9

Science
Quarter 2 – Module 2:
Properties of Ionic and
Covalent Compounds
Science 9 – Grade 9
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 2: Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds
First Edition, 2020

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 9

Science
Quarter 2 – Module 2:
Properties of Ionic and
Covalent Compounds
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Science – Grade 9 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on

Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by

educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or
facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum
while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also
aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

ii
For the learner:

Welcome to the Science – Grade 9 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on

Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds!

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often
used to depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create
and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies
and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the

lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or skill
into real life situations or concerns.

iii
 Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your
level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned. This also tends retention of
learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing

this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

iv
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written in order to help you recognize the
physical properties of ionic and covalent compounds.

The activities in this module will enable you to recognize the properties of ionic
and covalent compounds, understand what is happening in the atoms during the
formation of compounds, and it will also help you determine whether atoms transfer,
accept, or share electrons to become stable. The knowledge about the type of bond
will help you relate the basic properties of these compounds.

At the end of this module, it is expected that you will learn to:

1. Recognize the different types of compounds (ionic and covalent) based on their
properties such as melting point, hardness, polarity, and electrical and
thermal conductivity (S9MT- IIb-14).
a. explain the formation of ionic compounds;
b. explain the formation of covalent compounds; and
c. recognize ionic and covalent compounds based on their physical properties.
 What I Know

Activity 1

Encircle the letter of the best answer.

1. Which of the following is the most suitable reference for the kind of bond
that will take place between/among atoms?
a. Atomic size c. ionization energy
b. Electronegativity d. electron affinity
2. Which combination of atoms is most likely to have an ionic bond?
a. Al and F c. C and O
b. P and H d. Si and O
3. Which of the following properties is true about ionic compounds?
a. Have low melting and boiling point
b. Are stronger than covalent bonds
c. Can conduct electricity in the solid state
d. Usually formed between two metals
4. When does covalent bonding take place?
a. when atoms share electrons with one another.
b. when the attraction between atoms is strong.
c. when atoms collide with one another.
d. when atoms attain stability.
5. Which of the following compounds will have the highest melting
temperature?
a. Sodium chloride (salt) c. sucrose (table sugar)
b. Paraffin wax (candle wax) d. lead wire
6. What kind of chemical bond will form between two oxygen atoms?
a. Ionic bond c. polar covalent bond
b. Nonpolar covalent bond d. metallic bond
7. Conduct electricity when in solution is a general property of ____________
compounds.
a. ionic c. chemical
b. covalent d. glucose
8. Which among the following shows that an atom is stable?
a. Having 2 valence electrons c. having 6 valence electrons
b. Having 4 valence electrons d. having 8 valence electrons
9. Low melting point and boiling point are general properties of _______________
compounds.
a. ionic c. covalent
b. chemical d. glucose
10. What set of elements is most likely to form a covalent compound?
a. Na and O c. Na and K
b. O and C d. Li and F
 11. Element X belong to Group 1. Which of the following best describes element
X?
a. High electronegativity c. low electronegativity
b. High ionization energy d. a non-metallic element
12. Which of the following properties is not true about covalent compounds?
a. They have low melting point
b. They have low boiling point
c. They can conduct electricity
d. They are formed from 2 nonmetals
13. How does ionic bonding take place?
a. Two non-metals of different kinds form strong forces of attraction
b. Two non-metals of the same kind form strong forces of attraction
c. A non-metal like fluorine is attracted to a metal like sodium
d. A metal like sodium transfers an electron to a non-metal element like
fluorine
14. What particle is produced after covalent bonding?
a. Atom b. molecule c. electron d. ion
15. What will most likely happen to a non-metallic element after ionic bonding?
a. It forms a cation and an anion
b. It forms an anion and it becomes stable
c. It becomes stable and unstable
d. It forms a cation and it becomes unstable

Lesson
Properties of Ionic and
1 Covalent Compounds
Matter does not fall apart spontaneously, except in very rare instances. This
is due to forces acting at the ionic and molecular levels. Atoms tend to attain more
stable states through formation of bonds. These atoms react chemically by losing,
gaining, or sharing electrons. These results in the formation of ionic and covalent
compounds.

In this module, you will recognize the properties of ionic and covalent
compounds, understand what is happening in the atoms during the formation of
compounds, and determine whether atoms transfer, accept, or share electrons to
become stable.
 What’s In

In the previous lesson, you learned how the Quantum Mechanical Model of
the atom describes the energies and positions of the electrons. This model based on
probability rather than certainty. Let us now review the Quantum Mechanical Model
of the atom.

Activity 2
Choose the best answer in the box below.

Erwin Schrodinger Principal Energy Level three

Werner Karl Heisenberg Sublevel ten

Seven two four

Atomic orbital Pauli Exclusion Principle

________________1. Quantum number “n” represents

_________________2. He proposed the probability that electrons will be found in

certain locations around the nucleus of an atom.

_________________3. Number of principal energy level

_________________4. Number of orbitals in the “p” sublevel

_________________5. Number of electrons if the first and second energy levels are full

_________________6. States that only two electrons occupy an orbital, and they must
have opposite spins.

_________________7. He proposed the Uncertainty Principle

_________________8. Number of orbitals in the second principal energy level

_________________9. The volume or region of space around the nucleus where the
electron is most likely to be found

_________________10. Maximum number of electrons in each atomic orbital.

Louie de Broglie, Erwin Schrodinger and Werner Karl Heisenberg believed that there
is only a probability that the electrons can be found in a certain volume in space
around the nucleus of the atom. Now that you are already familiar with the quantum
mechanical model of the atom, we are going to learn the properties of ionic and
covalent compounds.

Notes to the Teacher

This module will prepare the learners to explain how the Quantum
Mechanical Model of the atom describes the energies and positions
of the electrons.

What’s New

Activity 3
Match Column A with the correct answer on column B. Write only the letter of the
correct answer on the blank provided before the number.
_____1. Show the sharing of electrons a. good conductor of electricity
_____2. Example of Ionic compound b. Water
_____3. Property of Covalent compound c. salt
_____4. Show the transfer of electrons d. low melting and boiling point
_____5. Property of Ionic compound
_____6. Example of Covalent Compound e.

f.

Li F
 What is It

Chemical compounds are created when two molecules join together because
of a chemical reaction, and these compounds come in two distinct forms: ionic and
covalent. These types of compounds contain many structural differences and
properties that distinguish them from one another, but one of the most basic is the
types of bonds that hold them together. Knowledge about the type of bond will help
you relate the basic properties of these compounds.

Formation of Ionic Compounds

Ionic compounds is the product of ionic Bonding, it is the complete transfer of valence
electrons between atoms. Valence electrons are the electrons directly involved in
forming bonds to form compounds. It is important that you know the number of
valence electrons so that you can illustrate how bonds are formed. You can use the
electron configuration in getting the valence electron of elements, or you can look at
the group number of the elements in the periodic table, group number is the same
as the valence electron of the elements.

Ionic bonding happens between metals and non-metals. For complete transfer of
electrons to happen, the electronegativity difference of the metal and non-metal
should be more than 1.7. The metallic element with low electronegativity loses
electrons to become a cation (positively charged ion), whereas the non-metallic
element with high electronegativity value accepts those electrons to become an anion
(negatively charged ion). Ionic bond requires an electron donor, often a metal (low
electronegativity), and an electron acceptor, a non-metal (high electronegativity).

Ionic bonding is observed because metals have few electrons in their outer-most
orbitals. By losing those electrons, these metals can achieve noble gas configuration
and satisfy the octet rule (8 valence electrons). Similarly, nonmetals that have close
to 8 electrons in their valence shells tend to readily accept electrons to achieve noble
gas configuration. In ionic bonding, more than 1 electron can be donated or received
to satisfy the octet rule. The charges on the anion and cation corresponds to the
number of electrons donated or received.

To show ionic bonding, write the Lewis symbol of the metallic and nonmetallic
elements. Take note of the electronegativity value of both elements. Subtract the
electronegativity of the metallic and nonmetallic elements. Use an arrow to show the
complete transfer of electrons, and indicate the formation of cation and anion.

Na+Cl-
In the given example, sodium (Na), a metallic element transfers the valence electron
to chlorine (Cl), a non-metallic element. After ionic bonding sodium attained the same
electron configuration of neon (Neon), and in the case of chlorine, it acquired the
same configuration with that of argon (Ar). Thus, both of them became stable.

Formation of Covalent Compounds

Covalent Compounds are products of covalent bonding, it is the sharing of electrons

between atoms. This type of bonding occurs primarily between nonmetals. However,
it can also be observed between metals and nonmetals. For covalent bonding to take
place, the electronegativity difference of the elements should be less than 1.7.

If atoms have similar electronegativities, covalent bonds are most likely to occur.
Because both atoms have the same affinity for electrons and neither has a tendency
to donate them, they share electrons in order to achieve octet configuration and
become more stable.

To show covalent bond, write the Lewis symbol of the nonmetals. Subtract the
electronegativity of the nonmetals. Use a line to connect the dots to show the sharing
of valence electrons of each elements.

In this example, a phosphorus atom is sharing its three unpaired electrons with three
chlorine atoms. In the end product, all four of these molecules have 8 valence
electrons and satisfy the octet rule (8 valence electrons).

There are two types of covalent bond, the nonpolar covalent bond and the polar
covalent bond.

Nonpolar Covalent Bonds are a type of bond that occurs when two atoms equally
share a pair of electrons with each other. These shared electrons glue two or more
atoms together to form a molecule. The electronegativity difference between
nonmetals should be 0-0.4 for non-polar covalent bond to happen. Examples of non-
polar covalent bonds are the diatomic molecules; hydrogen gas (H2), nitrogen gas
(N2), Oxygen gas (O2), fluorine (F2) gas, chlorine gas (Cl2), bromine (Br2), and iodine
(I2).

Polar Covalent Bonding is a type of chemical bond where a pair of electrons is

unequally shared between two atoms. In a polar covalent bond, the electrons are not
equally shared because one atom spends more time with the electrons than the other
atom. One atom has a stronger pull than the other atom and attracts electrons. The
electronegativity difference between elements should be 0.5-1.7 for polar covalent
bond to happen. Some examples of polar covalent bonds are water (H2O), ammonia
(NH3), and sulfur dioxide (SO2).

Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds

Ionic and covalent compounds differ in their properties because the particles in each
of these two compounds are held together by different types of chemical bonds.

Table 1. Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds

Ionic Compounds Covalent Compounds

Have high melting and boiling points Have low melting and boiling point

Exist as solids at room temperature Usually exist as liquids or gases at room

temperature

Tend to be hard and brittle Tend to be softer and more flexible

Usually soluble in water but insoluble in Insoluble in water but soluble in organic
organic solvents such as ether, alcohol, solvents such as ether, alcohol, benzene
benzene and other and other

Conduct electricity when dissolved in Do not conduct electricity in the solid

water but do not conduct electricity in and liquid states
the solid state

Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points because they are held together
by strong electrostatic forces of attraction, known as ionic bonds. A lot of heat energy
is needed to break the strong ionic bonds during melting or boiling. While covalent
compounds are held by weak forces of attraction between molecules. A small amount
of heat energy is required to overcome the weak forces of attraction during melting
and boiling.

Ionic compounds are good conductor of electricity when dissolved in water because
the positive and negative ions break free and is able to move freely. The presence of
free mobile ions enables ionic compounds to conduct electricity in the molten or
aqueous states. While covalent compounds are composed of simple covalent
molecules in the solid and liquid states. There are no free mobile ions in these two
states. Hence, covalent compounds cannot conduct electricity in the solid and liquid
states.
Ionic compounds are composed of ions, these ions are easily hydrated by water
molecules. As a result, ionic compounds are usually soluble in water. In the case of
covalent compounds, water cannot hydrate covalent molecules. That is why covalent
compounds are usually insoluble in water.

What’s More

Activity 4: Bonding by Transfer of Electrons

Objectives:

• Illustrate how an ionic bond is formed

• Explain how ionic bonding takes place

Materials:

• Periodic Table of Elements

Procedure:

1. Select a metallic and a non-metallic element. Write the Lewis Symbol of the
selected elements and take note of their electronegativity value. Subtract the
electronegativity values of the metallic element and the non-metallic element to get
the electronegativity difference.

Metallic Element Nonmetallic Element

Lewis Symbol

Electronegativity value 0.93 3.16

Electronegativity difference 3.16 – 0.93 = 2.23

*If the difference is greater than 1.7, complete transfer of electron/s is possible.

2. Use an arrow to show the complete transfer of electrons.

3. Indicate the formation of cation and anion.

Na+Cl-

Guide Questions:

Q1. Make 3 combinations (metal and nonmetal) that will result to ionic bonding by
following steps 1-3.

Q2. In ionic bonding, what kind of element forms cation? Why?

Q3. In ionic bonding, what kind of element forms anion? Why?

Q4. Why do ions form after ionic bonding?

Q5. Did the elements attain stability after ionic bonding? Explain your answer.

Q6. How can you tell that ionic bonding will take place between metals and non-
metals?

Q7. Will all combinations of metallic and non-metallic elements form ionic bond?
Why? Why not?

Activity 5: Bonding by Sharing of Electrons

Objectives:

• Explain how covalent bonding takes place

• Illustrate the sharing of electrons

Materials:

• Periodic Table of Elements

Procedure:

1. Show how the sharing of electrons forms covalent bond in the following
compounds:
 a. Ammonia (NH3)
b. Water (H2O)
c. Hydrogen chloride (HCl)
d. Nitrogen gas (N2)
e. Oxygen gas (O2)
f. Methane (CH4)
g. Hydrogen gas (H2)
h. Phosphine (PH3)
i. Chlorine gas (Cl2)

Supply the Table 1 with the data obtained in number 1.

Table 2. Types of Covalent Bonds

Covalent Chemical Formula Lewis Structure Type of Bond

Compound (polar
covalent/non-
polar covalent)

Ammonia

Water

Hydrogen chloride

Nitrogen gas

Oxygen gas

Methane

Hydrogen gas

Phosphine

Chlorine gas
Guide Questions:

Q1. How do covalent bonds form between atoms?

Q2. What type of element usually make up a covalent bond? Is it possible for metallic
and non-metallic elements to form nonpolar covalent bond? Why? Why not? How
about polar covalent bond? Why? Why not?

Q3. Why is it that diatomic molecules always form nonpolar covalent bonds?

Q4. Differentiate nonpolar covalent bond from polar covalent bond.

Activity 6: Difference between Ionic and Covalent Compounds

Objectives:

• Recognize ionic and covalent compounds based on their physical

properties such as melting point, hardness, solubility, and electrical
and thermal conductivity.

Materials:

• Distilled water
• Alcohol lamp
• Metal spoon
• Sugar (sucrose)
• Grated paraffin wax (candle wax)
• Salt (sodium chloride)
• Vetsin (monosodium glutamate)
• Vials or very small bottles
• Medicine dropper
• Improvised electrical conductivity apparatuses

Procedure:

1. Get a pinch of salt, place it in a spoon, and heat it with the use of an alcohol lamp
in 1 minute. Do the same with sugar, vetsin, and grated candle wax. Record what
you observe in column 1 of Table 1.
2. Place a pinch of salt, sugar, vetsin, grated candle wax on a clean dry sheet of
paper. Label each sample. Let the electrodes of the electrical conductivity apparatus
touch each of the solid sample. Make sure that you clean the electrodes before
transferring to the sample. Record your observations in column 2a of Table 1.

3. Transfer each sample to individual vials. Add approximately 3 mL of distilled water

in each vial and label it. Observe the solubility of each sample in the distilled water.
Record your observations in column 3 of Table 1. Using distilled water, test the
conductivity of the compound. Record your observations in column 2b of Table 1.
Fill out the table below.

Table 3. Properties of Some Compounds

Compound Reaction to Electrical Conductivity (x- Solubility Types of

Heat did not conduct in water Compound
(melted electricity ✓-conduct (soluble/ (ionic/
easily/did electricity) (2) insoluble) polar
not melt (a) (b) (3) covalent/
easily) (1) Sample Sample nonpolar
without with water covalent)
water (4)
salt
vetsin
candle wax
sugar

Guide Questions:

Q1. What type of compound:

a. dissolves easily in water?

b. conducts electricity in solution

c. melts easily?

Q2. Explain why vetsin and salt can conduct electricity in solution?

Q3. Make a statement about the properties of common ionic and covalent
compounds.
 What I Have Learned

Activity 7

I. Read each statement below and fill in the blanks.

1. Ionic bonding is the _____________ of electrons from _________________ to

_______________ elements.
2. Covalent bonding is the __________________ of electrons between
______________.
3. Covalent bonding happens when the electronegativity difference between
elements is __________________.
4. Ionic bonding takes place when the electronegativity difference between
elements is ___________________.
5. Low boiling point and low melting point are general properties of
______________ compounds.
6. ________________ compounds tend to be softer and more flexible.
7. A ______________ is a type of chemical bond that is formed when electrons are
unequally shared between atoms.
8. ________________ compounds tend to be hard and brittle.
9. Good electrical conductivity when in solution is a property of ____________
compounds.
10. Ionic compounds tend to have _________ boiling point and ___________ melting
point.
11. Salt (NaCl) is an example of ________________ compound.
12. Atoms bond with other atoms to attain _______________.
13. Methane gas (CH4) is an example of ______________ compound.
14. When an atom loses an electron, it becomes a/an ______________.
15. When an atom gains an electron, it becomes a/an ______________.
16. _____________ elements lose electrons in ionic bonding.
17. A _______________ is a type of covalent bond that is formed when electrons are
shared equally between atoms.
18. _____________ elements gain electrons in ionic bonding.
19. Nitrogen gas (N2) is a product of _____________ bonding.
20. _______________ compounds are non-conductors of electricity in solid phase
and in solution.
 What I Can Do

Activity 8

Answer the following.

1. Give at least 3 examples of ionic compound and their uses.

a.
b.
c.
2. Give at least 3 examples of covalent compounds and their uses.
a.
b.
c.
3. List four properties of ionic compounds
a.
b.
c.
d.
4. List four properties of covalent compounds
a.
b.
c.
d.
5. Identify which type of elements usually bond ionically, and explain why this
is the case.

6. Identify which type of elements usually bond covalently, and explain why this
is the case.
 Assessment

Activity 9

A. Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. Which of the following substances when dissolve in water will conduct

electricity?
a. Monosodium glutamate c. gasoline
b. oil d. glucose
2. Why do atoms/elements react with one another to form chemical bonds?
a. To attain stability c. to form molecules
b. To form compounds d. to produce ions
3. What combination of elements would likely form an ionic bond?
a. Li and Si b. Si and F c. Ne and Si d. Li and F
4. What type of bond will result when two identical non-metallic elements are
combined?
a. Ionic bond c. polar covalent bond
b. Nonpolar covalent bond d. metallic bond
5. Which of the following samples has ionic bond and covalent bond in this
order?
a. Salt and paraffin wax c. starch and baking soda
b. Water and vetsin d. carbon dioxide and salt
6. What type of compound is a good conductor of electricity when dissolve in
water?
a. Ionic compound c. covalent compound
b. Glucose d. all of the above
7. What type of bond creates compound with low boiling points?
a. Ionic bond c. hydrogen bond
b. Metallic bond d. covalent bond
8. When an atom loses an electron in ionic bonding, it becomes a
a. Cation b. neutral atom c. neutral ion d. anion
9. Which of the following is a characteristic property of ionic compounds?
a. They have low melting point
b. They have low boiling point
c. They form hard and brittle crystals with characteristic shapes
d. They contain no charged particles
10. Covalent compounds do not conduct electricity because they
a. Break up into ions
b. Do not break up into ions
c. Do not dissolve in water
d. Have high melting point
11. In what form can an ionic compound conduct electricity?
a. As a solid c. as a crystal
b. When dissolved in water d. when warmed slightly
12. Which is a property shared by most covalent compounds?
a. High boiling point
b. High melting point
c. Low melting point
d. Good conductor of heat and electricity
13. What type of chemical bond is formed when two atoms share electrons?
a. Ionic bond c. covalent bond
b. Polyatomic bond d. crystal bond
14. Which of the following does not have covalent bonds?
a. Carbon (graphite) c. HCl (Hydrochloric acid)
b. Carbon (diamond) d. NaCl (salt)
15. How is the bond in Bromine (Br2) different from the bond in Magnesium
fluoride (MgF2)?
a. The bond in Bromine (Br2) is metallic while the bond in Magnesium
fluoride (MgF2) is covalent.
b. The bond in Bromine (Br2) is ionic while the bond in Magnesium
fluoride (MgF2) is covalent.
c. The bond in Bromine (Br2) is covalent while the bond in Magnesium
fluoride (MgF2) is ionic.
d. There is no bond difference between the Bromine (Br2) and Magnesium
fluoride (MgF2).
 Additional Activities

Activity 10

Classify the following properties as either Ionic or Covalent compounds. Write I if it

is Ionic compound and C if it is Covalent compound on the space provided before
each number.
_____1. Atoms share electrons to become stable
_____2. High melting and boiling point
_____3. Conduct electricity when in solution
_____4. Usually occurs between non-metals
_____5. Poor electrical conductors in all phases
_____6. Crystalline solid (made of ions)
_____7. Generally soluble in water
_____8. Usually occurs between metals and non-metals
_____9. Low melting and boiling point
_____10. Good conductor of electricity when in solution

Activity 11

Classify the following as metal or non-metal and ionic or covalent compounds.

Compound First Second Properties Ionic or

element/atom element/atom of Covalent
(metal/non- (metal/non- compound
metal) metal) (at least 3)
CH4
MgCl2
CCl4
HCl
H2 O
Activity 1
1. b 6. b 11. c
2. a 7. a 12. c
3. b 8. d 13. d
4. a 9. c 14. b
5. a 10. b 15. b
Activity 2
1. Principal energy level 6. Pauli Exclusion Principle
2. Erwin Schrodinger 7. Werner Karl Heisenberg
3. seven 8. Four
4. three 9. Atomic orbital
5. ten 10. Two
Activity 3
1. e
2. c
3. d
4. f
5. a
6. b
Activity 4
Q1. (Answers may vary)
Electronegativity Difference 3.16 – 0.98 = 2.18
Li+Cl-
Electronegativity Difference 3.98 – 0.82 = 3.16
K+F-
Answer Key
Electronegativity Difference 3.44 – 1.31 = 2.13
Mg+2O-2
Q2. Metals from cations because they completely transfer or give away electrons
Q3. Non-metals from anions because they attract electrons towards themselves
Q4. Ions from after ionic bonding because this type of bond involves complete transfer of electrons
Q5. Yes, after ionic bonding the participating atoms attain the stable electron configuration of the
nearest noble gas
Q6. Ionic bonding will take place between metal and non-metal when the electronegativity
difference is greater than 1.9
Q7. No, not all metal-non-metal combinations will result in an ionic bond. Only those with
electronegativity difference of more than 1.9 will result to an ionic bond.
Activity 5
Covalent Compound Chemical Formula Lewis Structure Type of Bond (polar
covalent/non-polar
covalent)
Ammonia NH3 polar covalent
Water H2O polar covalent
Hydrogen chloride HCl non-polar covalent
Nitrogen gas N2 non-polar covalent
Oxygen gas O2 non-polar covalent
 Methane CH4 non-polar covalent
Hydrogen gas H2 non-polar covalent
Phosphine PH3 polar covalent
Chlorine gas Cl2 non-polar covalent
Q1. Covalent bonds form between atoms due to the sharing of electrons to attain stability
Q2. Generally, non-metals form covalent bonds. However, there are cases that metals and non-
metals also form polar covalent bond. It is impossible for a metal and a non-metal to form a non-
polar covalent bond.
Q3. Diatomic molecules always form non-polar covalent bonds because of the equal
electronegativity values resulting to equal sharing of electrons.
Q4. Polar covalent bond involves unequal sharing of electrons while non-polar covalent bond
involves equal sharing of electrons.
Activity 6
Compound Reaction to Electrical Conductivity (x-did Solubility in Types of
Heat (melted not conduct electricity ✓- water Compound
easily/did not conduct electricity) (2) (soluble/ (ionic/ polar
melt easily) (a) (b) insoluble) (3) covalent/
(1) Sample Sample with nonpolar
without water water covalent) (4)
salt Did not melt
X ✓ Soluble Ionic bond
easily
vetsin Did not melt
X ✓ Soluble Ionic bond
easily
candle wax Melted easily Non-polar
X X Insoluble covalent
bond
sugar Melted easily Polar
X X soluble covalent
bond
Q1. a. polar covalent and ionic compounds
b. ionic compounds
c. covalent compounds have low melting temperature
Q2. Ionic compounds, like salt and vetsin, give off positive (cations) and negative (anions) ions in
solution that is why they can conduct electricity. Salt and vetsin releases sodium cation (Na +). Salt
also releases chloride anion (Cl-) in aqueous solution while vetsin releases glutamate anion.
Q3. Ionic compounds are water soluble, they have a high melting and boiling point, and can
conduct electricity in solution. Covalent compounds have a low melting and low boiling point.
Non-polar covalent compounds are insoluble in water, and poor conductors of heat and
electricity.
Activity 7
1. transfer, metal, non-metal 11. ionic
2. sharing, non-metals 12. stability
3. less than 1.7 13. Non-polar covalent
4. more than 1.7 14. cation
5. covalent 15. anion
6. covalent 16. metal
7. polar covalent bond 17. Non-polar covalent bond
8. ionic 18. Non-metal
9. ionic 19. Non-polar covalent
10. high, high 20. Covalent
Activity 8
1. (Answers may vary)
a. salt – used for flavoring and preserving food
b. sodium fluoride – ingredient in toothpaste
c. baking soda – used in cooking (and as antacid)
2. (Answers may vary)
a. water –needed in photosynthesis, used for drinking and all domestic work, etc.
b. carbon dioxide – helps in photosynthesis process, used for carbonation of soft drinks, etc.
c. methane – common fabric, plastic, anti-freeze and fertilizer ingredient
3. a. high melting/high boiling point
b. usually solid at room temperature
c. good conductors (in solution)
d. soluble in water
4. a. low melting/low boiling point
b. usually liquid or gas at room temperature
c. poor conductors
d. insoluble in water
5. a metal will give electrons to a non-metal, because metals have lower electronegativity value
than non-metal
6. non-metal shares electrons with other non-metals, because they have small electronegativity
Activity 9
A. 1. a 11. b
2. a 12. c
3. d 13. c
4. b 14. d
5. a 15. c
6. a
7. d
8. d
9. c
10. b
Activity 10
1. CC
2. IC
3. IC
4. CC
5. CC
6. IC
7. IC
8. IC
9. CC
10. IC
Activity 11
Compound First element/atom Second Ionic or Covalent
(metal/non-metal) element/atom
(metal/non-metal)
CH4 Non-metal Non-metal Covalent
MgCl2 Metal Non-metal Ionic
CCl4 Non-metal Non-metal Covalent
HCl Non-metal Non-metal Covalent
H2 O Non-metal Non-metal Covalent
References

DepEd (2020). Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC)

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