditions. This may also resulted to changes
in rainfall patters, wide scope of impacts on plants, wildlife and to humans and
a rise of sea level.
This is consider as one of the major challenges in humanity of our time.
With those inappropriate deals or activities done by humans, it contributes
significantly to climate change. Thus, it shows different effects on different
countries around the world with the following recorded observations:
• change in amount of rainfall
• change in annual average temperature
• bushfire frequency
• biodiversity sustainability

13
 • cyclone frequency
• health (of both humans and animals).
With all these impacts, additional current environmental problems will
affect the future generations. This gave birth to biggest dilemma we have to deal,
the global warming. Global warming is often associated synonymous to climate
change but there is a difference (Broecker, 2003). Global warming is defined as
the gradual increase in the earth's average surface temperature due to
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, whereas climate change refers to the
long-term changes in climate, including average temperature and rainfall. As
explained, greenhouse gases is a natural and essential part of the atmosphere
but the chemical properties of greenhouse gases mean that they strongly absorb
and re-radiate the sun's warmth in the atmosphere. Due to these processes, the
earth's temperature is 33°C warmer than it could ever be, allowing life on earth
to exist. Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane and nitrous oxide are some of the
greenhouse gases generated by human activity . There are also manufactured
gases such as chlorofluorocarbons which found on refrigerators and air
conditoners (CFCs), halocarbons and some of the like compositions can make a
small contribution to global warming but will give a great impact when
unconsciously overused. As an individual, you will be affected by knowing that
your home is more exposed to extreme weather events, food may be less plentiful,
or water will be more restricted, and most will be provided from recycled sources.
We need to be aware of sustainably caring for our land and marine environments
or simply to our biodiversity conditions.
Lesson Resources
Article title: About Climate Change HIGH FIVE! Good
Retrieved from: https://www.aidr.org.au/media/5266/aidr-climate-change-lesson-plan.pdf
Website title: Australian Institute for Disaster Resilience remembering.
Date accessed: August 9, 2020 You've got your brain in
gear today.
GET READY FOR THE
EXCITING ACTIVITIES
AHEAD!

14
 ACTIVITIES:

ACTIVITY 1.1: Is it a WEATHER or A CLIMATE?

Objective: Differentiate weather from climate.
Materials: pen and paper

DIRECTIONS: Classify the following statements. Write W if it tells

about a WEATHER and C if it tells about CLIMATE.

There is a cold front coming in This global warming idea is

from the west. garbage; it’s been a wet, cold
summer.

It was much cooler than usual in A Snow Advisory was issued form
June here at Baguio. Southern Quebec.

Metro Manila is experiencing Antarctica has been freezing cold,

stormy month in December. even in summer time for tens of
thousands of years.

Summertime has come so early “Every winter there was so much

this March. more snow than there is now”’ said
the old woman.

Everybody agreed that the day was The sun was beating down on the
just right for a picnic and swim. beach landscape.
What a bright , sunny morning!

© some questions were adapted from Sustainability

Frontiers,2013
15
WOW! It’s a great start. You can now differentiate
weather and climate! Try the next activity!

ACTIVITY 1.2: THE HIGHER, THE COLDER

Objective: Describe how altitude affects climate
Materials: pen, graphing paper, laptop (optional)

DIRECTIONS: Study Table 2.1 below.

Table 2.1 Different Cities in the Philippines and Their Annual Average Temperature

NAME OF ELEVATION ANNUAL

PLACE ABOVE SEA AVERAGE
LEVEL (m) TEMPERATURE
°C
Activity adapted from Grade 9 Learner’s
BACOLOD 10 27.5 Manual pages 32 Unit 3 Module 2 published by
DepEd on April 29, 2014
Baguio 1400 16.0
Table 1.2 Different Cities in the Philippines
Laoag 20 27.3 and Their Annual Average Temperature

COMPRE-QUEST:
Manila 10 27.7
Q1. Which place is the coldest?
Tacloban 20 29.4 Q2. Which place is the hottest?
***Construct a scatter graph
Tagaytay 640 22.7 based on the data above using
graphing paper or USING
Zamboanga 30 27.6 EXCEL FORMAT. If using MS
EXCEL, follow the procedure
below.
a. Open your laptop and Go to MS excel.
b. Copy the given table.
c. Highlight the table.
d. Then click insert and click line graph/scatter graph/3D line graph. Print or
screenshot your output and let your facilitator check your work.
Q3. Based on the data, what is the relationship between altitude and temperature of a
place?

That’s the right thing to do it…. You are doing a great job!
Explore more on these factors influencing climate.

16
 ACTIVITY 1. 3 : THE SUN RAYS and THE WORLD
Objective: Find out how latitude affects climate
Materials: flashlight, globe/big ball that may represent the world,
thermometer (optional), protractor and ruler.
* Activity adapted from Grade 9 Learner’s Manual pages 30 Unit 3 Module 2 published by DepEd on April 29, 2014

***Do the activity in a closed, dark room for better results.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION: Different parts of Earth’s surface receive

different amounts of sunlight. The sun’s rays strike Earth’s surface most directly
at the equator. This focuses the rays on a small area. Because the rays hit more
directly, the area is heated more. You can see this in the figure below. Notice
that the Earth is tilted on its axis. Because of the Earth’s tilt the sun’s rays
strike the surface at a slant at the poles so they are less focused. This spreads
the rays over a wide area. The area is heated less because the sun’s rays hit at
a slant The more focused the rays, the more energy an area receives and the
warmer it is; the less focused the rays are, the less energy an area receives and
the cooler it is.

Lesson Resource
Article title: Atmosphere- Energy and Latitude
URL: https://www.uen.org/core/science/sciber/sciber9/stand-3/1cb.shtml
Website title: Sci-ber Text
Date accessed: November 10, 2020
PROCEDURE:

1. In a dark room, set up

your globe or any sphere
that may represent the
world.
2. Tilt the ball/globe for at
least 23.5 degrees. Use
protractor to measure
the degrees.
3. If you are using a ball
make sure it can stand
alone in an area or you
may use any object that
will help it stand within
the said degree.
4. Identify the northern
and southern hemisphere.

17
 5. For at least 1 meter apart from the ball/globe, turn on the flashlight and
observe the rays strike at northern, southern and equatorial area.
Ask someone, a member from your family to hold the flashlight and feel the
hotness of the strike light in the 3 areas. See the figure on the right
for your reference.

You have noticed that most of the sun’s rays strike vertically in places near the
equator. Now, how does latitude affects climate?
Oh yes! You’re getting better. Keep it up!

COMPRE-QUEST:

Q1. How much is the tilt of the earth’s axis?

Q2. Which part of the earth receives most of the sun’s rays?

Q3. Why does the amount of heat receive by places far from the equator
become less?

Q4. Why are the coldest places on earth found near the poles?

Q5. Why are places with high temperature found at the equator?

Q6. How does latitude affect climate?

Lesson Resource
Article Title: Water Cycle Weather Lab
URL: https://msnucleus.org/membership/html/k-6/wc/weather/2/wcwe2_2a.html
Website title: Water Cycle Weather Lab
Date accessed: August 25, 2020

18
Exploring THINGS at your own pace couldn’t go better without your
patience and confidence. It is great way of uplifting your strength.
Congratulations! Now let us unlock another factor! Get ready!

ACTIVITY 1. 4 : TOPOGRAPHY and CLIMATE

Objective: Create a “rainstorm”.
Explore how topography influences climate and weather.
Materials:
Metal pan/basin, sponge, clay, water and small branches of
plants, aluminum foil, sand

In this ACTIVITY, you will construct a "mountain" and rain

clouds, to dramatize why one side of a mountain will have more
water, hence, more vegetation than the other SIDE. You may ask
help from your siblings or parents in doing the activity.

PROCEDURE:
1. Prepare a metal pan and clay. Create a mountain scene at the
middle part of the pan using the clay. You may want to use small
branches for trees. If you do not have this at home use anything
that may represent trees. Aluminum foil can also be used to create
an appearance of an ocean on the right side of the pan.
2. Add some warm water on the pan (right side-aluminum section)
pretending it is the ocean surface at the bottom of the mountains.
Then on left side (other side), pour sand on it.
3. Get the sponge and make it wet using the water from the lake part.
Pretend that that it is a cloud full of water ready to become rain or
snow. Slowly place it on the top of the mountain. Press the sponge
and you will love to watch the water run off the mountains.
4. Let YOU and YOUR SIBLING/PARENT be a rain cloud.

NOTES: A cloud is heavy when it is wet and absorbed much water, too
heavy to get over the mountain. The winds are pushing it up, and as it
gets pushed up, it cools. It cannot get lighter and cannot go over the
mountain. By this time there is very little water left for the other side of
the mountain. If the mountain is high enough there will be a desert on the
other side.

19
COMPRE-QUEST:
Q1. Can the clouds pass the high mountains?
Why?

Figure 4: a representation on how topography affects climate.

Q2. Why is it dry on the east side of the mountain?

What a terrific model! Seems you and your sibling enjoyed

the activity! Last two factors to go… Buckle UP!

Activity adapted from https://msnucleus.org/membership/html/k-

6/wc/weather/2/wcwe2_2d.html and made few revisions.

20
 ACTIVITY 1. 5: HOW DOES OCEAN CURRENTS and SURFACE
AFFECTS CLIMATE
Objective: Compare and contrast the dominant ocean current present
at various locations occurring at the same latitude.
Materials: printed plain world map and crayons.

NOTE: If you don’t have internet access, you may skip this activity and proceed
to the next one.
PROCEDURE:
1. Watch the PBS ThinkTV video "The Role of Ocean Currents in Climate."
This video shows the world's 5 major global currents (gyres) and will
explain the temperature and direction of each current's flow.
(Approximate running time: 4 minutes)
https://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/ttv10.sci.ess.watcyc.curren
ts/the-role-of-ocean-currents-in-climate/
2. Map the five major surface currents (gyres) and use arrows and colors,
red (warm) and blue (cold), to indicate temperature and direction of flow.
3. See attached blank world map AT THE END OF THIS MODULE for this
activity.

COMPRE-QUEST:
Q1. What is an ocean current?

Q2. What causes surface currents?

Q3. In the northern hemisphere, what direction do the surface currents flow?
clockwise

Q4. Complete the sentence below.

When thermal energy moves, it moves from areas of _______ temperature to

______ temperature.

Last one activity is waving at you! Bear in mind all your learnings and be a
CLIMATE HERO after the NEXT ACTIVITY…

21
 ACTIVITY 1. 6: IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
Objective: Understand the key concepts of climate change
Develop an awareness and understanding of the effects of
climate change.
Materials: pen and paper, internet access if any (optional)

22
 REMEMBER
1. The difference between weather and climate is a measure of time.
2. Weather refers to the conditions of the atmosphere over a short period of time
while climate is how the atmosphere behaves as observed over relatively long periods of
time.
3. The climate of any particular place is influenced by the different interacting factors. These
include latitude, elevation, nearby water, ocean currents, topography and
prevailing winds. The global climate system and any changes that occur within it also
influence local climate.
4. As the latitude increases, the smaller the angle of the sun’s rays strike the surface.
Therefore, when the area is farther from the equator, the air temperature is lower. When
the place is closer to the equator, the air temperature is higher.
5. A windward side refers to one that is upwind of another vessel while leeward side is
downwind. An area’s windward side faces the prevailing, or trade winds. Thus,
leeward side faces away from the wind and sheltered from prevailing winds by hills and
mountains.
6. As the elevation increases, the temperature increases.
7. Distance of an area from the sea shows how ocean heats up and cools down slowly than
land. Thus, coastal areas tend to be cooler in summer days and warmer during winter
days which have the same latitude as well as altitude.
8. Ocean currents act much like a conveyor belt, transporting warm water and precipitation
from the equator toward the poles and cold water from the poles back to the tropics.
Thus, ocean currents regulate global climate, helping to counteract the uneven
distribution of solar radiation reaching Earth’s surface.
9. Greenhouse gases are layers of gases which insulate the planet by trapping heat from the
sun.
10. Global warming is defined as the gradual increase in the earth's average surface
temperature due to greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
11. Climate change refers to the long-term changes in climate, including average temperature
and rainfall.

NOTES TO THE FACILITATOR:

You may want to add more exciting learning experience regarding this
lesson through accessing the following links:
1. https://climatekids.nasa.gov/
2. https://app.legendsoflearning.com/login/students/choose
Sign up and ask the help of your teacher to access the following sites.
Enjoy learning and continue creating success!

23
 CHECK YOUR UNDERTANDING ACTIVITY

TRAVEL and HAVE FUN- CITIES AROUND THE WORLD

Objective:
• Find out how temperature and precipitation vary with
longitude and latitude.
• Discover why the seasonal range of temperature varies around
the globe and its factors that lead to regional differences in
climate.
• Form hypotheses regarding why climate varies regionally

Materials: pen, graphing paper, laptop (optional) or

smartphones

DIRECTIONS:
1. Go to the site http://studyjams.scholastic.com/studyjams/jams/science/weather-
and-climate/seasons.htm and click each interactive game to further strengthen
your understanding about factors affecting climate.

Image credit from studyjams.scholastic.com

2. Research the annual average temperature of certain cities from different
countries around the world which are listed below from year 2018-2020.
Record their temperature in Celsius and fill out necessary information to
complete the table. You must record same days for all countries (i.e. Day1-2-3
December 17-18-19)

24
COUNTRIES ANNUAL ANNUAL ANNUAL AVERAGE LOCATION
AVERAGE AVERAGE AVERAGE ANNUAL DESCRIPTION
TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE TEMP.
(latitude)
(2018) (2018) (2018)

Beijing,
China

Manila,
Philippines
Mumbai,
India
Paris,
France
Tokyo,
Japan
Mecca,
Saudi
Arabia
Washington
DC, USA

3. Graph your data based on their average annual temperature (from 2018-2020)
the answer the following questions.
CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS:
1) In what latitude(s) and at which locations did you find the warmest temperatures?

2) In what latitude(s) and at which locations did you find the coolest temperatures?

3) Compare two cities or locations that are near the same latitude, but on different continents.

Which cities or locations did you compare?

25
4) How is the climate different between all the cities around the world?

a) List two factors that might explain differences in climate between two locations at the
same latitude.

b) How seasons occur?

CONGRATULATIONS! YOU DID A PROFOUND TASKS ON!

On a piece paper, can you write the things you can do to FIGHT CLIMATE
CHANGE? Make your checklist and BE A CLIMATE HERO NOW!
Are you ready to measure how much you have learned in this module?
Rock on and show us what you’ve got!

POST TEST:

Choose the best answer.

1. What will happen if there is too much carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere?
A. Greenhouse effect occurs.
B. Temperature increases.
C. Water vapor condenses.
D. Climate changes.

2. Why does cloud formation disappear as the air moves slowly towards
the leeward side of a mountain?
A. The air condenses as it moves to the leeward side.
B. The amount of water vapor is not enough.
C. The temperature becomes lower.
D. There is too much water vapor.

26
 3. Which side of the mountain often receives the most precipitation?
A. leeward side B. rain shadow C. windward side D. peak

4. Which is the best practice to reduce the effect of climate change?

A. livestock raising B. organic farming C. burning fossil fuel D. car manufacturing

5. Which of the following shows the effect of climate change?

A. rising of sea level
B. deforestation of the forest
C. coastal erosion in some places
D. siltation of bodies of water
6. During summer, many people visit Baguio because of the cold weather.
What do you think makes Baguio cold?
A. The latitude B. The altitude C. The topography D. The distance from the ocean

7. Why do places at the same latitude but different altitudes have different
climate?
A. Amount of heat received varies.
B. Amount of precipitation differs.
C. Higher altitudes have lower temperature.
D. Higher altitudes have higher temperature.
8. The arrows on the cross section below show the prevailing wind that
flows over a mountain. Points A and B represent locations on opposite sides of
the mountain. Which statement correctly describes the differences in the
climates of locations A and B?

27
 Article Title: Earth Science New York Regent Exams
Retrieved from:
https://www.syvum.com/cgi/online/serve.cgi/exam/regents/earth_science/regents_earth_jun_2003.html?question_hide
Website title: Syvum NY Regents Exam
Date accessed: August 25, 2020

A. Location A is cooler and wetter than location B.

B. Location A is warmer and drier than location B.
C. Location B is cooler and drier than location A.
D. Location B is warmer and wetter than location A.

5. The coldest climates on Earth are located at or near poles primarily

because Earth’s polar regions ______.
A. Receive less total yearly hours of daylight
B. Absorb the greatest amount of insolation
C. Are usually farthest from the Sun
D. Receive mostly low-angle insolation

28
 6. Which diagram best illustrates how air rising over a mountain
produces precipitation?

A
B

C D

Article Title: Earth Science New York Regent Exams

Retrieved from:
https://www.syvum.com/cgi/online/serve.cgi/exam/regents/earth_science/regents_earth_jun_2003.html?question_hide
Website title: Syvum NY Regents Exam
Date accessed: August 25, 2020

So pleased to see you accomplishing

great things.

Congratulations and

Good Luck for your NEXT LEARNING

ADVENTURES!

29
References :
Books
Broecker, W. S. 2003. Does the trigger for abrupt climate change reside in the ocean
or in the atmosphere? Science 300: 1519–1522.
Grade 9 Learner’s Module pages 220-252 published on August 24, 2014
Munk, W. H. 1950. On the wind-driven ocean circulation. J. Met. 7, 79-93.
Webpages

Firchau, R. (October 6, 2014) Factor that Influence Climate

http://bwstoa.blogspot.com/2014/10/factors-that-influence-climate.html

Peterson, H. (2020) A LESSON IN METEOROLOGY: WINDWARD AND LEEWARD

https://cimioutdoored.org/a-lesson-in-meteorology-windward-and-leeward/

Topken, K and Song, D. (June 2, 2020) Ocean Currents

http://www.coastalwiki.org/wiki/Ocean_circulation

Webpages without Author

About Climate change by Australian Institute for Disaster Resilience
https://www.aidr.org.au/media/5266/aidr-climate-change-lesson-plan.pdf

Currents (pdf, 381 kb) – Learning Ocean Science through Ocean Exploration: A
Curriculum for Grades 6-12
https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/facts/currents.html

MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT PLAN

School Division Superintendent: Maria Magdalena M. Lim, CESO V
Chief Education Supervisor: Aida H. Rondilla
CID Education Program Supervisor: Rebecca M. Roxas
CID LR SUPERVISOR: Lucky S. Carpio
CID LRMS LIBRARIAN II: Lady Hannah C. Gillo
CID LRMS PDO II: Albert James P. Macaraeg

Editor/Validator: Arlene S. Gatpo

Writer: Ronaliza M. Atiagan
Illustrator:
Lay-out Artist:

30
KEY ANSWERS
PRE-TEST/POST TEST
1. D
2. A
3. C
4. B
5. A
6. B
7. A
8. B
9. D
10. C

Page 7: Factors Affecting Weather

AIR TEMPERATURE
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE
HUMIDITY
WIND SPEED
WIND DIRECTION
PRECIPITATION

31
ACTIVITY 1.1 :Is it a WEATHER or A CLIMATE?

There is a cold front coming in This global warming idea is

from the west. W garbage; it’s been a wet, cold
summer. C

It was much cooler than usual in A Snow Advisory was issued form
June here at Baguio. C Southern Quebec. W

Metro Manila is experiencing Antarctica has been freezing cold,

stormy month in December. W even in summer time for tens of
thousand of years. C

Summertime has come so early “Every winter there was so much

this March. C more snow than there is now”’ said
the old woman. C

Everybody agreed that the day was The sun was beating down on the
just right for a picnic and swim. beach landscape. W
What a bright , sunny morning! W

32
ACTIVITY 1.2 :THE HIGHER, THE COLDER
Q1: The coldest place is Baguio City.
Q2: The hottest place is Tacloban.

Graph: Communicate to your facilitator and present your graph

ACTIVITY 1.3 :SUN RAYS and THE WORLD

Q1. The tilt of the earth’s axis 23.5 degrees.

Q2. The Sun’s rays strike the surface most directly at the equator.
Q3. The Earth is tilted on its axis. Because of the Earth’s tilt the sun’s rays strike the surface at
a slant at the poles; they are less focused. This spreads the rays over a wide area. Because the
sun’s rays hit at a slant, the area is heated less. The more focused the rays are, the more
energy an area receives and the warmer it is, the less focused the rays are, the less energy an
area receives and the cooler it is.

Q4. Polar regions do not receive direct sunlight during the winter months due to the tilt in
the Earth's axis. Hence, polar regions can get very cold.
Q5. Places found in the equator has high temperature because they receive a direct hit angle of
sun rays.

Q6. As the latitude increases, the smaller the angle of the sun’s rays strike the surface.
Therefore, when the area is farther from the equator, the air temperature is lower. When the place
is closer to the equator, the air temperature is higher.

ACTIVITY 1.4: TOPOGRAPHY and CLIMATE

Q1. Yes, When wind blows across a mountain range, air rises and cools and clouds can form.
Another way that mountains cause cloud formation is when air rises because the mountain is
warmer than the surrounding air and causes the air to rise
Q2. On the east side (or lee side) of the mountains, this same air having precipitated much of its
moisture, continues eastward and down the mountain slope. This sinking air warms, what
moisture is left evaporates, and dry conditions remain.

ACTIVITY 1. 5: HOW DOES OCEAN CURRENTS and SURFACE AFFECTS CLIMATE

Q1. Currents are movements of ocean water in a continuous flow, created largely by surface
winds but also partly by temperature and salinity gradients, Earth’s rotation, and tides.
Q2. Surface currents in the ocean are driven by global wind systems that are fueled by energy
from the sun.

33
ACTIVITY 1.6 CLIMATE CHANGE (CROSSWORD PUZZLE)

34