9

Science
Quarter 4 – Module 3:
Momentum and Impulse
Conservation of
Momentum
Science – Grade 9
Alternative Delivery
Mode
Quarter 4 – Module 3: Momentum, Impulse, and Conservation of
Momentum Second Edition, 2021

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 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the nature of Physics. The scope of this module permits it to be used in
many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.

This module focuses on how to relate impulse and momentum to collision of objects
(e.g., vehicular collision). It is divided into three lessons:
Lesson 1: Momentum and
Impulse Lesson 2:
Conservation of Momentum
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. identify the factors that affect momentum;
2. determine the causes of changes in momentum;
3. calculate momentum and impulse in the given problems;
4. relate impulse and momentum to collision of objects; and
5. infer that the total momentum before and after collision are equal.
What I Know

Choose the letter that corresponds to the best answer.

1. A rubber ball and a lump of clay have equal mass. They are thrown with equal speed against a
wall. The ball bounces back with nearly the same speed with which it hit. The clay sticks to the wall.
Which one of these objects experiences the greater momentum change?
A. the clay
B. the ball
C. both experience zero momentum change
D. both experience the same non-zero momentum change
2. A 0.10-kg ball, traveling horizontally at 25 m/s, strikes a wall and rebounds at 19 m/s.
What is the change in momentum of the ball during the rebound?
A. 1.2 kg ∙ m/s
B. 1.9 kg ∙ m/s
C. 4.4 kg ∙ m/s
D. 72 kg ∙ m/s
3. An astronaut floating alone in outer space throws a baseball. Which will happen to the astronaut if
the ball moves away at 20 m/s?
A. move in the same direction at 20 m/s.
B. move in the opposite direction at 20 m/s.
C. move in the opposite direction at a lower speed.
D. move in the opposite direction at a higher speed.
4. A man is driving down the highway and a bug spatters in the windshield. Which
undergoes the greater change in momentum during the time of contact?
A. the bug C. both the same
B. man’s car D. either the man or the bug
5. Which situation most closely resembles an inelastic collision?
A. a player kicking a soccer ball
B. a baseball being struck by a bat
C. a linebacker tackling a running back
D. a tennis racquet striking a tennis ball a player kicking a soccer ball

Lesson1 Momentum
You may recall in your previous Science class that things move by the external force acting on
them. But you may still have a question in your mind that is still unanswered like: Why do some

3
objects move continuously while some moving objects stop suddenly? Before you have an answer to
that question, please refresh in your mind that unbalanced forces cause stationary objects to move or
a moving object to slow down then eventually stop.

What’s In

In the previous module, you have learned about projectile motion. A projectile is an object that
has the following characteristics:
1. The only force acting on it is a gravitational force; it is a free-falling object.
2. The acceleration is directed downwards and has a value of 9.8 m/s2
3. Once projected, it continues its horizontal motion without any need of a force.
4. As it rises, its vertical velocity (vy) decreases; as it falls, its velocity (vy) increases.
5. As it travels through the air, its horizontal velocity remains constant.
In this module, you will learn the other physical quantity and how it is related to the force.

What’s New

Look at the situations given below.

Situation A: The cargo truck with a mass of 10, 000 Kg travelling at a velocity of 40 km/h and a
small car with a mass of 2000 Kg travelling at the same velocity. Which one would be more difficult to
stop when they both hit a concrete wall? Why?

Situation B: Two identical toy cars travelling at different velocities. Car A is traveling at 80 km/h
while Car B is traveling at 30 km/h. Which of the two would be more difficult to stop? Why?

What is It

For objects moving at the same velocity, a more massive object has greater inertia in motion
4
therefore that is the one which is more difficult to stop; and the two (2) toy cars of the same mass but
different velocities; the one with higher velocity is the one which is more difficult to stop.

The difficulty encountered in bringing the moving objects to stop is their momentum.
Momentum is also called the "mass in motion or inertia in motion." The amount of an object’s
momentum is dependent on two variables: the amount in the mass of the object that is moving and
velocity of the moving object. Therefore, the momentum of an object is equal to the mass of the
object times its velocity. Mathematically, it can be expressed as
Momentum = mass • velocity which can be written as…
p=m•v

Quantity Symbol Unit

Momentum p Kg-m/s (MKS) or g-cm/s (cgs)
Mass m Kg or g
Velocity v m/s or cm/s

Recalling the Newton’s Second Law of Motion, where F = ma and acceleration, a = v/t putting
together the formulas, we come up with the equation below.
F=m•a
or
F = m • ∆v / t
 
To simplify the above equation by multiplying both sides by the quantity t, it forms to a new equation
of ….
F • t = m • ∆v
p=m•v
I=F•t

That means, Force multiplied to time is equal to the mass multiplied to the change in velocity;
where Force multiplied to time refers to impulse and the mass multiplied to the velocity is called
momentum. Then,
Impulse = Change in momentum

The fixed value of the change in momentum is the inverse relationship of the amount of force with
the length of time that the force is applied.
Sample Problem:
A. Momentum
A bowling ball whose mass is 4.0 kg is rolling at a rate of 2.5 m/s. What is its
momentum?

Solution:

Given: Mass (m) = 4.0 kg Formula: p = m.v

Velocity (v) = 2.5 m/s p = (4.0 kg) . (2.5 m/s)
Momentum (p) = ? p = 10.0 Kg-m/s

B. Impulse
A 17.05 Kg ball rolls at a velocity of 38.3 m/s bounced back after hitting the drum full of water
with a force of 18 N at 15 seconds. What is its Impulse (I) or its change in momentum?
Solution:
Given: Mass (m) = 17.05 Kg Formula: I=F.t
Velocity (v) = 38.3 m/s I = (18 N) . (15 s)
Force (F) = 18 N I = 270 Ns

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 Time (t) = 15 s
C. Impulse-Momentum
Body/Object Force (F) Time (t) Mass (m) Velocity Change in
in Motion Newton Seconds Kilogram (v) Momentum
(N) (s) (Kg) Meter per (Kg-m/s)/
second Impulse
(m/s) (Ns)
Baseball player
running to his (1) (2)
base bumped 17.91 9.4 sec 52.6 kg 3.2 m/s 168.35
by another
player
Solution:
Given: Unknown:
t = 9.4 sec. F=?
m = 52.6 Kg I (Impulse or Change in Momentum) = ?
v = 3.2 m/s
Formula:
1. F . t = m . v
F = m . v/t
= (52.6 Kg) . (3.2 m/s)/9.4 s
= 168.32 kg-m/s/9.4 s
= 17.91 Kg-m or N
2. I = F . t
= (17.91 N) . (9.4 s)
= 168.35 Ns
To check if Impulse (I) is equal to change in momentum, we have to follow this formula.
I = ∆p
F • t = m • ∆v
(17.91 Kg) . (9.4 s) = (52.6 Kg) . (3.2 m/s)
168 Ns = 168 Kg-m/s or Ns

To visualize more about momentum and impulse, let us perform the activities below.

What’s More

Below are activities for calculation of momentum and impulse.

Activity 1.0: Problem Solving for the Unknown Quantity in Momentum.

A. Given the following data, solve for momentum using the formula, p = mv.
Object Mass (kg) Velocity (m/s) Momentum (kg-
m/s)
Turtle 18 0.03 (1)
Carabao 100 5 (2)

B. Applying the equation for momentum, p = mv, answer the following problems:
1. A skateboard is rolling at a velocity of 3.0 m/s with a momentum of 6.0 kg-m/s.
What is its mass?
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Activity 1.1: Problem Solving on Impulse-Momentum Theorem
Complete the table below for the unknown quantity in solving problem about Impulse using
the formula given; I = Δp = mΔv or Ft = Δp
Body/Object Force (F) Time (t) Mass (m) Velocity Change in
in Motion Newton Seconds Kilogram (v) Momentum
(N) (s) (Kg) Meter per (Kg-m/s)/
second Impulse
(m/s) (Ns)
Passenger
bumped in an
airbag inside (1) (2)
the car that 23 sec 45.9 Kg 122 Kg-m/s
collided with
the wall of the
building.
Ball bounced
back after (3) (4)
hitting the 18 N 15 sec 38.3 m/s
drum full of
water.

What I Have Learned

 Momentum is the difficulty encountered in bringing the object to rest. It is also

defined as the “mass in motion or inertia in motion.”
 The momentum of the object is directly proportional to the product of its mass
and velocity. Hence,
p = mv
 Impulse is a term that quantifies the overall effect of a force acting overtime to
the momentum of an object. The relationship of the impulse to momentum is
expressed in the equation
Impulse = Δp or Ft = pf - pi

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 What I Can Do

Activity 1.2: Application of “Impulse-Momentum Theorem”.

Write your explanation on the space provided regarding the impact of force exerted against
the time duration of impact that caused change in momentum.

Body/Object Where Impulse Takes Time Duration Force Impact

Place of Impact
1. Boxer rides the strong punch.

2. Mountain climber
use of nylon rope
in going up.

https://www.rappler.com/life-andstyle/travel/rock-
climbing-must-try

Lesson 2 Law of Conservation of

Momentum

What’s In
https://www.google.com/search?
In the previous lesson, you have learned that Impulse
q=image+of+a+boxer+rides+a+punch&tbm=isch&source is equal to change in
momentum. An object that is moving with a low velocity and
=iu&ictx=1&fir=C4sQWOmOBCv3dM has a small mass, has
minimal momentum because it would take a small force and/or time to stop it. Like
energy, the momentum of an object or system is a conserved quantity. In this lesson,
you will understand why the conservation of momentum is considered one of the
most important principles in physics.

What’s New

Activity 1.0: Conservation of Momentum: Coin Demonstration

I. Objectives:
a. Observe the collision of coins in an activity to infer that the total
momentum before and after collision are equal
b. relate impulse and momentum to collision of objects
II. Materials needed:
a. 7 pieces of one-peso coin
b. Flat surface or table
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III. Procedure:
a. Line up the 7 pieces one-peso coin horizontally.
b. Take one coin about 1-2 inches away from either left or right (depends
on left or right-handed you are) of the other coins and snap it on
towards the remaining 6 coins for three trials and observe what will
happen
c. Do it again but this time, take two coins away to snap on the
remaining coins. Then repeat by taking more coins to snap on the
remaining coins. For a precise instruction you may refer to this you
tube link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6zFkVEI6WAY
IV. Guide Questions:
1. What happens when coins collide?
2. What does the activity infer regarding motion?
3. When the coins collide, is there a momentum before and after?
4. Does the momentum before and after equal or not? If equal, how come? If not,
why?
5. How about collision, is there an equal collision before and after? Why yes?

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 What Is It
Energy is present whenever there are moving objects, sound, light, or heat.
When objects collide, energy can be transferred from one object to another, thereby
changing their motions. In such collisions, some energy is typically also transferred to
the surrounding air, as a result, the air may get heated, or sound is produced. The
previous activity has shown us how moving objects that collide conserve its momentum.
Just like the activity that you did, billiards which is a game that involves a cue
stick and several balls on a felt-covered table involves a conservation of momentum. One
of the most popular versions of billiards is a game called pool. Let us continue to
discover how in this kind of game that conservation of momentum is manifested.
In a pool, players use the cue stick toFigure 1 Pool-cue.jpg (1440×625) (bayut.com)
strike a white ball called the cue ball to hit other
similar balls into semicircular holes called
pockets along the inner edge of the table. Three
things may happen upon the collision of the two
balls. First, one ball moves in the opposite
direction with the first ball that hits it and stops
after collision; second, the two balls rebound and move in the opposite direction after
collision; and third, the balls stick together and move in the same direction. These three
scenarios in billiards may happen depending on the amount of force applied by the stick
on the cue ball and the force of the cue ball to another billiard ball. Interestingly, all of
the scenarios demonstrate the conservation of momentum. As you go on with the lesson,
you will learn how momentum is conserved in the colliding bodies.
In your 8th grade, you learned Newton’s Second Law of Motion which can be
expressed as F = ma. Let us relate Newton’s Second Law of Motion to momentum.
𝑭=𝒎𝒂 where, 𝒂=Δ𝒗Δ𝒕=𝒗𝒇−𝒗𝒊Δ𝒕.
F = m(𝒗𝒇−𝒗𝒊Δ𝒕)
𝒑𝒇=𝒎𝒗𝒇 and 𝒑𝒊=𝒎𝒗𝒊
𝑭=𝒎𝒗𝒇−𝒎 𝒗𝒊Δ𝒕 Δ𝒑=𝒑𝒇− 𝒑𝒊
𝑭= 𝒎𝒑𝒇−𝒎𝒑𝒊Δ𝒕 or 𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕= Δ𝒑Δ𝒕
If the net force acting on a particle is zero, that is, 𝑭𝑵𝑬𝑻=Δ𝒑Δ𝒕=0, then Δ𝒑=𝟎=𝒑𝒇=𝒑𝒊,
where 𝒑𝒊 is the momentum at some time later. Since they are equal (𝒑𝒇=𝒑𝒊), momentum is
conserved.
This law of conservation of momentum may be extended to a system of particles. It is,
therefore, generally stated as; “When an external force is not acting on a system, its total
momentum is not changed.” In symbols, for two objects with masses m1 and m2 moving
with initial velocities v1i, v2i, and final velocities v1f and v2f, respectively, the law of
conservation of momentum is given as;
𝒑𝟏𝒊+𝒑𝟐𝒊=𝒑𝟏𝒇+𝒑𝟐𝒇 𝒎𝟏𝒗𝟏𝒊+ 𝒎𝟐𝒗𝟐𝒊= 𝒎𝟏𝒗𝟏𝒇+ 𝒎𝟐𝒗𝟐𝒇
The momentum change is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.

A very good example to illustrate this law is shown below. Two skaters stand together.
They push off and travel directly away from each other, the boy with a velocity of +1.50 m/s. If
the boy weighs 735.0 N and the girl, 490.0 N, what is the girl’s velocity after they push off?
(Consider the ice to be frictionless).

https://www.google/search?q=ice+skate+momentum+conservation&tbm=isch&ved

1
0
SOLUTION:
Remember that W=mg, thus, m=w/g. (Use g=9.8m/s 2)
Mass Velocity
Boy 75.00 kg 1.50 m/s
Girl 50.00 kg ?
The ice where they stand is frictionless, thus, no external force is present. The
momentum of the boy-girl system is conserved. There is no change in the
momentum of the system before and after the push-off.

Total Initial Momentum = Total Final Momentum

0 = pboy + pgirl
-pboy = pgirl
-(mv)boy = (mv)girl
-112.5 kg m/s = 50.0 kg (vgirl)
2.25 m/s = vgirl
The girl moves with a velocity of 2.25v m/s opposite the direction of the boy.
Activity 2.0: Analyze and solve the following:

Boy 1 whizzes around the ice-skating rink and suddenly sees his small brother at
rest directly in his path. Rather than knock him over, he picks his small brother up
and continues in motion without stopping. Consider both Boy 1 and his brother as
parts of one system, and no outside forces are acting on it.

AFTER COLLISION:
d. Does Boy 1 speed increase or decrease?
e. Does the brother of Boy1 speed increases or decreases?
f. What is the total mass of the boys?
g. What is the total momentum of the boys?
h. What is the new speed of both boys after the collision?

COLLISION
A collision is an encounter between two objects resulting in the exchange of
impulse and momentum. Because the time of impact is usually small, the impulse
provided by external forces like friction during this time is negligible. If we take the
colliding bodies as one system, the momentum of the system is therefore conserved.
In an isolated system, the total momentum of the system before the collision is
equal to the total momentum of the system after the collision.
total momentum before collision = total momentum after the collision
In any type of collision, the total momentum remains constant, thus in any
collision, momentum is conserved. However, it is good to note that, while all
collisions conserve momentum, not all of them conserve kinetic energy or energy
possessed by moving objects.
TYPES OF COLLISION:
Collisions are categorized according to whether the total kinetic energy of the
system changes. Kinetic energy may be lost during collisions when (a) it is
converted to heat or other forms like binding energy, sound, light (if there is spark),
etc., and (b) it is spent in producing deformation or damage, such as when two cars
collide.
1. Elastic Collision- one in which the total kinetic energy of the system does not
change, and colliding objects bounce after the collision. Kinetic Energy is
conserved. After two objects collide, they move separately with no change in
Kinetic energy. An example of this is the collision between two billiard balls.
Therefore, the total momentum and kinetic energy remain constant throughout the
collision. In symbols, we have;
m1 v1i + m2 v2i = m1v1f + m2 v2f
m1= mass of the first object m2= mass of the second object
v1i = velocity before the collision of v2i= velocity before the collision of
the first object the second object
v1f’= velocity after the collision of v2f’= velocity after the collision of
the first object the second object

2. Inelastic collision- one in which the total kinetic energy of the system
11
 changes (i.e., converted to some form of energy). Objects that stick together
after the collision are said to be perfectly inelastic. Some or maximum KE is
lost, thus kinetic energy is not conserved. This is called a perfectly inelastic
collision. The two objects stick together and move with a common velocity after
the collision. Both objects are deformed.
𝒎𝟏 𝒗𝟏𝒊 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒗𝟐𝒊 = (𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐) vf
m1= mass of the first object m2= mass of the second object
v1i= velocity before the collision of v2i= velocity before the collision of
the first object the second object
vf= common velocity after the collision
Sample problem:
1. A 0.02-kg ball moving to the right at 0.25 m/s makes an elastic head-on
collision with a 0.04-kg ball moving to the left at 0.15 m/s. After the
collision, the lighter ball moves to the left at 0.16m/s. What is the velocity
of the 0.04-kg ball after the collision?
Given: m1= 0.02kg
Solution: = 𝑚1𝑣1𝑖 + 𝑚2𝑣2𝑖− 𝑚1𝑣𝑖𝑓
m2 = 0.04kg
𝑣2𝑓 𝑚2
v1i = 0.25 (0.02𝑘𝑔) (0.25𝑚/𝑠) + (0.04𝑘𝑔)(−0.15𝑚/𝑠) − (0.02𝑘𝑔)
m/s (−0.16𝑚/𝑠)
𝑣 =

v2i = - 0.15 2𝑓 0.04𝑘

m/s 𝑔
v1f = - 0.16
𝑣 = 11,500𝑘𝑔.𝑚/𝑠
m/s

Required: 2𝑓 0.04𝑘𝑔
v2f = ? 𝑣 = 0.0022𝑘𝑔.𝑚/𝑠

Equation: 𝑣 + 2𝑓 0.04𝑘𝑔
= 1 1𝑖
𝑣2𝑓
𝑚2𝑣2𝑖+ 𝑚2𝑣𝑖
�
�
2
𝑣2𝑓 = 0.055 𝑚/𝑠

Answer: 𝑣2𝑓 = 0.055 𝑚/𝑠 The second ball moves to the right with this velocity after collision.
2. A 0.25-kg arrow with a velocity of 15 m/s to the east strikes and pierces the
bull’s eye of a 7.0-kg target. What is the final velocity of the combined mass?
Given: m1=
Solution: 𝑣 + 𝑚2𝑣2𝑖
0.25kg = 1 1𝑖
𝑣
m2 = 𝑓 𝑚1 + 𝑚2
7.0kg
v1i = 0.15 0.25𝑘(15.0𝑚/𝑠) + (7.0𝑘𝑔)
m/s 𝑣𝑓 = (0.0𝑚/𝑠) 0.25𝑘𝑔 +
v2i = 0.0 7.0𝑘𝑔
m/s
Required: vf = ?
Equation: 𝑣 + 𝑚2
= 1 1𝑖 𝑣2𝑓 =
𝑣𝑓
𝑚2𝑣2𝑖
𝑚1 +
1
2
3.75 𝑘𝑔.𝑚/𝑠 7 .25𝑘𝑔
𝑣2𝑓 = 0.52 𝑚/𝑠

Answer: 𝑣 = 0.52 𝑚/𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐸𝑎𝑠𝑡 is the velocity of the combined mass
of the object

1
3
 What’s More

Activity 2.0
Identify the following images as elastic collision or inelastic collision. Write EC
for elastic and IC for inelastic.
Image Answer

https://www.istockphoto.com/
phots/pendulum

https://www.google.com/amp/s/
nypost.c

https://www.jing.fm/iclip/hwiRTm_c

https://
www.sudbury.com/amp/
aroun d-the-north/covid-
throwing-bowling-

What I Have Learned

The law of conservation of momentum states that “When an (1)_____________ is

not acting on a system, its total momentum is not changed.”
A (2)_____________ is an encounter between two objects resulting
in the exchange of impulse and momentum. There are two types
of collision:
a. Elastic Collision- one in which the total (3)___________ of the
system does not change, and colliding objects bounce after the
collision.
b. Inelastic collision- one in which the total kinetic energy of the
system (4)__________ (i.e., converted to some form of energy).
Objects that stick together after the collision is said to be
(5)___________ inelastic.

1
4
 kinetic energy collision perfectly
external force changes system

What I Can Do
The Law of Conservation of Mass is useful and applies most in our daily lives
and important activities. Whether at home, on the road, or in crime. Observe in
your surroundings and list down at least 5 activities or situations where this law
applies.

Assessment
Choose the letter that corresponds to the best answer.

1. If an object with a mass of 12 kilograms is moving at 10 meters per

second, what is its momentum? (smallest to biggest)
A. 120 kg-m/s B. 130 Kg-m/s
C. 1.2 Kg-m/s D. 1.4 Kg-m/s
2. When does the net force on an object increase?
a. when Δp decreases C. when Δt decreases
b. when Δt increases D. when Δp increases
3. In the equation Δp = m (vf − vi), which quantity is constant?
a. Initial velocity C. Mass
b. Final velocity D. Momentum
4.If both mass and velocity of an object are constant, what can you tell about its
impulse?
a. Its impulse would be constant. C. Its impulse would be increasing.
b. Its impulse would be zero. D. Its impulse would be decreasing.
5. Why are the railings along roadsides intended to collapse (bend
and crumple) when a car runs into them?
a. to increase the contact time and decrease the crash force
b. to increase the momentum and decrease the crash force
c. so the cars cannot rebound back to the middle of the road
d. so they can replace them every year and provide jobs for unemployed workers
References:
Pedagogical Retooling in Mathematics, Languages, Science (PRIMALS) for Junior High
School Complete Package of Materials., 2005. Department of Education.

Van Heuvelen, Allan. 1986. Physics: A General Introduction. Canada.Little Brown and
Company.

Science 9 Module, Department of Education, 2014, pp. 304 – 311.

Impulse-Momentum Change Theorem,

https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/momentum/Lesson-1/Real-World-Applications

Linear Momentum and Impulse,

https://openstax.org/books/physics/pages/8-multiple-choice

Momentum and Impulse,

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/linear-momentum/momentum-tutorial/a/what-are-
momentum-and-impulse
https://brainly.ph/question/535321

Notes on Momentum and Impulse. https://www.saratogaschools.org/webpages/tsanders/notes.cfm?

subpage=1381822

Conservation of Momentum. https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/momentum/Lesson-1/Real-

World-Applications

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