Science 10

Science – Grade 10
Quarter 4 – Module 4: Kinetic Molecular Theory
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education - Schools Division of Pasig City

Development Team of the Self-Learning Module

Writer: Eleanor V. de Roja
Editor: Jeric N. Estaco
Reviewers: Liza A. Alvarez
Illustrator:
Layout Artist: Jean Rean M. Laurente
Management Team: Ma. Evalou Concepcion A. Agustin
OIC-Schools Division Superintendent
Carolina T. Rivera CESE
OIC-Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Manuel A. Laguerta EdD
Chief, Curriculum Implementation Division

Education Program Supervisors

Librada L. Agon EdD (EPP/TLE/TVL/TVE)

Liza A. Alvarez (Science/STEM/SSP)
Bernard R. Balitao (AP/HUMSS)
Joselito E. Calios (English/SPFL/GAS)
Norlyn D. Conde EdD (MAPEH/SPA/SPS/HOPE/A&D/Sports)
Wilma Q. Del Rosario (LRMS/ADM)
Ma. Teresita E. Herrera EdD (Filipino/GAS/Piling Larang)
Perlita M. Ignacio PhD (EsP)
Dulce O. Santos PhD (Kindergarten/MTB-MLE)
Teresita P. Tagulao EdD (Mathematics/ABM)

Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education – Schools Division of

Pasig City
 Science 10
Quarter 4
Self-Learning Module 4
Kinetic Molecular Theory
Introductory Message

For the Facilitator:

Welcome to the Science 10 Self-Learning Module on Kinetic Molecular Theory!

This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed and

reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its
Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners
acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely: Communication,
Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
 For the Learner:

Welcome to the Science 10 Self-Learning Module on Kinetic Molecular Theory!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills

that you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson

at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts

and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module.

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and

application of the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the

lesson.

Posttest - These measures how much you have learned from

the entire module.
 EXPECTATIONS

At the end of this module, the learners are expected to:

1.describe each Kinetic Molecular Theory assumptions;
2.explain the properties of gases using the kinetic molecular theory; and,
3.cite instances wherein kinetic molecular theory is observed in life
experiences.

PRETEST

Direction: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1.Which of the following has particles that can be drawn into smaller volume?
a. air inside a balloon
b. block of wood
c. ice cube
d. water

2.A balloon can still be pumped even if it is already inflated. What explains this
phenomenon?
a. Air molecules can be compressed.
b. Balloons are made up of plastic.
c. Balloons look better if the size is bigger.
d. The air inside the balloon is hot.

3.What will happen when an aerosol is heated?

a. The can will be deformed.
b. The can will stay the same.
c. The can will eventually explode.
d. The can will tarnish.

4. Which of the following is true?

a. Gases are composed of atoms.
b. Gas molecules cannot move.
c. There are no attractive or repulsive forces between and among gas molecules.
d. The average kinetic energy of molecules is directly related to the temperature of
a gas.

5. Tire usually explodes during summer. Which best explains this observation?
a. There is too much air inside the tires.
b. Vehicle tires are not maintained.
c. There are more travelers during summer vacation.
d. The high temperature during summer causes the tires to explode.
 RECAP
Direction: Match the items in column A with that of colum B. Write your answer on
the spcae provided before the number.

_____1.force per unit area a.Compressibility

_____2.the degree of hotness or coldness of the body b.Diffusion
_____3.the ability to be compressed c.Pressure
_____4.particles can easily diffuse d.Temperature

LESSON

What happens when you pump air inside a balloon? The balloon becomes
bigger and the increase in size is cause by the infusion of more molecules of air
inside. Why do balloons stay as that high in the sky?

Gas particles are very far apart with one another and that we cannot see these
particles. We can just feel them. Gases behave differently from solids and liquids.
The gas laws help us predict the behavior of gases, but they do not explain what
happens at the molecular level to cause the changes we observe in the macroscopic
world like for example this question;” Why does the volume of gas expand upon
heating?

In the 19th century physicist, namely Ludwig Boltzmann and James Clerk
Maxwell found that the physical properties of gases could be explained in terms of
motion of the individual molecules. The molecular movement is a form of energy.
The findings of Maxwell and Boltzmann resulted in the generalization about the
behavior of gases known as the Kinetic Molecular Theory. This theory provides a
logical explanation on the behavior of ideal gases. The assumptions of this theory are
the following:

1.Gases are made up of tiny particles called molecules. These molecules are
separated from each other by distances far greater than their dimensions, which
means that they possess mass but negligible volume. This explains why gases have
low densities and are highly compressible.

2.Gas molecules are in constant motion in random directions and they frequently
collide with one another. The constant motion of the particles enables gases to easily
occupy all available space. This is the reason why gases expand, diffuse and effuse.

3.There is a negligible attractive or repulsive force between or among gas molecules.

4.The average kinetic energy of the molecules is proportional to the temperature of
gas in Kelvin.

The Kinetic Molecular Theory provides a molecular interpretation of temperature.

The absolute temperature is the measure of the average kinetic energy of the
molecules. In other words, the absolute temperature is an index of random motion
of the molecules. The higher the temperature, the more energetic the motion is. For
this reason, random molecular motion is sometimes called the thermal motion
because it is related to the temperature of the gas sample.
Application to gas laws:

1. Since molecules are separated by large distances in assumption 1, gases can

easily be compressed to occupy smaller volume.

2. The pressure exerted by a gas results from the impact of its molecules on the
walls of the container. The rate on the number of collisions within the walls
per second is proportional on the molecule per unit volume of gas. Decreasing
the volume increases its density and its collision rate. Because of this, the
pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to the volume it occupies.

3. Since the average kinetic energy is proportional to the absolute temperature

in assumption 4, raising the temperature increases the average kinetic energy.
Consequently, molecules will collide with the walls of the container more
frequently and with greater impact if the gas is heated and thus the pressure
increases.

4. The pressure of a gas is directly proportional to both the density and

temperature of the gas.

5. If the molecules do not attract or repel one another (assumption 3), then the
pressure exerted by one type of molecule is unaffected by the pressure of
another gas. Consequently, the total pressure is given by the sum of the
individual gas pressure.

Instances wherein kinetic molecular theory is applied:

Mechanism of breathing

During inhalation, our diaphragm contracts causing expansion of the thoracic

cavity and the lungs. Air flows into the lungs due to decreased air pressure in the
cavity. On the other hand, during exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes and is raised
pushing up into the thoracic activity. This causes a decrease in the volume of the
lungs. At this, time the pressure inside the lungs becomes higher than the pressure
of the atmosphere. Hence, air flows out of the lungs.

Technologies with some gas laws application

a. Pressure cooker
A pressure cooker reduces the time in cooking food. It is airtight sealed that
does not allow steam from escaping. As food is being cooked inside, steam
accumulates, thus increasing the number of frequencies of collision of molecules.
Pressure increases as temperature increases. This causes the shortening of time in
cooking.

b. Aerosol can and gas cylinder

When a sealed gas containing high pressured gas is opened, the gas moves by
following the direction of the pressure gradient. This means that the gas moves from
an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure. LPG tanks and other gas
tanks work on the same principle. Gas cylinders usually contain high pressure gases
and thus, they are usually placed in container made up of strong materials like steel
to prevent explosion. Proper storage must be observed.

c. Scuba Diving
SCUBA means Self -Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus or
sometimes called aqua lung is used by deep sea divers to breathe comfortably in an
underwater environment. As the diver swims deeper into the ocean he would
normally experience high pressure making it difficult for the lungs to breathe. The
scuba provides added air to the lungs increasing its pressure that will match the
pressure in the underwater.
d. Hot air balloons
Hot-air balloons are used for recreational purposes. It is a typical simple type
of aircraft that you use to fly from one place to another. It is filled with hot air. Since
air will rise when it is heated, the balloon with the air inside is lifted, giving up an
upward thrust. The balloon is made up of nylon materials which is heat resistant at
the mouth where the burner is. The liquid propane fuel is sored in cylinders in the
wicker basket. They cannot navigate on their own. They must rely on the wind to
push them direction. Since the wind blows in different directions, the navigator of
the balloon can increase or decrease the amount of hot air in the balloon, to make it
rise and fall.

ACTIVITIES

Activity 1: Assumptions of the KMT

Direction: Given are some of the situations on the behavior of gases. Write the
assumptions described in the kinetic Molecular Theory.

SITUATIONS ASSUMPTIONS
1.Tires of motor vehicle usually explode
during summer
2.The use of pressure cooker usually
decrease the length in time during
cooking
3.When you heat an empty balloon
eventually the balloon will expand
4.A balloon with air can still be
inflated.
Activity 2. Properties of Gases in Terms of KMT
Direction: Given are the properties of gases. Explain these properties in terms of
Kinetic Molecular Theory. Write your explanation in the table provided.

EXPLANATION
Gases can easily be compressed to
occupy smaller volume.

The pressure of a gas is inversely

proportional to the volume it occupies.

Molecules will collide with the walls of

the container more frequently and with
greater impact if the gas is heated and
thus the pressure increases
The total pressure is given by the sum of
the individual gas pressure.

Activity 3: Applications of kinetic Molecular Theory

Direction: Given are the applications where Kinetic Molecular Theory is applied.
Write your explanation in the table.

APPLICATION EXPLANATION
Pressure Cooker
SCUBA
Gas Cylinder like LPG gas
Hot Air balloon

WRAP-UP

Direction: Fill up the concept map.

Assumptions of the Kinetic Molecular

Theory
 VALUING

Gas molecules are unpredictable; thus, they behave differently than solids and
liquids. However, gases are useful to man. There are also unpredictable
circumstances in our life which sometimes make us stumble, feel weak and
discourage. The pressure that we encounter like COVID19, online learning,
financial, social, and psychological are some of these. May these challenges become
our guide and inspiration to be stronger as human, motivate us to become positive
in life and build strong relationship with or creator. We can handle all of these with
care. Its just a matter of faith and hope in God.

POSTTEST

Directions: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1.According to Kinetic Molecular Theory, which of the following statements is true
of the molecules in the gaseous state?
a. They have the same average kinetic energy at different temperatures.
b. Gas molecules move randomly in different directions, continuously colliding
with one another.
c. Gas molecules show large attraction for each other due to the wide spaces
separating them.
d. Larger molecules have greater velocities than smaller molecules at the same
temperature.

2.Which is NOT an observable property of a gas?

a. mixes homogeneously with other gases
b. varies its shape and volume to fit the container.
c. highly compressible when enough pressure is applied.
d. expands infinitely and distributes uniformly.

3.Whic of the following gas principles best explains why it is advisable to keep
aerosol can away from heat and flame?
a. Gases inside the aerosol are always moving very fast.
b. Volume of gas varies directly with temperature.
c. An increase in temperature causes an increase in pressure.
d. Temperature varies inversely with temperature.

4. Which property of gas is explained by the Kinetic Molecular Theory?

a. Gas exerts pressure. c. Gases are in constant, random motion.
b. Gases are widely separated. d. All the above

5.Which of the following refers to forces exerted by molecules on the wall of the
container because of the collision of molecules?
a. density c. mass
b. diffusion d. pressure
ACTIVITY 1
SITUATIONS ASSUMPTIONS
1.Tires of motor vehicle usually The average kinetic energy of the
explode during summer molecules is proportional to the
temperature of gas in Kelvin.
2.The use of pressure cooker usually Pressure increases as temperature
decrease the length in time during increases. This causes the shortening
cooking of time in cooking
3.When you heat an empty balloon Increase in temperature cause the gas
eventually the balloon will expand molecules to expand
4.A balloon with air can still be Gases are highly compressible.
inflated
POSTTEST PRETEST
1.b RECAP 1. a
2.d 1.c 2. a
3.c 2.d 3. c
4.d 3.a 4. d
5.d 4.b 5. d
KEY TO CORRECTION
ACTIVITY 3
APPLICATION EXPLANATION
Pressure Cooker Pressure increases as temperature
increases. This causes the shortening
of time in cooking
SCUBA Increase in pressure cause a decrease
in volume of gas. Decreasing pressure
will increase the volume of gas.
Gas Cylinder like LPG gas Gas moves from an area of higher
pressure to an area of lower pressure
Hot Air balloon Increase in temperature will increase
the volume of the gas.
ACTIVITY 2
EXPLANATION
Gases can easily be compressed to Gases are made up of tiny particles
occupy smaller volume. called molecules. These molecules are
separated from each other by
distances far greater than their
dimensions, which means that they
possess mass but negligible volume.
This explains why gases have low
densities and are highly compressible
The pressure of a gas is inversely Decreasing the volume increases its
proportional to the volume it occupies. density and its collision rate. Because
of this, the pressure of a gas is
inversely proportional to the volume it
occupies.
Molecules will collide with the walls of The average kinetic energy of the
the container more frequently and molecules is proportional to the
with greater impact if the gas is temperature of gas in Kelvin.
heated and thus the pressure
increases
The total pressure is given by the sum There is a negligible attractive or
of the individual gas pressure. repulsive force between or among gas
molecules.
 of gas in Kelvin.
4.The average kinetic energy of the molecules is proportional to the temperature
molecules.
3.There is a negligible attractive or repulsive force between or among gas
effuse.
easily occupy all available space. This is the reason why gases expand, diffuse and
collide with one another. The constant motion of the particles enables gases to
2.Gas molecules are in constant motion in random directions and they frequently
low densities and are highly compressible.
means that they possess mass but negligible volume. This explains why gases have
separated from each other by distances far greater than their dimensions, which
1.Gases are made up of tiny particles called molecules. These molecules are
WRAP UP

References
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Science. Quezon City, Philippines: Phoenix Publishing House, 2015.
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Edition 1994.
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4.Science Learners’ Material. Department of Education. National Capital Region,
Philippines. 2013
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4A2B7CD191672612F60DFFB72E55E7528E401304&thid=OIP.Bl_1JICIZOOC4p5
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