9

Science
Quarter 2 – SLeM 2 :
Recognizing different types of compounds
(ionic or covalent) based on their
properties

1
Science – Grade 9
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 - SleM 2: Recognize different types of compounds (ionic or covalent) based on their
properties such as melting point, hardness, polarity, and electrical and thermal conductivity.

First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education, Schools Division Office of Quezon City

Local Government of Quezon City

Development Team of the SLeM

Writer: Anatalia A. Ducay, Maria Fe A. Maninang

Editor: Edita R. Gravador
Reviewer: Babie Noreen T. Clemente, Ryan T. Gomez
Illustrator: Maria Fe A. Maninang
Layout Artist: Maria Fe A. Maninang
Management Team: Dr. Proceso T. Lera, Principal IV
Babie Noreen P. Clemente, Head Teacher VI

HOW TO USE THIS MODULE

Before starting the SleM, I want you to set aside other tasks that will disturb you while
enjoying the lessons. Read the simple instructions below to successfully enjoy the objectives of this
kit. Have fun!

1. Follow carefully all the contents and instructions indicated on every page of this module.
2. Write on your notebook or any writing pad the concepts about the lessons. Writing
enhances learning, that is important to develop and keep in mind.
3. Write in your notebook the concepts that you learned. Writing enhances learning and helps
you keep in mind what is important
4. Perform all the provided activities in the module.
5. Let your facilitator/ guardian assess your answers using the answer key.
6. Enjoy studying.

PARTS OF THIS SLeM

 Expectations- These are what you will learn after completing the lessons in the module.
 Pre-test – This will measure what you already know about the concepts to be mastered
throughout the lesson.
 Looking Back to your Lesson- This section will measure what learnings and skills you
gained from the previous lesson.
 Brief Introduction- This section will give you an overview of the lesson.
 Activities- This is a set of activities you will perform.
 Remember- This section summarizes the concepts and applications of the lessons.
 Check your Understanding- It will check what you have learned from the lessons.
 Post-test- This will measure how much you have learned from the entire module.

2
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master how to
distinguish ionic from covalent and some natural phenomena that uses properties of ionic and
covalent compounds. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning
situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are
arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be
changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The SLeM is divided into two lessons, namely:

 Lesson 1 – Distinguish ionic from covalent compounds based on their physical properties.
 Lesson 2 – Natural phenomena that uses different physical properties of
ionic and covalent compounds.
Lesson 1: Distinguishing Ionic from Covalent

Compounds Based on their Physical Properties

Expectations
You will master how to distinguish ionic from covalent compounds based on their physical
properties

Specifically, this module will help you to:

1. Compare properties of ionic and covalent compounds.

2. Distinguish ionic from covalent compounds based on their physical properties.
3. Observe precautionary measures while doing the activity.
4. Value the value of sharing and giving in forming compounds.

Let us start your journey in learning more on to identify how ionic from covalent compounds based on
their physical properties. I am sure you are ready and excited to answer the Pretest. Smile and cheer
up!

Pre-Test
A. Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. Why does sodium chloride not conduct electricity in its solid form?
A. Ions in its structure are in fixed positions.
B. It contains no free electrons.
C. It has a giant covalent molecular structure.
D. Ions in its structure only have single negative and single positive charges.
2. Which of the following is not a property of substances with ionic bonding?
A. High melting point
B. Crystallinity
C. Conduct electricity when molten
D. Conduct electricity in the solid state
3. Which of the following gives the best explanation for why a substance does not conduct electricity?
A. The bonding in the substance is not ionic.
B. The bonding model in the substance does not have free electrons.
C. The bonding model does not have ions which are free to move, or free electrons.
D. The bonding model does not have ions or free electrons
4. Which of the following gives the best explanation for the fact that sodium chloride is crystalline?
A. There is strong electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.
B. It contains a regular 3D arrangement of positive and negative ions.
C. The crystal contains ions.
D. There are free electrons present which reflect the light
5. Low melting point and low solubility in water are general properties of compounds
A. Ionic
B. Covalent
C. Chemical
D. glucose

Looking Back

In SLeM 1, you have learned how to describe the set of quantum numbers and complete the given set
of quantum numbers for each given element and how to supply the data from the electron
configuration such as: period number, group number, number of paired and unpaired electron/s,
number of valence electron/s, and number of core electrons. You also learned that the quantum
mechanical model of an atom describes the atom as having a nucleus at the center around which the
electrons move. This model describes a region in space where the electron is most likely to be found.
The way in which electrons are distributed in the different orbitals around the nucleus of an atom is
called the electron configuration. Filling of electrons start from lower energy level to highest energy
level.
In this SLeM, you will learn on how to differentiate ionic and covalent compounds. Going through this
SLeM will make you understand what is happening in the atoms during the formation of compounds.
Look at the periodic table. Did you notice the vertical arrangement of the elements? This is called
family or group. Notice the number in each group? Do you know what information it gives you? It tells
you the number of valence electrons. Do you still remember the meaning of valence electrons?
Valence electrons give you the number of electrons at the outermost energy level of the atom. This is
the information you need to know in order for you to determine whether atoms transfer, accept, or
share electrons to become stable. Why do we need to talk about the transfer or the sharing of
electrons? You will discover the answer to this question as you study this SLeM.

Brief Introduction

Elements make up new materials around us for which there are distinct uses. Chemical combinations
between atoms of these elements result from the tendency of atoms to attain stability. By definition, a
chemical bond is bond that exists between two atoms when, at some specific distance between them,
the potential energy of the system is composed of two atoms which have a minimum value. The
principal types of chemical bonds are metallic, ionic and covalent.
Ionic Bonds

In an ionic bond, one atom essentially donates an electron to stabilize the other atom. In other words,
the electron spends most of its time close to the bonded atom. Atoms that participate in an ionic bond
have different electronegativity values from each other. A polar bond is formed by the attraction
between oppositely-charged ions. For example, sodium and chloride form an ionic bond, to make
NaCl, or table salt. You can predict an ionic bond will form when two atoms have different
electronegativity values and detect an ionic compound by its properties, including a tendency to
dissociate into ions in water.

Covalent Bonds

In a covalent bond, the atoms are bound by shared electrons. In a true covalent bond, the
electronegativity values are the same (e.g., H 2O3), although in practice the electronegativity values
just need to be close. If the electron is shared equally between the atoms forming a covalent bond,
then the bond is said to be non-polar. Usually, an electron is more attracted to one atom than to
another, forming a polar covalent bond. For example, the atoms in water, H2O, are held together by
polar covalent bonds. You can predict a covalent bond will form between two non-metallic atoms.
Also, covalent compounds may dissolve in water, but don't dissociate into ions

Summary of the differences between ionic and covalent bonds, their properties
Properties Ionic Bonds Covalent Bonds
Description Bond between metal and Bond between two nonmetals
nonmetal. The nonmetal with similar electronegativities.
attracts the electron, so it's like Atoms share electrons in their
the metal donates its electron outer orbitals.
to
it.
Polarity High Low
Shape No definite shape Definite shape
Melting Point High Low
Boiling Point High Low
State at Room Temperature Solid Liquid or Gas
Examples Sodium chloride (NaCl), Sulfuric Methane (CH4), Hydrochloric
Acid (H2SO4 ) acid (HCl)
Chemical Species Metal and nometal (remember Two nonmetals
hydrogen can act either way)

Activities

Activity 1.1 Differences between Ionic and Covalent Compounds

Objective:
 Recognize ionic and covalent compound based on their physical properties

Materials:

Improvised electrical conductivity apparatus Distilled water

Candle Metal spoon
Sugar (sucrose) Grated paraffin wax (candle
wax) Salt (sodium chloride)
Vetsin (monosodium glutamate) Vials or very small bottle with medicine dropper
Procedure:

1. Get a pinch of salt, place it in a spoon, and heat it with the use of an alcohol burner in 1 minute. Do
the same with vetsin, sugar, and grated candle wax. Record what you observe in column 1 of Table 6.
2. Place a pinch of salt, vetsin, sugar, and grated candle wax on a clean dry sheet of paper. Label
each sample. Let the electrodes of the electrical conductivity apparatus touch each of the solid
sample. Be sure you clean the electrodes before transferring to the sample. Record your
observations in column 2a of Table 6.
3. Transfer each sample to individual vials. Add approximately 3 mL of distilled water in each vial and
label. Observe the solubility of each sample in the distilled water. Record your observations in
column 3 of Table 6. Test the conductivity of the compound with distilled water. Record your
observations in column 2b of Table. Fill out the table below.

Table: Properties of Some Compounds

Compound Reaction to Electrical Conductivity Solubility Type of
Heat (melted (x-did not conduct electricity /- in Water Compound
easily/ did not conduct electricity) (soluble/ (ionic/polar
melt easily) insoluble) covalent/
(a) (b) nonpolar
covalent)
(1) (2) (3)

(4)
Sample Sample
without with water
salt
vetsin
wax
sugar

Precautionary Measures: Ask for the assistance of your parents or guardian in using
fire/burner or candle. Use pot holder in heating substance using metal spoon.

Guide Questions:

1. What type of compound:

a. dissolves easily in water?
b. conducts electricity in solution?
c. melts easily?
2. Explain why salt and vetsin can conduct electricity in solution?

3. Make a general statement about the properties of ionic and covalent compounds.

4. What common properties did you observe in this activity?

Activity 1.2 Compare Me Not

Complete the table by providing the correct term/word that describes the characteristics of ionic from
covalent compounds.
Ionic Compound Covalent Compound
Non-metal+ Metal
Sharing of electrons
No Charge
Solid, liquid or gas at room temperature
Low melting point
High boiling point

Transfer of electrons Low boiling point Non-metal+ non-metal

High melting point Solid at room temperature Positive and negative charge
6
 Activity 1.3 Complete the Incomplete
Complete the comparison chart below. Choose the word or sentence that best describe covalent and
ionic bond.
Covalent bond Ionic Bond
State at room temperature
Solubility
Formation
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Conductivity

Conduct electricity High Between metal and non-metal

Gas or liquid Low Many are water soluble, not soluble in organic liquids Low
Do not conduct Electricity HighSolid
Few are soluble in water, many are soluble in organic liquids Between two non-metals

Activity 1.4 Concept Map

Complete the concept map by providing the correct word or term on the box. Choose the answer from
the words below

Polar, Non-polar , Ionic Bond , Covalent bond, Sharing of electrons

7
 Remember

●Atoms form bonds with one another to become stable and attain the electronic configuration of the
noble gas nearest it.

●An ionic bond involves complete transfer of electrons; thus, ions are formed. It involves metals with
low electronegativity and non-metals with high electronegativity.

● Ionic compounds conduct electricity when in solution but not in solid phase.

● Ionic compounds are generally soluble in water and in polar solvents.

● A covalent bond involves the sharing of electrons that results in the formation of covalent compound
whose representative particle is a molecule. As a whole, a molecule does not carry a charge.

● Covalent bonds may be polar or nonpolar.

● Covalent compounds are non-conductors of electricity in the solid phase and in solution. They have
a lower melting temperature than compounds formed by ionic bonds.

Checking Your Understanding

Answer the following questions
1. What is chemical bond?
2. Why do ionic compounds, when dissolved in water, conduct electricity?

Post-Test
A. Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. Which of the following gives the best explanation for the fact that sodium chloride is crystalline?
A. There is strong electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.
B. It contains a regular 3D arrangement of positive and negative ions.
C. The crystal contains ions.
D. There are free electrons present which reflect the light
2. Why does sodium chloride not conduct electricity in its solid form?
A. Ions in its structure are in fixed positions.
B. It contains no free electrons.
C. It has a giant covalent molecular structure.
D. Ions in its structure only have single negative and single positive charges.
3. Which of the following gives the best explanation for why a substance does not conduct electricity?
A. The bonding in the substance is not ionic.
B. The bonding model in the substance does not have free electrons.
C. The bonding model does not have ions which are free to move, or free electrons.
D. The bonding model does not have ions or free electrons
4. Low melting point and low solubility in water are general properties of compounds
A. Ionic B. Covalent C. Chemical D. glucose
5. Which of the following is not a property of substances with ionic bonding?
A. High melting point
B. Crystallinity
C. Conduct electricity when molten
D. Conduct electricity in the solid state
- - - - - - -End of lesson 1- - - - - -

Lesson 2: Natural Phenomena that Use Different Physical

Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds

Expectations
You will master how to cite natural phenomena that use different physical
properties of ionic and covalent compounds
Specifically, this SLeM will help you to:
1. Determine some properties of ionic and covalent compounds.
2. Recognize ionic and covalent compounds based on their physical properties.
3. Observe precautionary measures while doing the activity.
4. Cite natural phenomena when ionic and covalent properties can be observed.
5. Describe properties of ionic and covalent compounds.
Let us start more about natural phenomena that use and covalent compounds. I am sure you are
ready and excited to answer the Pretest. Smile and cheer up!

Pre-Test
A. Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. Which is a property shared by most covalent compounds?
A. high boiling point
B. high melting point
C. low melting point
D. good conductor of heat and electricity
2. Covalent (molecular) compounds do not conduct electricity because they
A. break up into ions.
B. do not break up into ions.
C. do not dissolve in water.
D. have high melting points.
3. In what form can an ionic compound conduct electricity?
A. as a solid
B. when dissolved in water
C. as a crystal
D. when warmed slightly
4. Which of the following is a characteristic property of ionic compounds?
A. They have low melting points.
B. They have low boiling points.
C. They form hard, brittle crystals with characteristic shapes.
D. They contain no charged particles.
5. An ionic bond is the attraction between
A. similarly charged ions C. oppositely charged ions
B. neutral ions D. neutral atom
 Looking Back
In lesson 1, you have learned on how to distinguish ionic from covalent compounds based on their
physical properties, you also learned some of the physical and chemical properties of both ionic and
covalent compound.
Classify the following properties as either Ionic or Covalent compounds. Write ionic or covalent on
the space before each property.
1. Atoms share electrons to become stable.
2. High melting and boiling points.
3. Conduct electricity when melted.
4. Usually occurs between non-metals.
5. Poor electrical conductors in all phases.
6. Many soluble in non-polar liquids but not in water.
7. Crystalline solids (made of ions)
8. Metal atoms give electrons while non-metal atoms get electrons to become stable.
9. Usually occurs between metals and non-metals.
10. Low melting and boiling points.

Brief Introduction

Properties and uses of substances

Substances have different properties and uses depending on the type of chemical bonds that exists in
them. For instance, substance with covalent bonds are generally poor conductors of heat and
electricity, both in their liquid and solid states. Thus, they are useful as heat or electrical insulators.
Substance with ionic bonds, on the other hand, have relatively higher boiling and melting points than
the covalent-bonded substances. Moreover, they are good conductors of electricity only in their liquid
states. This property makes ionic substances good electrolytes in electrolysis. Substances free
movement of electrons in them. These properties make them useful in the construction and
telecommunication industries.

This table summarizes the properties and uses of covalent and ionic bond.
Type of Bond Description Typical Properties Uses
Covalent -Molecules which -Very soft structure - In the production of
Nonpolar contain identical polar - weak polymers (synthetic rubbers
covalent bonds intermolecular forces and plastics), these
distributed - very low melting point nonpolar substances are
symmetrically in space - have high volatilities highly inert and unbreakable
EX. CCL4, CH4,CO2 - Have low boiling points and are, thus, very useful.
-Molecules having - are non-conductors of They can also be used as
nonpolar bonds electricity in solid and insulators against heat and
Ex. O2, I2, N2, H2 liquid phases. electricity since they are
poor conductors. Some of
these substances are used
in combustion.
Polar Covalent Molecules in which the Compared with nonpolar - In industries, these polar
positive and negative substances: substances are good
charges are not -stronger intermolecular solvents for chemicals such
distributed forces as paints, thinners, bleach,
symmetrically in - have lower volatilities etc.
space. - have higher boiling
Ex. NH3, H2SO4, and melting points.
 HNO3, H2O - are good solvents for
other polar substances
but not for nonpolar
substances.
Ionic Ions are bonded Compared with polar - In electrolysis, ionic
together by the covalent substances: substances can be used as
attractive force -higher boiling and electrolytes to conduct
between them. melting point. electricity.
Ex. NaCl, CsCl, CaF2 - brittle crystal structure
-poor conductors in solid
phrase.
- good conductors in
liquid state
- soluble in polar
substances.

Common Ionic compounds and their Uses

Ionic Substance Formula Uses

hydrogen peroxide H2O2 White Mouthwash
ammonium hydroxide NH4OH. Mary Kay Moisturizer
calcium chloride CaCl2. Secret Antiperspirant
sodium chloride NaCl ordinary table salt
sodium fluoride NaF ingredient in toothpaste
sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3 baking soda; used in cooking (and as antacid)
sodium carbonate Na2CO3 washing soda; used in cleaning agents
sodium hypochlorite NaOCl active ingredient in household bleach
calcium carbonate CaCO3 ingredient in antacids
magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2 ingredient in antacids
aluminum hydroxide Al(OH)3 ingredient in antacids
sodium hydroxide NaOH lye; used as drain cleaner
potassium phosphate K3PO4 food additive (many purposes)
magnesium sulfate MgSO4 added to purified water
sodium hydrogen phosphate Na2HPO4, anti-caking agent; used in powdered products
sodium sulfite Na2SO3, preservative

Common covalent compounds and their Uses

Ionic Substance Formula Uses
carbon dioxide CO2 used in soft/cold drinks and some other fluids as
well
vinegar or acetic acid CH3COOH/C2H4O2 used in cooking
propane C3H8 lightening of stove
sugar or sucrose C12H22O11 use for various food items like sweets, tea etc.
Rubbing alcohol C3H8O cleaning and disinfectant
Moth balls C6H4Cl2 chemical pesticide and deodorant,
(dichlorobenzene)
Water H2O bathing, drinking, and cooking,
chlorine Cl2 Bleaching agent
iodine I2 An antiseptic, used in making iodized salt
nitrous oxide or laughing N2 An anesthetic in dentistry
gas
sulfur dioxide SO2 Used in preparing sulphuric acid
 Activities

Activity 2.1: Phenomena that use different physical properties of ionic and covalent
compounds
Objective:

1. Determine some properties of ionic and covalent compounds.

2. Recognize ionic and covalent compounds based on their physical properties.
3. Describe properties of ionic and covalent compounds.

Precautionary Measures: Ask for the assistance to your parents in using candle or burner. Use
pot holder in heating substance in metal spoon.

Materials:
Salt Sugar Vegetable oil
Distilled water Metal spoon Watch
Spoon (Stirrer) Dry-cell batteries Light bulb
Connecting wire (3pcs) Candle Small Drinking Glass clear (4 pcs)

Procedure:
1. Place a small sample of salt in a metal spoon.

2. Heat the salt over the flame. Determine how long it takes to for the salt to melt. Immediately
stop heating when the salts begin to melt. Record the time.

3. Repeat procedure 2 using sugar. Complete the table

Table 1. Melting of Salt and Sugar

Salt Sugar

Time melted

4. Half fill the drinking glass with vegetable oil, Place a small sample of salt in a glass. Mix
the substance using spoon for 10 seconds. Observe the results.

5. Repeat step 4 using sugar. Draw your results on the table

 Table 2. Dissolving Salt and Sugar
Salt Sugar

Vegetable
Oil
A B

6. Pour half-filled distilled water in a clear drinking glass. Add some salt and stir until it is dissolve.
Label it glass A. To another glass, pour distilled water same as in Glass A, but put same amount
of sugar until it is dissolve. Label it Glass B.

7. Using a Glass containing salt and water, set up a circuit as shown in the figure below. Observe
the result. Repeat the procedure using Glass A containing salt and glass B containing sugar.

Electrical Conductivity Set-up

Guide Questions:
1. Between sugar and salt, which takes longer time to melt?
2. Did the salt dissolve in vegetable oil? How about the sugar?
3. Which compound is better conductor of electricity? Explain your answer.
4. Which substance do you think has higher melting point? Explain.
5. Vegetable oil is covalent compound. If “Like dissolves like” predict the type of bonding in the
salt and in sugar.
6. How do the properties of each type of compound relate to their bonding?

Activity 2.2:

Complete the sentence below by providing the correct word/s found below.

1. We differentiate between two types of compounds: and .

2. Ammonia, NH3 is a while nitrogen and hydrogen are .

3. In general, molecular compounds form when combine together.

4. In general, ionic compounds form when _combine together.

5. Sucrose (table sugar), C12H22O11 is compound, while sodium chloride

(table salt) is an compound.

IONIC MOLECULAR or COVALENT NON-METALS

METALS & NONMETALS ELEMENTSCOMPOUNDIONIC and COVALENT
Activity 2.3:

Classify the following properties as either Ionic or Covalent compounds. Check the column if the
properties describe ionic or covalent
Properties Ionic Covalent
1.Gases, liquids, or solids (made of molecules)
2.Crystalline solids (made of ions)
3.Atoms share electrons to become stable.
4. Metal atoms give electrons while non metal atoms get electrons to
become stable.
5. Usually occurs between non-metals.
6. Usually occurs between metals and non-metals.
7. Hydrogen and another non-metal chemically combines through
covalent bonding.
8. Usually occurs between metals and non-metals.
9. Low melting and boiling points
10. High melting and boiling points
11.Poor electrical conductors in all phases
12.Conduct electricity when melted
13.Many soluble in non-polar liquids but not in water
14.Many soluble in water but not in non-polar liquid
15. Salt

Remember
●Ionic compounds tend to have higher melting and boiling points than covalent compounds. Ionic
compounds tend to be hard and brittle while covalent compounds tend to be softer and more flexible.
... This is because covalent compounds dissolve into molecules while ionic compounds dissolve into
ions, which can conduct charge.

●Chemical bond is an interaction that holds atoms or ions together.

●Covalent compound is a chemical compound that is formed by the sharing of electrons.

●Ionic compound a compound made of oppositely charged ions.

Checking Your Understanding

Read and analyze the following questions. Apply what you learned from this lesson.
List three differences between ionic and covalent compounds:

1. Why do solid covalent compounds (molecules) have low melting points?

2. Why do solid ionic compounds (ions) have high melting points?

3. If given two unknown compounds, one ionic and another covalent compound, how will you able to
identify which is ionic and which is covalent. Explain how you will go about it.
 Post-Test

Multiple Choice: Choose the letter of the best answer

1. In what form can an ionic compound conduct electricity?

A. as a solid
B. when dissolved in water
C. as a crystal
D. when warmed slightly
2. Covalent (molecular) compounds do not conduct electricity because they
A. break up into ions.
B. do not break up into ions.
C. do not dissolve in water.
D. have high melting points.
3. An ionic bond is the attraction between
A. similarly charged ions C. oppositely charged ions
B. neutral ions D. neutral atoms
4. Which of the following is a characteristic property of ionic compounds?
A. They have low melting points.
B. They have low boiling points.
C. They form hard, brittle crystals with characteristic shapes.
D. They contain no charged particles.
5. Which is a property shared by most covalent compounds?
A. high boiling point
B. high melting point
C. low melting point
D. good conductor of heat and electricity

- - - - - - -End of lesson 2- - - - - -

Answer Key
Lesson 1
Pre-test
1.A 2.D 3.C 4.B 5.B
Activity 1.1
Compound Reaction to Electrical Conductivity Solubility in Type of
Heat (melted (x-did not conduct electricity /- Water Compound
easily/ did not conduct electricity) (soluble/ (ionic/polar
melt easily) insoluble) covalent/
(a) (b) nonpolar
covalent)
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Sample without Sample
with water
salt Did not melt Does not conducts Conducts soluble Ionic bond
easily electricity in solid form electricity
when
dissolved in
water
vetsin Did not melt Does not conducts Conducts soluble Ionic bond
easily electricity in solid form electricity
when
 dissolved in
water
wax melted easily Does not conducts Insoluble Nonpolar
electricity in solid form covalent bond
sugar melted easily Does not conducts soluble Polar covalent
electricity in solid form bond
1. a. polar covalent and ionic compounds
b. ionic compounds
c. covalent compounds have low melting temperature
2. Ionic compounds, like salt and vetsin , give off positive (cations) and negative (anion) ions
solutions that is why they conduct electricity. Salt and vetsin release sodium (Na+). Salt also releases
chlorine ion (Cl-) in aqueous solution while vetsin releases glutamate anion.
3. Ionic compounds are water soluble, they have high melting point, and can conduct electricity in
solution. Covalent compounds have low melting point. Nonpolar covalent compounds are insoluble in
water, and poor conductors of heat and electricity.
4. answer may vary.
Activity 1.2
Ionic Compound Covalent Compound
Non-metal+ Metal Non-metal+ non-metal
Transfer of electrons Sharing of electrons
Positive and negative charge No Charge
Solid at room temperature Solid, liquid or gas at room temperature
High melting point Low melting point
High boiling point Low boiling point
Activity 1.3
Covalent bond Ionic Bond
State at room temperature Gas or liquid Solid
Solubility Few are soluble in water, many Many are water soluble, not
are soluble in organic liquids soluble in organic liquids
Formation Between two non-metals Between metal and non-
metal
Melting Point Low High
Boiling Point Low High
Conductivity Do not conduct Electricity Conduct electricity

Activity 1.4
1. sharing of electrons 2. Ionic 3.covalent 4.polar 5.nonpolar
Checking Your Understanding
1. A chemical bond is the physical phenomenon of chemical substances being held together by
attraction of atoms to each other through sharing, as well as exchanging, of electrons -or electrostatic
forces
2. Ionic compounds conduct electricity when molten (liquid) or in aqueous solution (dissolved in
water), because their ions are free to move from place to place. Ionic compounds cannot
conduct electricity when solid, as their ions are held in fixed positions and cannot move.
Post-Test
1.B 2.A 3.C 4.B 5.D
Lesson 2
Pre-test
1.C 2.B 3.B 4.C 5.C
Looking Back
1.Covalent 2.Ionic 3. Ionic 4. Covalent 5. Covalent
6. Covalent 7. Ionic 8. Covalent 9. Covalent 10. Covalent
Guide Questions:
1. salt
2. NO, no
3. Salt. Salt give off positive (cations) and negative (anion) ions solutions that is why they conduct
electricity
4. Salt. Sodium chloride has a high melting point because of the strong electrostatic attraction
between its positive and negative ions; this requires more heat energy to overcome. It also has a
giant lattice structure, which means that it contains millions of strong ionic bonds
5. Oil molecules are non-polar while salt is ionic. Since oil and salt is not like oil cannot dissolve salt.
sugar is polar and oil isn't. Polar molecules dissolve much better in polar solvents
6. The atoms of different elements are held together in compounds by chemical bonds.
Chemical bonds can hold atoms together in large networks or in small groups. Bonds help determine
the properties of a compound.....Each of these compounds has a certain number of carbon and
hydrogen atoms arranged in a specific way.

Activity 2.2:
1. We differentiate between two types of compounds: IONIC and COVALENT.
2. Ammonia, NH3 is a COMPOUND while nitrogen and hydrogen are _ELEMENTS_.
3. In general, molecular compounds form when NONMETALS combine together.
4. In general, ionic compounds form when _METALS & NONMETALS__combine together.
5. Sucrose (table sugar), C12H22O11 is MOLECULAR or COVALENT compound, while sodium chloride
(table salt) is an IONIC compound.
Activity 2.3:
1.Covalent 2.Ionic 3. Covalent 4. Ionic 5. Covalent
6. Ionic 7. Covalent 8. Ionic 9. Covalent 10. Ionic
11. Covalent 12. Ionic 13. Covalent 14. Ionic 15. Ionic
Checking Your Understanding
1. Covalent compounds usually have low melting points. These compounds have low boiling points.
This can be attributed to their weak force of attraction between the various bonded atoms.
2. Ionic compounds are held together by electrostatic forces between the oppositely charged ions . ...
As the ionic lattice contains such a large number of ions, a lot of energy is needed to overcome
this ionic bonding so ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points.
3. answer may vary
Post-test
1.B 2.B 3.C 4.C 5.C

References
Alvarez, Angeles, Apurada, etal., Science 9 Learners Module, 2014, 5th Floor Mabini Bldg., Deped
Complex, Meralco Avenue Pasig City. pp 98-102

Alvarez, Angeles, Apurada, etal., Science 9 Learners Module, 2014, 5th Floor Mabini Bldg., Deped
Complex, Meralco Avenue Pasig City. pp 123-125

Bayquen, Aristea B., Chemistry Exploring life through science , 2001, Phoenix Publishing House,
INC., 927 Quezon Avenue, Quezon City pp.116

Cueto, Senido, Alejandrino, Baccay etal., 2006, Laboratory Manual in Chemistry Sta. Lucia Village
Gate, 29 San Agustin Dr, Bacoor, Cavite. St. Martin De Porres Publications pp. 57-59

Soriano, Santisteban, Elauria etal, 2003, Chemistry for the new Millenium., 776 Aurora Blvd,. Cor
Boston St. Cubao Quezon City. Adriana Publishing Co., INC pp 133-136

https://www.wsfcs.k12.nc.us/cms/lib/NC01001395/Centricity/Domain/7110/Ionic%20and%20
Covalent%20bonds%20WS.pdf
https://edu.rsc.org/download?ac=504371
https://www.thoughtco.com/ionic-and-covalent-chemical-bond-differences-606097