SCIENCE 9 Quarter 3 – Week 2

MAGMA (a mixture of liquid rock, crystals, and dissolved gas) expelled onto the Earth's surface

TYPES OF MAGMA

 Basaltic: Basalt rock: SiO2(Silica) 45-55 %, high in Fe, Mg, Ca, low in K, Na

Temperature:1000 - 1200 oC, Viscosity: Low, Gas Content: Low

 Andesitic: Andesite rock: SiO2(Silica) 55-65 SiO2 %, intermediate in Fe, Mg, Ca, Na, K

Temperature: 800 - 1000 oC, Viscosity: Intermediate, Gas Content: Intermediate

 Rhyolitic: Rhyolite rock: SiO2(Silica) 65-75 SiO2 %, low in Fe, Mg, Ca, high in K, Na

Temperature: 650 - 800 oC, Viscosity: High, Gas Content: High

Magma Formation: Magma can be formed either by melting of Earth’s crust or by melting within the

mantle. The four main factors involved in the formation of magma are TEMPERATURE, PRESSURE,

WATER CONTENT, AND MINERAL CONTENT.

First, let’s look into how TEMPERATURE OF MAGMA affects its viscosity.

 The viscosity of magma decreases with temperature. The higher the temperature of magma is,

the lower is its viscosity. As lava flows, it cools and begins to harden, its ability to flow decreases

and eventually it stops.

Next, let’s look at how the COMPOSITION OF MAGMA affects its viscosity.

 Magmas with high silica content are more viscous than those with low silica. The magma that

contains less silica is relatively fluid and travels far before solidifying.

Lastly, Gases in Magma the composition of the gases in magma are: Mostly H2O (water vapor) &

some CO2 (carbon dioxide), Minor amounts of Sulfur, Chlorine, and Fluorine gases. Therefore, in

near-surface environments, the loss of gases makes magma more viscous, forming a dome or a

columnar. Viscosity is an important property in determining the eruptive behavior of magmas. Higher

SiO2 (silica) content magmas have higher viscosity than lower SiO 2 content magmas (viscosity

increases with increasing SiO2 concentration in the magma). Lower temperature magmas have higher

viscosity than higher temperature magmas (viscosity decreases with increasing temperature of the

magma).

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN VOLCANOES ERUPT

Volcanic Processes: refer to eruptive and noneruptive activities that take place on volcanoes.
Common sequences of events at stratovolcanoes:

Before an eruption begins, rising magma opens cracks (fractures) in rocks beneath the volcano,

commonly causing earthquakes, deformation of the land surface and gas release. During the

onset of an explosive eruption, volcanic gases in the magma expand and break magma into tiny

pieces called tephra. After many of the gases have dispersed in the atmosphere, a more fluid lava

pool within the crater rises and flows over the crater lip as a lava flow. The ensuing lava flows

sometimes break apart on steep volcanic terrain as avalanches of hot rock and gases. These

pyroclastic flows (sometimes called hot ash flows), melt snow and ice, providing the water for debris

flows and lahars (large debris flows). Pyroclastic flows also originate from the collapse of eruption

columns-the dark column of ash, steam, and other gases that rises above an explosively erupting

volcano. Rocks that have been weakened by hot acidic groundwater (hydrothermal alteration)

become more susceptible to collapse as a landslide. Volcanoes can also erupt nonexplosive, without

tephra. Where lava is too viscous to flow, it forms a dome-shaped feature commonly called a lava

dome.

A.

Process Question:

What are the three major types of magma and how are they distinguished from one another in terms

of their chemical compositions and physical properties? Use the Table below.

Magma Type Solidified Chemical Temperature Viscosity Gas Content

Rock Composition
BASALTIC

ANDESITIC

RHYOLITIC

B. Direction: Use the graphic organizer below to explain the process of volcanic eruption

before, during and after. Write each step-in order. Add details.
 PROCESS OF VOLCANIC ERUPTION

BEFORE:

DURING:

AFTER:
C. DIRECTION: Supply information on the given graphic organizer below. You may use your

own idea in answering the graphic organizer.

VOLCANIC ERUPTION

CAUSE OF VOLCANIC ERUPTION EFFECTS OF VOLCANIC ERUPTION

Directions: Answer the following questions.

In any order: 1-3. What are the different types of magma?

In any order: 4-7. What are the four main factors involved in the formation of magma?

8. A molten mixture of rock-forming substances, gases, and water from the mantle
A. Magma B. Pyroclastic Flow C. Lava Flow D. Ash Flow
9. A material found in magma that is formed from the element’s oxygen and silicon.
A. Silica B. Tanzanite C. Andesite D. Basaltic
10. An important property in determining the eruptive behavior of magma is called _________.
A. Permeability B. Viscosity C. Elasticity D. Maleability
(INFOGRAPHICS) DIRECTION: Create an infographic regarding awareness in volcanic hazards

Before, During, and After a volcanic eruption. Your presentation will be rated based on the following

criteria:

RUBRICS

MR. JEMUEL CABRERA FRANCISCO

TEACHER I SVNHS