aleqsandre axatneli

qarTvelTa eTnogenezi
(logikuri istoriis sakiTxebi)

Tbilisi
2010
 `saerTod ki unda iTqvas, rom qarTveli xalxis
genezisis sakiTxi yovlad Seuswavlelia~1, sinanuliT
aRniSnavda sulmnaTi batoni niko berZeniSvili.
arian erebi, romelTa ganviTarebis istoriac cnobilia
da maTi istoriis filosofiac vrclad ganxiluli.
qarTvelobas am mxriv dafiqreba da garja ar moWarbdeba.
ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi yofnisas bevri ram
gakeTda, bevric axal cxovrebas eloda.
qarTvel mecnierebs mSobeli eris vali awevs. yoveli
cda misasalmebeli iqneba.
winamdebare naSromi upretenzio monaxazia problemisa,
romelsac momavalSi bevri SeeWideba. garkveul mosazrebaTa
gamo igi moculobaSi Seikveca da ise waredgineba
dainteresebul mkiTxvels.2

1 n. berZeniSvili, saq. istoriis sakiTxebi, Tb. 1990, gv. 225.

2 naSromSi zogi debuleba mizanmimarTulad meordeba.

redaqtori:
iulon toliaSvili.
damkabadonebeli:
koba bedoiZe
kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa:
qeTevan grZeliSili

©`eTnopolitika~
 I. logikuri istoria

f i qr e b i g eo graf iu li g a remo s mn i Sv n elobaze

mzis diametri 1 392 000 kilometria. dedamiwis SedarebiT

umniSvnelo, mxolod 12756 kilometri. mzis diametri dedami-
wisas 109,125-jer sWarbobs. ra Zala amyofebs da ra icavs am
pataras goliaTis agresiisagan? manZili mzidan dedamiwamde 150
000 000 kilometri? rogoria maTi urTierTobis momavali?
pasuxi mxolod maT istoriul warsulSia.
adamianisaTvis globalur kiTxvebze pasuxebs ubralo in-
teresis mniSvneloba rodi aqvs. patara planeta _ dedamiwa misi,
jer xanobiT mainc, erTaderTi sacxovrisia. rodis daesaxla is
aq? ra istoriuli warsuli gamoiara dRevandlamde? ras unda
moelodes momavalSi? es kiTxvebis kiTxvebia da mecnierebaTa
mecniereba. istorias da istoriis filosofias Tavisi mokrZa-
lebuli adgili aqvs am saqmeSi. SemTxveviTi rodia, rom Zveli
moazrovneni RmerTebis mefis zevsis cxra muza (moazrovne) qal-
iSvils Soris istoriis mfarvel klios gamoyofdnen da saweri
joxiT xelSi warmoidgendnen.
istoria yvelafris momcvelia da amsaxveli. yvelafer ar-
sebuls aqvs istoria. misi codnis gareSe arsebulis gaazreba
arasrulia. rodesac astofizikosebi cdiloben samyaros, mzis
sistemis, dedamiwis warmoSobaze Sexeduleba Camoayalibon _ amiT
maTi istoriis gageba surT. rodesac fiqroben, rom yvelafris
sawyisi, e. w. didi afeTqeba, xuTi Tu TxuTmeti miliardi wliT
gansazRvron, amiT mis warsulSi Caxedvas cdiloben. ramdenad
zustia maTi mixvedrebi sxva sakiTxia, magram procesi istoriis
gagebas emsaxureba.
pelazgiur-berZnuli miTologiis Tanaxmad, zevsma (RmerTebis
mesame Taobis mefem) moindoma heliosis (mzis RmerTis) savali
gza gamoekvlia. or arwivs ubrZana aRmosavleTiT da dasavleTiT
dedamiwis dasasrulamde efrinaT. ukan mobrunebuli arwivebi
korinTos yelTan delfos samisnosTan e. w. omfalo-s (osis)
qvasTan Sexvdnen. amiT gairkva, rom delfosi msoflios centria,

3
misgan yoveli mimarTulebiT Tanabari manZilia. mecnierebi erTi
mxriv laparakoben samyaros usazRvrobaze drosa da sivrceSi,
meore mxriv ki misi warmoSobis TariRs `azusteben~ da mzis
sistemis centralur Tu ganapira mdgomareobaze `saubroben~.
amiT isini zevsis meTods imeoreben:
imis mixedviT Tu rogor SevxedavT yovelives, aris isto-
ria obieqturi (faqtobrivi) da istoria asaxviTi (subieqturi),
istoria TavisTvis da istoria CvenTvis. ramdenadac arsebulis
Sesaxeb istorias adamiani obieqturTan miaxloebuls asaxavs,
amdenad istoria realuria, zusti mecnierebaa.
adamianTa samyaro materialuri samyaros ganuyofel da ga-
sakuTrebul nawils warmoadgens. rogorc Semadgeneli nawili,
sazogadoeba samyaros arsebobisa da ganviTarebis kanonzomierebas
emorCileba. rogorc gansakuTrebuli nawili, moqmedebs Sinagani
kanonzomierebis Tanaxmad. maT Soris zogadisa da konkretulis
urTierT mimarTebaa. zogadi uciloblad vrceldeba da moqmedebs.
konkretuli ukumoqmedebs, magram ver cvlis zogads.
garkveuli gagebiT, samyarosagan, garemomcveli bunebisagan
adamianTa sazogadoebis gamocalkeveba da misi istoriis kvleva
pirobiTia. mtkiceba, rom bunebaSi brma Zalebi moqmedeben, bunebas
ara aqvs mizani, yvelaferi stiqiurad xdeba uazro mizez-Sede-
gobis safuZvelze, araa marTebuli. aseve umarTebuloa mtkiceba,
rom sazogadoebas aqvs mizani, Segnebulad, gaazrebulad axdens
mis realizacias. orive istoria Seicavs gaazrebulobisa da
stiqiurobis elementebs.
adamianis mier sakuTari warsulis kvleva realurad arsebu-
lis asaxvis mcdelobaa, garkveul cnebebSi gadatanaa. es asaxva ar
SeiZleba SiSveli faqtebis aRricxvaze iqnas dayvanili. istoria
Tanabrad moiTxovs faqtis sizustis dadgenas da mis Sefasebas.
igi sam kiTxvas unda pasuxobdes: rodis, sad, ra. ra _ farTe
Sinaarsis matarebelia. ubralod CamoTvlis drosac ki TavisTavad
Seicavs mizezisa da Sedegis gaTvaliswinebas.
adamianTa sazogadoeba harmoniulad erwymis garemo samyaros
da mis gareSe arseboba ar SeuZlia. georg vilgelm hegelis mier
Camoyalibebuli dialeqtikis kanoni dapirispirebulTa erTobisa

4
da brZolis Sesaxeb ar SeiZleba gagebuli iqnas calmxrivad.
brZola ar aris wamyvani mxare. mcdaria azri sazogadoebisa da
bunebis dapirispirebis, maT Soris brZolis, rogorc progresis
mamoZravebeli Zalis Sesaxeb. sazogadoeba bunebis nawilia da
SeTavazebuli SesaZleblobebis miReba-moxmarebac bunebrivi pro-
cesia, wesia arsebobisa. sazogadoebis mier garemos Secnobadobis
zrda, moxmarebis formebis mravalferovneba ar arRvevs maTi er-
Tobis harmoniulobas, ar iwvevs gaucxoebas. mecnierul-teqnikuri
progresi erTi mxriv TiTqos aTavisuflebs sazogadoebas bunebaze
mijaWvulobisagan, iwvevs mis xarisxobriv zrdas, meore mxriv,
moRvaweobis diapazonis zrdis kvalobaze ufro gaazrebulsa da
harmoniuls xdis am urTierTobas. sazogadoeba inteleqtualur-
fizikuri xarisxobrivi ganviTarebis procesSi wvdeba TandaTan
bunebis mier Seqmnil-SemoTavazebul im SesaZleblobebs, romelic
adre dafaruli iyo arcodnis saburveliT. garemo samyaros
usazRvrod bevri ram aqvs Seqmnili, rasac adamiani momavalSi
gaecnoba da gamoiyenebs. es iqneba bunebasTan miaxloebis, harmo-
niuli urTierTobis miRwevis usasrulo procesi.
samyaros kiTxvebi da problemebi ar gaaCnia adamianTa sazoga-
doebis arsebobis mimarT. adamiani arsebobs misi SemoqmedebiT, misi
nebiT da kanonzomierad. bunebis is nawili, romelic amowuravs
sakuTar SesaZleblobebs _ qreba. adamiani ki jer mxolod Zalebs
ikrebs da fexze dgeba. amitom kiTxvebi da problemebi adamians
aqvs da pasuxebis Ziebac sirTuleTa gamo brZolad miaCnia.
zogadad adamians Tavisi arsebobisa da samyaros mimarT
mravali globaluri kiTxva awuxebs, romlebsac pasuxi Tavisave
arsebobiT unda gasces: ra kanonzomierebas eqvemdebareba adamianis
warmoSoba? aucileblobisa da SemTxveviTobis, obieqturobisa
da subieqturobis ra Tanafardobas Seicavs mis mier ganvlili
gza? ra azri da mizani aqvs adamianis arsebobas? Tvisobrivad
winsvlaa Tu ukusvla, an wrebrunva adamianTa warsuli? Tu aqvs
sawyisi adamianis istorias, rodis daiwyo da rodemde gagrZel-
deba es procesi da a. S.
adamianis garemomcvel bunebas (samyaros) ara aqvs dro da
sivrce im gagebiT, rom is yovelTvis aris da yvelgan. dro da
sivrce aqvs adamianis arsebobas. sxvanairad, am kategoriebis ga-

5
reSe mas saerTod arseboba ver warmoudgenia. amitom cdilobs
yovelive drosa da sivcis CarCoebSi moaqcios.
samyaros (garemomcveli bunebis) gaazreba drosa da sivrceSi
aucileblad midis kiTxvebamde: usasrulo samyaroSi moazrovne
arseba, mxolod adamiani ratom iqneba? rodis gaCnda adamiani?
ram ganapiroba misi gaCena? ra gza gaiara man dRevandlamde?
es kiTxvebi Tanabrad Seexeba yoveli rasisa da erovnebis
adamianTa sazogadoebas. gamonaklisi arc qarTvelobaa.
qarTvelobis genezisis Seswavla iwyeba Tanamedrove tipis
adamianis warmoSobisa da eTnosebad dayofis garkvevidan.
adamianis warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis Sesaxeb uamravi ram
aris gamokvleuli. aseve mravladaa, mosazrebebi, mwiria marTe-
buli daskvnebi.

qarT velo ba ?

arian eTnosebi, erebi, xalxebi romelTa warmoSobisa da

ganviTarebis (genezisis) sakiTxebi yovlad Seswavlilia. es axal-
gazrda eTnosebs, erebs, xalxebs Seexeba. arian iseTebi, romelTa
gaCena-Camoyalibeba advilad dasadgenia. samwuxarod arian iseTebi,
romelTa warsuli Soreul dros ganekuTvneba da istoriul
WeSmaritebis dadgenac TiTqmis SeuZlebeli xdeba. am ukanaskne-
lebs miekuTvneba dRes qarTvelebad wodebuli eris warsuli.
SeuZlebelia eTnosze raimes danamdvilebiT Tqma Tu mas
an mis Sesaxeb kacobriobas ar Semounaxavs raime cnobebi. aseT
SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba mxolod varaudebis safuZvelze logikuri
istoriis Seqmna. istoriuli logika ki werilobiT da utyuar
materialur cnobebs unda eyrdnobodes.
logikuri istoria kacobriobisa Soreul warsulSi ikargeba.
mecnierTa erTi nawili am warsuls 70 mln. wliT gansazRvravs.
meore nawils miaCnia, rom asaki 5-6 mln. weliT Semoifargleba.
Tanamedrove tipis adamianis arsebobas zogni 50 000 wliT
farglaven. saqarTveloSi, dmanisSi, aRmoaCines 1 800 000 wlis
winandeli adamianis naSTebi. ra iwvevs SexedebulebaTa sxvaobas?
adamiani bunebis Svilia da mis kanonzomierebas eqvemdebareba.
Sesabamisad, igi icvleba bunebasTan erTad. buneba ki mraval mec-

6
nierebaTa daskvnebis Tanaxmad periodulad mkveTr cvlilebebs
ganicdis. fizikur-geografiuli pirobebis Secvla asaxulia
gamyinvareba-daTbobis periodebis morigeobaSi.
geolog-geografebi yinvareuli, mdinareuli da sxva na-
leqebis Seswavlis Sedegad askvnian, rom Cvenamde gamyinvarebis
sami periodi iyo da axla varT meoTxeul periodSi. magram Tu
droTa viTarebaSi ufro adreuli gamyinvareba-daTbobis naSTebi
waiSala, ar unda vivaraudoT, rom es procesi SeiZleba mudmivad
mimdinareobs? ratom unda daveTanxmoT daskvnas, rom gamyinvarebis
geofizikuri procesi mxolod 3 500 000 wlis win daiwyo?
miT umetes, rom mecnierebs damajereblad ver daudgeniaT aseTi
cvlilebebis mizezebi. kosmiur-astronomiuli da geografiul-
geologiuri hipotezebi mravalia, sakiTxi ki gaurkveveli.
mecnierebis erTi nawili dedamiwaze gamyinvarebis periodu-
lobas mzis sistemis raRac nislovanebSi Sesvlas ukavSirebs.
meore nawils es movlena mzeze laqebis gaCenasTan aqvs dakavSire-
buli. mesame nawils miaCnia, rom dedamiwa periodulad moZraobas
icvlis. meoTxe nawili dedamiwis polusebis Secvlaze miuTiTebs.
mexuTe nawili mizezs atmosferos Semadgenlobis cvlilebebSi
xedavs. meeqvse nawili Zlier teqtonikur cvlilebebze miuTiTebs.
meSvideni okeaneebi mdinarebaTa Secvlas asaxeleben da a. S.
yovelive isea, rogorc u. Seqspiri ambobda: bevri ram xdeba
horacio qveynad iseTi, rac Cvensa brZenebs sizmarSic ar mo-
landebiaT.
problema ki saxumaro rodia. imis mixedviT Tu rogoria
sinamdvile, SeiZleba msjeloba saerTod adamianisa da maT Soris
qarTvelobis warsulze.
problemis axsnasTan ver gvaaxloebs mravali hipoTeza
dedamiwis warmoSobis Sesaxeb. i. kantidan da p. laplasidan
moyolebuli, aTasi cnobili mkvlevaria sakiTxs SeWidebuli da
uSedegod. samwuxarod, umravlesoba misdevs erT mizans: daadginon
dedamiwis, mzis sistemis, Cveni galaqtikis warmoSobis mizezi
da asaki. mivlen ki sasurvel WeSmaritebamde?
didi mcdelobis miuxedavad, ususurad gamoiyureba gamyin-
varebis an daTbobis xangrZlivobis gansazRvris sakiTxic. zogi
mecnieris azriT gamyinvarebaTa Soris periodi 21 000 wels

7
moicavs. sxvaTa mtkicebiT es periodi 40 000 wels aRwevs da
saboloo anagariSiT SeiZleba milion welsac gadaaWarbos.
ar aris azrTa erToba im sakiTxSic ki, Tu rodis moxda da
ramden xans grZeldeboda bolo gamyinvareba.
erTni amtkiceben, rom 250 000 wlis win daiwyo mesame da
yvelaze mkacri gamyinvareba da gagrZelda 125 000 wels. cen-
tralur evraziaSi temperatura gayinvis doneze iyo. tundra,
romelic axla ukidures CrdiloeT ganedebs moicavs, maSin af-
rikis Sida raionebamde vrceldeboda. orive naxevarsfero sqeli
yinuliT iyo dafaruli.
125 000 wlis win gamyinvareba dasrulda da 50 000 wliT
SedarebiT daTba. aman xeli Seuwyo adamianis axali tipis-nean-
dertaleli arsebis Camoyalibeba, gamravleba, gansaxlebas. mas
ueWvelad hqonda gagebis da mosazrebis unari. icoda cecxlis
gaCaReba-Senaxva, qvis iaraRebis gakeTeba-moxmareba. iyo momTabare
da monadire, asrulebda garkveul ritualebs.
am tipis adamianis naSTebis arealis sidide iZleva daskvnas,
rom 100 000 wlis winaT maTi raodenoba 10 mln-de unda yo-
filiyo, xolo 50 000 wlis win 20 milionamde.
neandertalelebi garkveulad rTul cxovrebas misdevd-
nen. stabiluri xdeba Sromis danawileba, daxvewilia Sromis
iaraRebi, Cndeba dakrZalvis ceremonia, ibadeba magia, mkiTxaoba,
mizez-Sedegis gansazRvra. sisxliT naTesaobis safuZvelze gaer-
Tianebuli jogebi garkveul Sida ganawess amkvidreben.
uZvelesi adamianebis Semswavleli mecnierebi or ZiriTad
msgavs gaerTianebaze laparakoben. maTi azriT aRmosavleTis
jgufis gansaxlebis areali indoeTidan aRmosavleTiT terito-
riebs moicavda. am tipis adamianTa nakvalevi CineTSi, pekinis
maxlobladaa mikvleuli. dasavleTis jgufis sacxovrisi bevrad
farTodaa warmodgenili da moicavs afrika-azia-evropis did
teritoriebs.
mecnierTa mtkicebiT adamianTa es jgufebi, neandertalelebis
saxeliT cnobili, bolo gamyinvarebis dros gaqrnen da adgili
dauTmes axali tipis adamianebs, romlebic kro-manionebad iqnen
wodebulni (kro-manioni-mRvimea safrangeTSi, sadac pirvelad
iqna mikvleuli axali tipis adamianis naSTebi).

8
 bevri cnobili mkvlevaris mixedviT gamyinvareba, iseve ro-
gorc daTboba mraval aTeul aTas wels grZeldeba da erTi
Taobis adamianisaTvis praqtikulad SeumCnevelia klimatis cv-
lileba. ram gamoiwvia Zveli tipis adamianTa gaqroba da axali
tipis adamianebiT Secvla mecnierebisaTvis gaurkvevelia. gamy-
invareba da daTboba ar aris stabiluri procesi. gamyinvarebis
dros SeiZleba adgili hqondes SedarebiT daTbobis periodebs
da daTbobis dros SedarebiTi aciebisas. ase magaliTad, bevri
mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom daaxloebiT 75 aTasi wlis win dam-
Tavrda daTbobis periodi da daiwyo gamyinvareba, romelic 10
aTas wels gagrZelda. Semdeg moxda SedarebiT daTboba, rasac
mohyva Zlieri gamyinvareba da gagZelda 40 aTas wlamde. 40 aTasi
wlis win gamyinvareba klebulobs, meryeobs, nawilobriv daTboba
xdeba. 20 aTasi wlis win gamyinvareba maqsimums aRwevs. yinuli
faravs planetis did nawils. 13 aTasi wlis win gamyinvareba
swrafad meryeobs, ukan ixevs da 2 aTasi wlis Semdeg mTavrdeba
es procesi, iwyeba swrafi daTboba. es procesi daTbobisa erT-
droulad mimdinareobs CrdiloeT da samxreT naxevarsferoebSi
da dResac grZeldeba.
bolo gamyinvarebis dros ram gamoiwvia neandertaleli ada-
mianis gaqroba da kromanionis tipis adamianis gamoCena, sabolood
gaurkvevelia. moxda adamianTa sxvadasxva tipebs Soris Sejaxeba
da erTis daRupva an Serwyma da gadaqmna Tu sulac garemosTan
Seguebis aucileblobam Zvelis mospoba ki ar gamoiwvia, aramed
aTaswleulebis manZilze Zveli ise Seicvala, rom axal, Taname-
drove tipis adamianad Camoyalibda, am kiTxvebs pasuxi albad
momavalSi gaecema.
gamyinvareba-daTbobis periodebis dadgenas gadamwyveti mniSvn-
eloba aqvs adamianis gansaxlebisa da cxovrebis wesis Seswavlis
saqmeSi.
mkvlevarTa gaangariSebiT, gamyinvarebis dros dedamiwis mesa-
medi yinuliT iyo dafaruli. yinuls 13-jer meti farTi ekava,
vidre dResaa. Tavis mxriv mniSvnelovnad dabali iyo haerisa
da wylis temperatura. gamyinvarebis centrebi marto planetis
CrdiloeTi da samxreTi polusebi ki ara, mTebis masivebic iyo.

9
wliuri temperatura 10º ar aRemateboda. dRes es maCvenebeli
22º utoldeba.
gamyinvarebis dros adamianis sasicocxlo areali ekvatoris
midamoebiT Semoifargleboda. evropa-aziis CrdiloeTi yinuls
ekava. alpebis, kavkasiis, pamiris mTebis CrdiloeTiT periodulad
da sezonurad Tu SeiZleboda adamianTa cxovreba.
qarTvel mecnierTa mtkicebiT, ukanaskneli e. w. viurmuli
gamyinvarebis dros myinvarTa sidideebi kavkasiaSi 25-40 km.
aRwevda. maTi kvali darCenilia zRvis donidan 700-800 m. si-
maRleze. aseT dros sakiTxavia, SeiZleboda Tu ara kavkasiaSi
mudmivi cxovrebis pirobebis arseboba?
gamyinvarebis dros yinuls dafaruli hqonda daaxloebiT
62 380 aTasi km3³. es 57 380 aTas km3³ wylis eqvivalentia. am
moculobidan evraziis mTian yinulebs 1548 aTasi km3³ ekava. es
daaxloebiT 1424 aTas km3³ wyals utoldeba. aseTi miaxloebiTi
gaangariSebac ki sakmarisia, raTa mecnierebma daaskvnan, rom daax-
loebiT 12 aTasi wlis win msoflio okeanis done 65 m. dabali
iyo. Sesabamisad sxvanairi iyo kontinentebis ara mxolod moxa-
zuloba, aramed moculoba da dacilebac. ukanasknel monacems
emateba is faqtic, rom kontinentebis moZraoba weliwadSi 4 sm
Seadgens da bolo 10-11 aTasi wlis manZilze 400-500 metramde
aRwevs.
Tanamedrove pirobebSi msoflio okeaneSi wylis moculobas
1305, 5 mln. km3³angariSoben. yinulebis dadnobis SemTxvevaSi
wylis done 66 m. moimatebs. aqedan gamomdinare, cxadi xdeba,
rom gamyinvarebis dros wylis done 120 m. dabalia vidre maTi
dadnobis SemTxvevaSi. es ki mniSvnelovnad zrdis miwis xvedriT
farTs da sanapiroebze civilizaciebis dafuZnebis SesaZleblobas.
imave mecnierebis daangariSebiT xmelTaSua zRvis done gamyin-
varebis dros 50 m. dabali iyo dRevandelTan SedarebiT. evropaSi
pirineis, apeninis, balkaneTis naxevarkunZulebi iyo yinulisagan
Tavisufali, xmeleTis sanapiro zoli SedarebiT farTed da Rrmad
iWreboda zRvaSi. aseve Tavisufali da sacxovreblad vargisiani
iyo mTeli wina azia kavkasiis mTebis samxreTiT. mecnierebi
varaudoben, rom nayofier, floriT da fauniT mdidar adgilebs

10
warmoadgendnen dRevandeli arabeTis da saharis udabnoebi.
mecnierTa mtkicebiT swored am adgilebSi, CrdiloeT afri-
kaSi, samxreT evropaSi da wina aziaSi Camoyalibda da ganviTarda
adamianis tipi, romelsac pirobiTad xmelTaSuazRvispireTis
rasas uwodeben. maT ganviTarebuli qvis iaraRebi hqondaT, mis-
devdnen monadireobas, miwaTmoqmedebas, hyavdaT moSinaurebuli
cxovelebi.
mecniereba moklebulia SesaZleblobas, rom daadginos am ti-
pis adamianTa eTnikuri Tu enobrivi kuTvnilebis sakiTxi, Tumca
garkveuli mixvedrebi da hipoTezebi logikurobas moklebuli
araa. pirvel yovlisa dgindeba, rom es rasa ganfenili iyo Zalze
did teritoriaze moyolebuli eTiopiidan, CrdiloeT afrikaSi,
pirineis naxevarkunZulze, dRevandeli safrangeTis teritoriaze,
irlandiaSi, britaneTis samxreT nawilSi, apeninebze, balkaneTSi,
xmelTaSua zRvis kunZulebze, wina aziaSi kavkasiisa da Suamdi-
nareTis CaTvliT da indoeTamde aRwevda.
e. w. xmelTaSua zRvispireTis rasa, mecnierTa mtkicebiT,
CrdiloeT afrikidan gavrcelda da indo-evropelebis gamoCenamde
warmatebiT viTardeboda Zalze vrcel teritoriebze. swored am
faqtoridan gamomdinare unda iqnes daangariSebuli calkeuli
rasebisa da mTlianad msoflio mosaxleobis raodenoba. winaaRm-
deg SemTxvevaSi gaurkvevelia ra logikas efuZnebian mkvlevarebi,
rodesac erTni amtkiceben, rom 40 aTasi wlis win msoflios
mosaxleobis raodenoba 0,5-an 1 mln. adamianamde meryeobda, xolo
meoreni miiCneven, es raodenoba 20 mln. aWarbebda.
erTi periodi, mecnierebs Soris farTed iyo damkvidrebuli
azri, rom xmelTaSua zRvispireTis rasidan TandaTan iwyo
Camoyalibeba samma Stom: semitebma, qamitebma da iafetebma. es
dayofa, cxovrebis niris es cvllilebebi aisaxa jer SumerTa
warmodgenebSi da Semdeg bibliaSi damkvidrda miTologiuri noes
vaJebis gayris saxiT.
600 w. iyo gadacilebuli noe, rodesac warRvnas gadaarCina
adamianTa da cxovel-frinvelTa modgma da kidobani araratis
mTas miayena. aqedan gamravldnen da gansaxldnen adamianebi.
iafeti, rogorc ufrosi, mamis memkvidred darCa. qamma, saSua-

11
lom, samxreTs miaSura, gamravlda da egviptel-afrikelebi mis
STamomavlobas warmoadgenda. semi, umcrosi, jer aRmosavleTiT
wavida, Semdeg ki samxreTiT. misi STamomavlobaa samxreTis
semitebi-arabebi; CrdiloeTis semitebi-babilonebi, arameelebi,
asirielebi, ebraelebi.
igive mecnierebi amtkicebdnen, rom iafetidebis tipi, ro-
melic mkvidrobda SuamdinareTidan (Sumerebi) da kavkasiidan
moyolebuli balkaneTis, pirineis, apeninebis naxevarkunZulebis
CaTvliT, mkveTrad gansxvavdeba, rogorc semitebisagan, aseve
indo-evropelebisagan da Seadgens erT gansakuTrebul jgufs.
am safuZvelze Seiqmna hipoTezebi kavkasiel iberTa da pirineis
iberTa erTobis Sesaxeb, qarTvelTa da baskeb-gaskonelebis saerTo
warmomavlobaze, sardebis, etruskebis, balkaneTis tomebis na-
Tesaobaze da a. S.
imisaTvis, raTa dadgenil iqnas realoba, pirvel rigSi unda
ganisazRvros adamianis mier ganvlili gza. istoriuli wyaroebi
am xaziT ar arsebobs. logikuri azrovneba logikur istorias
mxolod zogadad da fragmentulad warmogvidgens.
pirvel rigSi unda daveTanxmoT mtkicebas, rom aTeuli aTa-
sobiT, aseuli aTasobiT da milionobiT wlis winandeli namarxebi
ar SeiZleba romelime rasis an eTnikuri jgufis winapars ekuT-
vnodes. es naSTebi zogadad adamianTa arsebobaze miuTiTebs da
ara raime erovnul kuTvnilebaze.
Semdeg, unda daveTanxmoT azrs, rom ar viciT ganviTarebis
ra dones aRwevda adamiani wina daTbobis dros. ra ispoboda mom-
devno gamyinvarebis dadgomisas da ra rCeboda adamians gonebrivi
da fizikuri ganviTarebuli SesaZleblobebis garda. SemorCe-
nili qvis iaraRebi mxolod imis dasturia, rom qva uZlebs
mkveTr klimatur da drois cvlilebebs, xe da sxva sagnebi ki
ispoba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi gasarkvevia, rogor moxda rom
milionobiT wlebis manZilze adamiani qvis iaraRs ver gascda,
bolo ramdenime aTaswleulSi ki kosmiuri siswrafiT aviTarebs
teqnikur saSualebebs.
unda warmovidginoT, logikurad ra SeiZleboda momxdariyo
bolo gamyinvarebis dros, rogor SeiZleboda momspariyo neander-

12
taleli adamiani da mis nacvlad kromanioneli damkvidrebuliyo.
axal pirobebSi saidan gaCnda es axali tipi. neandertaleli
milionobiT weli viTardeboda da jogur cxovrebas ver gascda.
axlad damkvidrebuli Tavidanve didi potencialis mqonea. mokle
droSi SeZlo wina tipis adamianis SesaZleblobebis, sacxovre-
beli arealis, iaraRebis aTviseba da ganviTareba. rogor?
aseulobiT aTasi weli adamianuri arseboba, cxovreba,
SesaZleblobebi Senelebuli tempiT mimdinareobda. axali tipis
adamiani ramdenime aTasi wlis manZilze aCqarebs ganviTarebas.
igive qvis iaraRebi ufro mravalferovani da moxerxebuli xdeba.
kaJis qvis firfitebisagan amzadeben Subis wverebs, gasatyavebel
danebs, safxekebs, saTlel iaraRs. arqeolegebs kaJis qvisagan
gakeTebuli mravalaTeuli saxeobis iaraRi aqvT mopovebuli. spe-
cialistebi midian im daskvnamde, rom kaJis iaraRi ar Camouvardeba
metalisas. swored aseTi iaraRebis damzadeba uyris safuZvels
xelosnobas, aRrmavebs Sromis sazogadoebriv danawilebas.
axali tipis adamianma Zvelisagan cecxlis gaCaReba-Senaxvis
wesi SeiTvisa da gaaumjobesa. igi cecxls ukve gaazrebulad
iyenebs gaTbobis, sakvebis momzadebis, saWiro sagnebis damzadebis
saqmeSi.
aranaklebi mniSvneloba hqonda moxetiale-momTabare cxovre-
bidan myar cxovrebaze gadasvlas. es iwvevs miwaTmoqmedebis,
xelosnobis, gacvlis gacxovelebas, xels uwyobs informaciuli
gacvlis saSualebebis warmoSobas.
Sromis danawileba, miwaTmoqmedTa, xelosanTa, mecxoveleTa
sazogadoebrivi jgufebis Camoyalibeba adamianuri ganviTarebis
maRal doneze miuTiTebs, rasac unda mohyoloda urTierTobaTa
da Tanacxovrebis axali formebis Seqmna.
mecnierTa mtkicebiT, ukve 18-17 aTasi wlis win moxda ada-
mianTa socialur jgufebad dayofa. gaCndnen SedarebiT uzrunve-
lyofili da Ratakebi. ganviTarda mkiTxaoba, gaCnda magia, saWiro
gaxda adamianTa gaerTianebis meqanizmis SemuSaveba. gamocdilebis,
codnis dagroveba mis gadacemas saWiroebda. TaobaTa Soris in-
formaciuli gacvla Tavis mxriv xels uwyobda bunebis movle-
nebis, sagnebis saxeobaTa Sesaxeb codnis gaRrmavebas, ubiZgebda

13
mecnieruli (gazomviTi, ariTmetikuli, astronomiuli da sxv.)
elementebis SemuSavebas, rac Tavis mxriv damwerlobis Seqmnis
aucileblobamde mivida.
socialuri urTierTobis ganviTareba ar arRvevda bunebas-
Tan damokidebulebis xasiaTs. am damokidebulebis elementebi
socialur cxovrebaSic iWrebian. pirvel rigSi es totemizmSi
gamoixateba. mecnierebi (z. froidi) amtkicebdnen, rom war-
modgeniTi warmomavloba cxovelebisagan, frinvelebisagan maT
gafetiSebamde midioda da bolos mkvidrdeboda, rogorc ama
Tu im jgufis ganmasxvavebeli niSani. miaCndaT, rom winaparTa
suli gadadioda ama Tu im cxovelSi, frinvelSi, mwerSi da
a. S. da bolos maT gaRmerTebamdec midiodnen. n. berZeniSvilma
mniSvnelovani dakvirvevebi awarmoa jogis goraze dasaxlebidan
gvarad Camoyalibebis da tomad gadaqcevis procesze.
damwerlobis ama Tu im formis Seqmnamde TaobaTa gamocdile-
ba, codna, miswrafeba zepirisityvierebis meSveobiT gadaicemoda.
realuri movlenebi droTa manZilze erwymoda religiur, magiur
warmodgenebs da miTebad yalibdeboda.
mkvlevarTa azriT, jer kidev 40 aTasi wlis win adamianebma
SeimuSaves garkveuli niSnebis gamoxatvis gziT informaciis
gadacemis saSualeba. garkveuli saxis da formis sagnebi ama
Tu im informaciis matareblebi iyo. daTqmuli sagani garkveul
safrTxeze Tu qmedebaze mianiSnebdnen mis mimRebs. droTa viTa-
rebaSi miniSneba-gafrTxilebis sistemebi ixveweboda da bolos
ieroglifur damwerlobad Camoyalibda, iseT niSnebad, romlis
gageba ukve mraval adamians SeeZlo. aman gamoiwvia damwerTa da
gadamwer-wamkiTxavTa jgufebis Camoyalibeba. es funqcia, Ses-
rulebis specifikidan gamomdinare qurumebis kastis sakuTreba
da Semosavlis wyaro gaxda.
ieroglafiuri, lursmuli damwerlobis SemorCenili nimuSebi
uZvelesi istoriis pirvelwyaroa. miTebad qceuli realoba misi
meSveobiT Seiswavleba. damwerlobis paralelurad viTardeboda
Tvlis da angariSis sistemebi. dadgenilia, rom 60-iani Tvlis
sistema Sumerebma SeimuSaves. momdevno periodSi sistema safuZ-
vlad daedo drois aTvlas: 60 wami 1 wuTi, 60 wuTi 1 saaTi,

14
60- dRe mTvaris ori Tve, weliwadi eqvsjer samoci, bibliuri
noes da mamamTavarTa asaki garkveul dromde _ 10 jer samoci,
15-jer samoci, 1,5-jer samoci da a. S.
qarTvelebma dRemde Semoinaxes aTvlis oc-obiTi sistema. igi
arsebiTad gansxvavdeba farTed gavrcelebuli aTobiTi aTvlis
sistemisagan. oc-obiTi aTvla ufro daxvewilia da gasagebi,
vidre samoc-obiTi (Sumeruli). amave dros ufro martivia da
ioli, vidre aTobiTi ara hqonodaT qarTvelTa winaprebs saku-
Tari, oco-biTi aTvlis sistema, isini gaimeorebdnen Sumeruls
an mogvianebiT damkvidrebuls.
samwuxarod, ar aris gamokvleuli codnisa da Tanacxovrebis
ra done iyo wina daTbobis dros. ciuri sxeulebis Tu miwieri
movlenebis Sesaxeb aqa-iq SemorCenili iseTi saxis cnobebi, rac
Tanamedrove mecnierebisTvisac auxsnelia da zogjer adamianTa
sxva planetidan gadmosaxlebis SegrZnebas badebs, arasakmarisia
obieqturi daskvnebis gasakeTeblad. yovelma momdevno gamyinva-
rebam bevri ram waSala an gardaqmna. adamians rCeboda mxolod
SedarebiT ganviTarebuli _ me. es SesaZleblobebi usazRvroa,
iseve, rogorc usazRvroa misi saarsebo areali.

f iqrebi eT no genez is a realze

adamianTa eTnikur jgufebad Camoyalibebis Taobaze mravali

Tvalsazrisi arsebobs. mecnierTa erTi nawili miiCnevs, rom wina
azia unda iyos saerTo samSoblo indoevropelebis, semitebis,
iafetidebis, qamitebis. iyo dro, roca isini erTian dedaenaze
metyvelebdnen. aris am ZiriTadi enis elementebis dadgenis mcd-
eloba. samwuxarod mecnierebis ganviTarebis dRevandeli done
WeSmaritebasTan miaxloebuli daskvnis gakeTebis saSualebas ar
iZleva. danamdvilebiT mxolod imis mtkiceba SeiZleba, rom ar
arsebobs eTnosi, romelsac ar ganecados mravaljeradi Sereva-
Sejvarebis procesi da darCenili iyos pirvandeli umwikvlo
saxiT.
am winaswari daskvnis gaziarebis gareSe azri ekargeba qar-
Tuli eTnosis safuZvlebis Ziebas.

15
 pirvel rigSi unda gaviazroT qarTvelebis sasicocxlo are-
ali. sad SeiZleba ecxovraT im tomebs, adamianTa im jgufebs,
romelTa Tanacxovrebam saboloo angariSiT qarTvelobis Camoya-
libeba gansazRvra.
mecniereba adasturebs im istoriul faqts, rom adreul
periodSi, Zalze didi teritoriebi ekavaT im jiSis tomebs,
romlebic arc semitebs miekuTvnebian da arc indoevropelebs.
cnobilia, rom Sumerebi, finikielebi (es sadaoa), maT Crdilo-
eTiT mcxovrebi tomebi kavkasielTa CaTvliT, dRevandeli Turqe-
Tis, saberZneTis, italiis, espaneTis, irlandiis (esec sadaoa)
teritoriebze cxovrobdnen _ tomebi, romlebic bevri saerTo
da sxvebisagan ganmasxvavebeli niSnebiT xasiaTdebodnen. aqedan
gamomdinare qarTvelebis eTnogenezis areali am teritoriaze
unda moiZebnos. teritoria ki Zalze vrcelia. kidec rom erTi
warmomavlobis tomebs ecxovraT am did sivrceSi, droTa viTa-
rebaSi maTi daSoreba da gaucxoeba garduvali iqneboda.
didi xania, mecnierTa erTi nawili, aviTarebs azrs kavka-
siis iberebisa da pirineis naxevarkunZulze mcxovreb iberebs
Soris naTesauri kavSiris arsebobis Sesaxeb. jer kidev anti-
kur xanaSi farTed iyo gavrcelebuli azri dasavleTisa da
aRmosavleTis iberibis eTnikur erTobaze. SemorCenilia Zv. w. a.
mweral apolodoris cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom dasavleTis iberebi
gadmosaxldnen pirineis naxevarkunZulidan kavkasiaSi da isini
kolxeTsa da somxeTs Soris vrcel adgilebSi mosaxleobeno.
maT, kolxeTisagan mTebi, xolo somxebisagan md. araqsi yofs.
IV-V ss. moazrovne sokrate sqolastikosi aseve adasturebs
im azrs, rom pontos (Sav) zRvasTan mdebare iberiis qveyana
dasavleTidan (pirineis naxevarkunZulidan) wamosulebiT aris
dasaxlebulio. evsevi kesarieli (III s. mwerali) eyrdnoba ra
Zv. w. aR. IV-III ss. moRvawe megasTenes gamonaTqvams, ambobs, rom
`… nabuqodonosorma, romelic herakleze ufro Zlieri iyo, mis
Semdeg, rac saomari jari Sekriba, miaRwia libielTa qveyanaSi
da iberTa qveyanaSi, ajoba maT, gaacamtvera da daimorCila, erTi
wili maTgani gadaadgila man pontos zRvis marjvena mxareze, iq
daasaxla~. (s. yauxCiSvili. georgika. t. 1. gv. 30, Tb.,1961 w.).
Tu am cnobas seriozulad miviRebT, gamodis, rom qarTveloba

16
espaneTis teritoriidan Zv. w. aR. VI s. gadmousaxlebiaT. dad-
genilia, rom nabuqodonosori 604-561 ww. Zv. w. cxovrobda.
mkvlevarTa garkveuli nawili varaudobs, rom iberiuli
modgmis tomebi cxovrobdnen CrdiloeT afrikaSi (karTageni),
pirineis da apeninebis naxevarkunZulebze, safrangeTis teri-
toriaze, xmelTaSua zRvis did kunZulebze: sardinia, korsika,
sicilia. Zveli welTa aRricxvis XV saukuneSi maT Seqmnes
tomTa didi gaerTianeba da zRvaze batonobisaTvis ebrZodnen
egviptesa da finikielebs.
Zveli drois (I-II s. ax. w. aR.) mwerlebi apiane, pliniusi,
dionise periegeti aseve amtkiceben dasavleTisa da aRmosavle-
Tis iberebis naTesaobas. amasTan, gamoTqmulia Tvalsazrisi, rom
SeiZleba azieli iberebi iyvnen evropeli iberebis winaprebi da
ara piriqiT. azri SeiZleba mravalnairad Camoyalibdes, magram
arsi erTia: Zveli drois mravali mwerali, istorikosi, geografi
miuTiTebda ori iberiis mosaxleobis naTesaur kavSirze.
etyoba arsebuli Canawerebis gavleniT, aseTi azri qarTvel
moRvaweebs Sorisac iyo damkvidrebuli. kerZod, giorgi mTawmind-
eli aRniSnavda, rom aTonis iveriis monastris damaarsebelma io-
ane mTawmindelma. Tavis Ze eqvTimesTan da ramdenime sxva qarTvel
moRvawesTan erTad ganizraxa dasavleTis iberiaSi gamgzavreba 985
w. mas swamda, rom SeZlebda pirineis naxevarkunZulze mcxovrebi
iberebis monaxulebas da maTTan naTesauri kavSiris aRdgenas.
VIII s. moyolebuli naTesauri erTobis idea dResac cocxa-
lia qarTvelebs Soris da arc mcdelobas akleben, raTa daadas-
turon baskebisa da gaskonelebis erTi mxriv da qarTvelebis
meoresi, erTiani warmomavloba da Zveli kavSirebis aRdgenis
aucilebloba. es sasiqadulo mcdeloba Tu Zveli erTobis da
mtkicebas ver moereva, axal kavSirebs mainc ganamtkicebs, rac
TavisTavad sasaxelo saqmea. am SemTxvevaSi ki unda iTqvas, rom
dronisa da manZilis siSoris gamo qarTvelobis eTnogenezis
gamorkveva kelt-iberebis warsuli kvleviT Sedegiani ver iqneba.
SesaZlebelia momavalSi mecnierebam raime xelSesaxebi moipovos,
magram dRes mtkiceba naadrevia.
igive unda iTqvas apeninebis naxevakunZulze mcxovreb
etruskebis misamarTiTac. fukidide maT tirenebs an tirsenebs

17
uwodebs. herodotes miTiTebis mixedviT etruskebi wina aziidan,
q. tiridan arian gadasaxlebulebi dasavleTSi. TviTon etruskebi
ki Tavs Tesaliidan (Sua saberZneTidan) gadasulebad miiCnevdnen
da Tavis winaprebad Tesaliel pelazgebs miiCnevdnen. cnobilma
mecnierebma tomsonma da marma etruskuli ena kavkasiuris monaTe-
saved miiCnies. amis da miuxedavad qarTvelobis eTnogenezisis
procesSi azri etruskebis raime rolze safuZvels moklebulia.
amrigad, rCeba balkaneTis naxevarkunZuli, egeosis zRvis kun-
Zulebi da iqidan moyolebuli teritoriebi Zveli SuamdinareTis,
vanisa da urmiis tbebis mimdebare miwebis, kavkasiis CaTvliT
da iq mcxovrebi uZvelesi tomebi. am teritoriebze uZveles
dros ramdenime civilizacia arsebobda. yoveli maTgani sakmaod
axlos iyo ara Tu qarTvelebis winaprebis Zvel gansaxlebasTan,
aramed dRevandel saqarTvelosTanac ki da amitom SeuZlebelia
gamoiricxos maTi kavSiri an gavlena mezobel tomebze.
mecnierebSi popularulia gamoTqma: civilizacia iwyeba Sum-
eridan. uZvelesi civilizacia, romelsac dRevandeli mecniereba
icnobs Sumerulia. bolomde gaurkvevelia saidan movidnen isini
SuamdinareTis dablobze, movidnen Tu mudmivad aq saxlobdnen,
magram bevri ram maT Sesaxeb dadgenilad iTvleba: is, rom maT
Seqmnes im droisaTvis didebuli qalaq-simagreebi, religiuri,
kulturuli, sazogadoebrivi daniSnulebis nagebobebiT damS-
venebuli: eridu, uri, lagaSi, nipuri, kiS-i da sxva. is, rom maTi
civilizacia kvebavda egvipturs, babilonurs, Semdeg asiriuls,
finikiurs, ebrauls, egeosur-balkanurs. dRemde kiTxvis niSnis
qveS dgas maTi gavlena da kavSirebi inkebis civilizaciasTan.
(SemorCenilia herodotes mier mocemuli aRwera Sumeruli pi-
ramidebisa, romelic ar hgavs egvipturs, magram hgavs meqsikis
teritoriaze arsebul piramidebs. amas emateba inkebs Soris moa-
ruli legenda, romlis mixedviT arsebuli piramidebi Seqmnilia
im adamianebis mier, romlebic maT misvlamde cxovrobdnen. orive
cnobas emateba mesame, romlis Tanaxmad, Sumerebma Semoiares
dasavleTi xmelTaSua zRva. mkvlevarebs Soris aris is versiac,
rom Sumerebi SeiZleba zRviT mosuliyvnen SuamdinareTSi. is,
rom maT Seqmnes damwerloba da dagvitoves pirveli cnobebi

18
warRvnis Sesaxeb, romelic Semdeg ebraelebma bibliaSi Seit-
anes Secvlili saxiT. is, rom Sumerebi iyvnen daxelovnebuli
astronomebi, maTematikosebi, eqimebi, uZveles kanonTa krebulis
Semqmnelebi da a. S.
logikuria vifiqroT, rom es uZvelesi civilizacia Tu Tavis
gavlenas aseT Soreul mxareebSi avrcelebda, ufro advili iqne-
boda kavSirebis damyareba mezobel winaaziur-kavkasiur tomebTan.
ufro meti, Sumeruli civilizacia izolirebuli ver iqneboda
garemo tomebisagan, miscemda maT da miiRebda sapasuxod.
rodis Caisaxa da rogor viTardeboda es civilizacia uc-
nobia, magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom TurqeTis teritoriaze
mikvleulia Zv. w. aR. VIII aTaswleulis droindeli qalaqis
naSTebi, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom pirveli civilizaciebis asaki
10 aTas wels scildeba. da Tu am aRmoCeniT SeiZleba Sumerebze
msjeloba, upriania, rom TuqeTis teritoriaze ucnobi civili-
zaciis arseboba vivaraudoT. miT ufro, rom dadgenilad iTvleba
IV-III aTaswleulebSi mtkvar-araqsis midamoebSi originaluri
kulturis arseboba. mecniereba jer xanobiT uZluria danamd-
vilebiT imsjelos misi macxovreblebis enobriv kuTvnilebaze,
magram calkeul kavkasiur elementebze miuTiTeben. am monacemebze
dayrdnobiT Znelia raimes mtkiceba, magram ramdenadac arqeologia
da miTologia sxva rameze ar mianiSneben, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
es kavkasiel tomTa kulturaa.
niSnavs es Tu ara, rom dRevandeli kavkasielebis winaprebi
mudmivad cxovrobdnen am arealSi? periodSi, rodesac gamyinvareba
ukan ixevda da adamianebi sul ufro CrdiloeTiT iwevdnen da
axal teritoriebs ikavebdnen, albaT kavkasiaSic adgili eqneboda
migraciul procesebs. mcxovreblebTa tomobriv-eTnikurobis
ucvlelobis mamtkiceblad ver gamodgeba Sromis iaraRTa erT-
nairoba. qvis iaraRebi yvelgan qvisa iyo da maTi damuSavebis
teqnikac, iseve rogorc Tixis sagnebisa met-naklebad sayovelTao.
es ar niSnavs, rom sxvadasxva mxareebSi qvis iaraRs ar axasiaTebs
rigi Taviseburebani, magram ramdenad SeiZleba es eTnosis niSnad
iqnes miCneuli adreul periodebSi, jer kidev sadaoa.

19
 bevrad mogvianebiT, fiqroben, meore aTaswleulis bolos,
Sumerebis arealSi babilonis samefo yalibdeba. babilonis mo-
saxleoba semituria. mkvlevarTa daskvnis Tanaxmad igi Zvel
ebrauli da Zvel arabul enebTan didi siaxloviT xasiaTdeba.
fiqroben, rom isini dasavleTidan mividnen, Sumerebs Seerivnen
da bolos hegemonebi gaxdnen. Sesabamisad maT SeiTvises SumerTa
kultura da am niadagze did warmatebebsac miaRwies. arqeolo-
gebma aTas nivTmtkicebebTan erTad, aRmoaCines nangrevebi, ro-
melic Tavis zomebiT bibliuri babilonis godolis realurad
arsebobaze miuTiTebs. aRmoCenili iqna biblioTeka 100 aTasiani
lursmuli damwerlobis firfitebiT. am nimuSebis gaSifvram
daadastura Zalze maRali donis kulturis arseboba kavkasiis
samxreTiT. es imis maniSnebelia, rom qarTvelTa winaprebis
sacxovrisis uSualo siaxloes mravali aTasi wlis ganmavlobaSi
arsebobda civilizacia, romelsac ar SeiZleba TviTizolacia
moexdina mezoblebisagan.
Sumerebisagan, Semdeg babilonelebisagan, dasavleTiT,
xmelTaSua zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze Zvel droSi hyvaoda
kultura, romelsac berZnulad finikiuri ewoda. tvirosi, bib-
losi, ugariti, sinoni mis qalaq saxelmwifoebs warmoadgendnen.
finikielebi, rogorc daxelovnebuli gemTmSeneblebi, mezRvaurebi
da vaWrebi mTel xmelTaSua zRvis sanapiroebs iyvnen modebuli.
dadgenilad iTvleba, rom isini koloniebs aarsebdnen dasavleT
afrikaSi giblartalis srutis gavliT. dasavleTis iberiaSi maTi
daarsebulia qalaqi gadesi (axla kadesad wodebuli), samxreT
galiaSi q. marseli, Zv. w. aR. 825 w. daaarses q. karTageni. tvi-
roselma hiramma moawyo mogzauroba indoeTis okeanis sanapir-
oze. finikielebma Seqmnes grZeli xomaldebi, romliTac afrikas
Semouares sam weliwadSi. maT gacxovelebuli vaWroba hqondaT
etruskebTan (apeninebis naxevakunZulze), kretelebTan, mikenel-
ebTan, egeosis zRvis kunZulebis da balkaneTis naxevarekunZulis
mcxovreblebTan. emezoblebodnen da eomebodnen Zveli egviptisa da
xeTebis samefoebs (es ukanaskneli ki mdinare halisis Suawelze
da kabadokiaSi mdebareobda).

20
 da bolos, finikielebma uamrav miRwevasTan erTad kacobrio-
bas aCuqes asoTi damwerloba, romelic mogvianebiT berZnuli
civilizaciis gavleniT mTel msoflioSia gavrcelebuli.
sakiTxavia, ramdenad SeiZleboda mowyvetili yofiliyo am
kulturebs kavkasiis samxreTiT mcxovrebi tomebi? da es im vi-
TarebSi, roca ara mxolod Sumerebi, babilonelebi, Semdeg asiri-
elebi, aramed Soreuli egviptelebic laSqrobdnen am mxareebSi.
mecnierebis dRevandeli done saSualebas ar iZleva garkveuli
iqnes civilizaciis calkeuli kerebis aRmocenebis zusti dro.
didad saeWvoa, rom sakmaod gacxovelebuli urTierTobebis pi-
robebSi civilizaciis erT keras meoresaTvis stimuli ar mieca.
isic ararealuria, rom meore mxolod pirvelis dacemis Semdeg
aRmocendeboda. am mxriv lokaluri civilizaciebis Tvalsazrisi
dausabuTebelia. ufro realuria vifiqroT, rom axlo aRmosav-
leTis da balkaneTis civilizaciebi paralelurad viTardebodnen
da saerTo progress aCqarebdnen.
balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze, kunZul kretaze, egeosis kun-
Zulebze civilizacia iseve Zvelia, rogorc Sumer-egviptisa. es
civilizacia dasavleTis mxridan emezobleboda im areals, sadac
qarTvelebis winapari tomebi SeiZleba vigulisxmoT. amasTan,
Zveli berZnuli Tu berZnebamde arsebuli wyaroebi SedarebiT
farTedaa Semonaxuli da Seudareblad mraval cnobebs Seicavs
qarTvelTa eTnogenezis sakiTxebze.
pirvel rigSi unda mieTiTos kavkasiur-mcireaziul da
balkanur-kretul siaxloveze. Tu SumerulTan kavkasiuri enebis
siaxlove savaraudoa, berZnulamdel civilizaciasTan axlo ka-
vSirebze TviT berZeni mwerlebi miuTiTebdnen.
am civilizaciis Semqmnelebs berZnebi pelazgebs uwodebdnen.
pe-laz-guri ena, damwerloba, miTologia iyo is mZlavri safuZve-
li, romelzec ZvelberZnuli sakacobrio mniSvnelobis kultura
gaiSala da ayvavda.
balkaneTis naxevarkunZulis pe-laz-ge-uri tomebi axlo
naTesaur da sulier kavSirebs amJRavnebdnen mcireaziur da
kavkasiur tomebTan.
mecnierTa mtkicebiT sakuTriv berZnebis winaprebi Zvel

21
welTa aRricxvis meore aTaswleulidan Cndebian balkaneTis
naxevakunZulze ionelebi awydebian ra adgilobrivi tomebis did
winaaRmdegobas, ver axerxeben maT damorCilebas da garkveul
Tanacxovrebis wesze gadadian.
mecnierebi fiqroben, rom berZenTa winaprebis meore talRa,
aqavelebis saxiT Zv. w. aR. XVI saukuneSi unda gamoCeniliyo
pelazgebs Soris. mesame da yvelaze Zlieri damangreveli Zala-
dorielebi Zv. w. aR. XII s. Seesien sapelazgios, ramac sab-
oloo angariSiT gamoiwvia winaberZnuli mosaxleobis gandevna
an asimilacia.
fiqroben, rom pelazguri ena, damwerloba Zv. w. aR. IV
saukuneSic ar iyo ucxo. TviT homerosi (VIII s.), Tu ar iyo
pelazgi, yovel SemTxvevaSi icoda es ena da damwerloba, da
warmatebiT iyenebda mas ukvdavi `iliada~-sa da `odisea~-s Seqmnis
procesSi. am codnis gareSe is ver SeZlebda ramdenime saukunis
win momxdari ambebis zust asaxvas. ingliseli mecnieri j. Ced-
viki aRniSnavda, rom `mikenis periodis mosaxleobaSi sxva enebis
kvali ufro aRmoCndeba vidre berZnulisa~ (j. Cedviki. mikenuri
samyaro, Tb. 1989 w. gv. 42). mikenuri periodis dasasrulad ki
Zv. w. aR. XIII s. iTvleba. ufro meti, kunZul kretaze warwerebi
araberZnul enazea Sesrulebuli Zv. w. aR. IV s. da sasaubro enac
araberZnuli iyo da kidev meti _ araberZnuli warmoSobisadaa
miCneuli iseTi cnobili qalaqebi, rogoricaa: aTeni, mikeni, knosi,
korinTo, fivi, troa, tirinfi da sxva.
Tu balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze macxovrebeli tomebi pe-
laz-ge-bad arian cnobili, k. kretaze macxovrebel tomebs
zRvis xalxs uwodebdnen. berZeni mwerlebis mtkicebiT, aravis
ar SeeZlo iseTi grZeli gemebis ageba, rogorc kretelebsa da
kolxebs. kretelebis floti uZlieresi iyo da amis wyalobiT
isini atlantikis okeaneSi kanaris kunZulebsac aRwevdnen. ufro
axlo isini pirineis naxevarkunZulis mosaxleobasTan amyarebdnen
kavSirs kidev ufro axlo maT eqvemdebarebodaT siciliis,
balkaneTis, egeosis zRvis kunZulebis mosaxleoba. maT mWidro
urTierToba hqondaT Savi zRvis (pontos) auzis qveynebTan.
fiqroben, rom Zv. w. aR. V aTaswleulSi kretuli damw-
erloba hiqtografiuli (naxati) iyo. III-II aTasawleulisaTvis

22
igi daixvewa da sabolood Camoyalibda e. w. a-da b tipis dam-
werlobad.
darwmunebiT amboben, rom kretelebi periodulad Tavs es-
xmodnen egviptes XIII-XII ss. kreteli likielebi, mcireaziel
karielebTan da lelegebTan erTad ikaveben dRevandeli izrael-
palestinis teritorias da iReben filistimlianelTa saxel-
wodebas. (egviptis faraonis tyveobidan ebraelTa gamosvla da
dRevandel istoriul teritoriaze damkvidreba dakavSirebulia
e. w. filistimlianebTan orsaukunovan brZolebTan). kretelebi
iyvnen likielebi, karielebi, lelegebi. karielTa mowmobiT ki
piriqiT mcire aziis mosaxleobis nawili gadasaxlda kunZul kre-
taze. am SemTxvevaSi arsebiTia mcireazieli da kretuli tomebis
saerTo warmomavloba da ara is, romeli tomi saiT migrirebda.
mkvlevarTa Soris arian iseTebic, romlebic varaudoben,
rom ara mxolod k. kreta, aramed balkaneTis naxevarkunZulic
Tavdapirvelad karielebs da lelegebs hqondaT dakavebuli da
am teritoriaze pelazgebi SedarebiT gvian gadasaxldnen mcire
aziidan.
aseTi problemebis garkvevis dros Zalze rTul, magram
arsebiT sakiTxs periodis dadgena warmoadgens. rodesac msj-
elobaa zRvis xalxis Seseva-gadasaxlebaze, asaxeleben XIII-XII
ss. es maSin, rodesac, meore mxriv msjeloben ebraelebis mier
filistimnelTa damorCileba-asimilireba-gandevnaze da maTi teri-
toriebis misakuTrebaze. igulisxmeba, rom ebraelobas aRTqmul
miwaze sxva mosaxleoba daxvda da maTTan brZola iyo saWiro.
imasac aRniSnaven, rom adgilobrivma mosaxleobam ukve icoda
rkinis iaraRis Seqmna-gamoyeneba, ebraelma ki ar icodnen da
amitom gauWirdaT da mTeli ori saukune gagrZelda dapyrobis
procesi. balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze pirvel macxovrebelTa
sakiTxs ki didi mniSvneloba aqvs kavkasiis mosaxleobis warmo-
mavlobis garkvevisaTvis.
iyvnen likielebi, karielebi, lelegebi balkaneTis pirveli
cnobili macxovreblebi Tu ara. Tu ho, maSin rodis unda misu-
liyvnen iq pelazgebi da saidan, dasavleTidan Tu aRmosavleTidan.
ra urTierToba iyo am ori (pirobiTad) sxvadasxva warmomavlobis

23
tomebs Soris. ratom aris, rom am tomebis meomrebi troas omis
dros troelebis gverdiT ibrZvian, rogorc naTesauri warmo-
Sobis tomebi. xom cnobilia, rom troelebi warmomavlobiT
dardanidebi e. i. pelazgebi arian. pelazgebad cnobili arian
kunZul kretas, egeosis zRvis auzis kunZulebis da balkaneTis
naxevarkunZulis Zveli macxovreblebi. Tu pelazgebad cnobil
tomTa gaerTianebaSi likielebi, karielebi, lelegebi Sedian,
maSin gamodis, rom am gaerTianebis sacxovris arealSi unda igu-
lisxmebodes mcire aziis dasavleTi nawilic. is teritoriebi,
sadac Semdeg izrael-iudevelTa samefoebi, finikia, didi da
mcire frigia, meonia (SemdegSi lidiad wodebuli), paflagonia
mdebareobda. amave teritoriaze Zv. w. aR. III aTaswleulSi yal-
ibdeba xeTebad wodebul tomTa gaerTianeba da samefo. iqve, Zv. w.
aR. IV-III aTaswleulebSi, xeTebamde hyvaoda e. w. mtkvar-araqsis
kultura, xeTebis imperiis damxobis Semdeg ki, kavkasiur tomTa
gaerTianebani, bolos ki urartus samefo.
logikuria vamtkicoT, rom pelazgiuri warmoSobis tomebi
uSualo kavSirSi iqnebodnen kavkasiur tomebTan. am mxriv sa-
gulisxmo masalebs iZleva ara mxolod arqeologia, aramed
antikuri miTologiac.

eT no g enez is a rea li

ara indoevropul da ara semitur tomTa sacxovrisi ar

niSnavs ueWvelad iberiul-kavkasiur tomTa sacxovrisad mis aRi-
arebas. Tu erT dros am tomebis naTesaur kavSirebs realurad
hqondaT adgili, es ar gvaZlevs uflebas xelaRebiT vamtkicoT
dRes maTi STamomavlobis axloblobis Sesaxeb. istoria cxady-
ofs, rom droTa viTarebaSi mimdinareobda eTnosTa Camoyalibebis
da paralelurad enobrivi da genetikur-fsiqikuri gaucxoebis
procesi. ramdenic ar unda iyos cxadi arabebisa da ebraelebis
semituri erToba, es maT enobriv da erovnul daaxloebas ar
moaxdens. ramdenic ar unda moiZion e. w. iafeturi eTnosebis
erTobis elementebi, es maT gaucxoebas ver waSlis.
mecnierebi aRniSnaven, rom semituri modgmis CrdiloeTiT

24
iyo, e. w. iafeturi tomebis sacxovrisi, magram saxeldobr
romeli tomebisa sad, es ucnobia. ramdeni tomisagan Sedgeboda
Sumerebad wodebuli sazogadoeba, ra erqvaT am tomebs, dRemde
gaurkvevelia. amitom, maT axloblobaze qarTvelebis Soreul
winaprebTan, mxolod didi sifrTxiliTa da raRac calkeul
elementebze miTiTebiT Tu SeiZleba msjeloba. daaxloebiT ase-
Tive mdgomareobaa xmelTaSua zRvis aRmosavleT sanapirosTan
mcxovreb tomebTan mimarTebiTac. is faqti, rom ebraelebs
teritoriuli kamaTi nanatr teritoriaze misvla-damkvidrebis
dros hqondaT zaqarebTan da danunebTan, eTnikuri tomebrivi
kuTvnilebis mxriv bevrs verafers warmoadgens. isini SeiZleba
likiel-leleg-karielTa erT Stod iqnen miCneulni. es sami
tomi ki mosaxleobda qanaanis, finikiis teritoriaze, anatoliis
samxreT nawilSi da kunZul kretaze. am did teritoriaze isini
ki ar momTabarobdnen an mxolod laSqrobdnen, aramed mkvidrad
cxovrobdnen da albaT bevr wvril erTeuladac iyofodnen.
gamravlebis kvalobaze tomTa gayofa iseTive bunebrivi movlena
iyo, rogorc gvarebis (gorebis) tomebad gaerTianeba.
ara nakleb rTuladaa balkaneTis naxevarkunZulis uZvelesi
mosaxleobis sakiTxi. cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom pelazgebi nax-
evarkunZulze gvian mividnen da iq mosaxle tomebi gaaZeves, bevr
verafer sasikeTos ver Seicavs qarTvelobis eTnogenezis arealis
gansazRvris saqmeSi. berZnul wyaroebSi Semonaxuli cnobebi
iq mosaxle tomebis Sesaxeb ufro geografiuli gansaxlebis
Sesaxeb mogviTxroben, vidre maT warmomavlobaze. am mxriv
sicxade sakiTxis garkvevaSi, verc homeross Seaqvs. `iliadaSi~
mocemuli daxasiaTebisaTvis. CamoTvla: arkadielni, Trakielebi,
rodoselebi, da a. S., Seexeba ara tomebs, aramed mxareebs. kreb-
siTia CamoTvla: helenebi, aqavelebi da sxv. aqilevsis mSobliuri
tomi mirmindonelebia (WianWvelebi) da aqavelebis erT tomTagania
mxolod. homerosi gemTa katalogSi miuTiTebs, rom aqavelebs 50
xomaldi hyavdaT. es xomaldebi mxolod mirmindonelebisa rom
yofiliyo maSin poemaSi ar iTqmeboda aqavelebisad.
erTi SexedviT am sakiTxs arca aqvs mniSvneloba qarTvelebis
eTnogenezis arealis gansazRvisaTvis, magram erTi SexedviT. Tu

25
gaviTvaliswinebT berZnuli miTologiis monacemebs, aRmovaCenT,
rom ulumbos (olimpos) mTis ZirSi mosaxleobda kavkonTa tomi.
varaudoben, rom kavkonebi pelazgebs warmoadgendnen da Tu manamde
ar iyvnen aq, yovel SemTxvevaSi sxva tomebTan erTad unda ga-
dasaxlebuliyvnen balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze. sainteresoa, rom
amave saxelwodebis tomi mosaxleobda mcire aziaSi (paflago-
niaSi) da warmatebiT monawileobda omSi troelebis mxares. kidev
ufro sainteresoa is, rom bibliur-qarTuli versiiT, Targamosis
erT-erT vaJs erqva kavkas-osi da mas, mamis qveynis ganawilebis
dros, ergo kavkasionis qedis gadaRma mxare. am mxareSi mas Tan
unda waeyvana misi mosaxele tomebi da axali miwebi daepyro.
kavkasianelebi (zogadi saxeliT-mTis iberebi) mxolod saxeliT
enaTesavebian paflagoniel da ulumboel kavkonebs Tu aris maT
Soris sxva ram saerTo, es farTe msjelobis sagania, magram am
SemTxvevaSi cxadi unda gaxdes, ratomaa aseT vrcel arealze
saZebneli qarTvelTa eTogenezis sakiTxebi. iseve, rogorc
msjelobis sakiTxia heliosebis (mzis Svilebis) da kavkasieli
henioxebis urTierT mimarTeba.
am ori tomis raobis garkveva uaRresad mniSvnelovania dro-
nis TvalsazrisiTac. rodis SeiZleba isini mosuliyvnen balka-
neTidan kavkasiaSi Tu kavkasiidan balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze,
amis mixedviT bevri sxva sakiTxic SeiZleba gairkves.
berZnuli miTologia uxv masalebs iZleva mcire aziaSi
mcxovrebi tomebisa da maTi pelazgebTan urTierTobis Sesaxeb.
samwuxarod es cnobebi Seexeba Zv. w. aT. II aTaswleuls da
ufro adreul periodze mxolod masze dayrdnobiT SeiZleba
saubari. amasTan, garkveuli azric SeiZleba Camoyalibdes mi-
graciebis mimarTulebis Sesaxeb. erTi ki Tavidanve cxadia,
mcire aziaSi mcxovrebi tomebi, romlebic TavianTi warmoSobiT
pelazgebTan iyvnen dakavSirebulni, ar SeiZleba ucxoni yofili-
yvnen kavkasieli tomebisaTvis. dardanebi, Tevkrebi, frigielebi,
paflagonielebi, haliZonebi (xalibebi), mizielebi (misielebi),
kavkonebi, lelegebi, driopebi, dolionebi, da sxva. cxovrobdnen
kavkasielebTan uSualo siaxloves da SesaZlebelia (winaswari
daskvniT) qarTvelTa (iber-kolxTa) eTnogenezSic iyvnen CarTuli.

26
 ra SeiZleba iTqvas uSualod kavkasiaSi mcxovrebi tomebis
Sesaxeb? samwuxarod Zalze cota. erTad erTi risi utyuari
mtkicebac SeiZleba, es aris uwyveti ganviTareba, rasac arqe-
ologiuri masala cxadyofs. rac Seexeba tomebs, cnobilia,
rom hirkanebs da kaspiebs hqondaT Sexeba aq mosul tomebTan.
gaurkvevelia vin iyvnen hirkanebi an kaspiebi, saiT wavidnen isini
an xom ar moxda maTi Sereva gvian mosul tomebTan. arc isaa
cnobili, iyvnen isini indoevropuli modgmisa Tu enaTesavebodnen
iafeturi modgmis tomebs. samwuxarod, swored isea, rogorc
cnobili enaTmecnieri paul kreCmeri ambobda: Tu `Cven win eno-
brivi gadmocema ar gviZevs, Tavis qalebi ver gvetyvian, Tu ra
enaze laparakobdnen odesRac maTi matareblebi.~
amrigad, tomobrivi TvalsazrisiT Semoxazulia is areali,
sadac uSualod moxdeboda qarTvelTa eTnogenezi. esaa CrdiloeT
mesopotamia, urmiisa da vanis tbebidan dasavleTiT, kavkasiis
CaTvliT, teritoriebi egeosur samyaromde da nawilobriv am
samyaros CaTvliT.
ras gvimtkicebs arqeologia kavkasiaSi da mis mimdebare
teritoriebze eTnikur-kulturuli ganviTarebis Sesaxeb?

arqeo lo g iu ri mo na cemebi

eTnogenezis sakiTxebze arqeologias Tavisi mtkice pozicia

aqvs. erTi mxriv, TiTqos SeuZlebelia danamdvilebiT codna
imisa qvis xanis adamianebi ra enaze saubrobdnen, romel toms
ganekuTvnebodnen, romeli eTnikuri jgufis CamoyalibebaSi
iRebdnen monawileobas. ramdenadac qvis da Zvlis iaraRebis garda
araferia SemorCenili, msjeloba rTuldeba. miT umetes, Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom am iaraRTa erTtipiuroba SeiZleba konkre-
tul areals gascdenoda sxvadasxva mizezTa gamo. meore mxriv,
arqeologebi swavloben rig Taviseburebebs, rac maT dronis
TvalsazrisiT, daskvnis saSualebas aZlevs gaarkvion qvis xanis
kulturaTa gavrcelebis arealisa da ganviTarebis wyvetilobis
sakiTxi. saintereso da yuradsaReb daskvnebs Seicavs arqeologia
qvis xanis kulturisa da eTnogenezis urTierTkavSiris Sesaxeb.
imis mixedviT Tu rogor warmoudgenia arqeologias adamianTa

27
sazogadoebis ganviTareba pirvelyofili jogis mdgomareobidan
civilizaciamde, aRiniSneba sxvadasxva periodi:
qvis xana: a. Zveli qvis xana: 1. qveda paleoliTi; 2. zeda
paleoliTi; 3. mezoliTi. b. axali qvis xana: I. adre neoliTi;
2. gvian neoliTi. II. eneoliTis xana. III. brinjaos xana: adre-
brinjaos xana; Sua da gvian brinjaos xana.
es mokle CamoTvla saWiroa dasarwmuneblad, rom ganviTarebis
qveda safexurebze gamoiricxeba eTnikur kuTvnilebaze msjeloba.
mxolod mezoloTis periodSi Cndeba gvarovnuli wyobilebis
niSnebi, safuZveli eyreba adamianTa jogebis dayofas gorebad
(gvarebad), da Semdeg tomebad.
bunebrivia, rom pirvelyofili-Temuri wyobilebis dros, ada-
mianTa gaerTianeba gorebad, Temebad, tomebad, tomTa kavSirebad
yalibdeba droTa viTarebaSi. paralelurad myardeba urTier-
Tobani. mimdinareobs eTnikuri erTobis Camoyalibebis procesi,
misTvis maxasiaTebeli materialuri da sulieri urTierTobebiT.
mecnierebi miiCneven, rom bolo gamyinvarebis damTavrebis
droisTvis kavkasiaSi ukve aris mkvidri mosaxleoba, romelsac
axasiaTebs materialuri da sulieri kulturis erToba. aris
azri am kulturis Sesabamisobis Sesaxeb xmelTaSua zRvispireTis
kulturasTan. ufro meti, mxedvelobaSi misaRebadaa miCneuli
kavkasiur-baskuri urTierTobebis safuZvlianoba. kidev ufro
met saerTos pouloben kavkasiur da SuamdinareTis Sesabamisi
perolidebis kulturebs Soris. bolo xanebSi ki didi intere-
siT mimdinareobs kvleva kavkasiur (qarTvelur) da kreta-mikenis
kulturebis naTesaobis sakiTxebze.
mecnierebi amave dros yuradRebas amaxvileben kavkasiuri
kulturis Taviseburebebze, rac imis dasturi unda iyos, rom
adgili hqonda kulturaTa miRwevebis ganviTarebas da ara mx-
olod Semotanas. saerTo kavkasiuri kulturis SigniT, rom-
lis Sedareba Tamamad SeiZleba egeosis auzSi da mcire aziaSi
arsebulTan, ikveTeba regionaluri Taviseburebanic. es iTqmis
dasavleT saqarTvelos, daRestnis, Crdilo kavkasiis, kavkasiis
samxreTiT mimdebare teritoriebis mimarT.
bunebrivia varaudi, rom kulturaTa ganfena vrcel teri-
toriaze, wamoSobs Taviseburebebs da iwvevs eTnikur cvlile-

28
bebs. am dros mimdinareobs erTiani enis (deda enis) dayofa
dialeqtebad da Semdeg, maTi daSorebis kvalobaze, damoukidebel
enebad Camoyalibeba.
aqedan gamomdinare, aucilebelia intensiuri Zieba calkeul
enaTa danaSrevebis gamovlinebis da erTiani deda enis Tundac
miaxloebiTi dadgenis mizniT.
arqeologiam kavkasiaSi gamoikvlia Zv. w. aR. V_IV aTas-
wleulebis kultura. Sromis iaraRebi, miwaTmoqmedebis, nadi-
robis iaraRebi, sacxovrebeli kerebis Taviseburebani, saojaxo
WurWeli, samkaulebi da sxva. farTe Seswavlis sagani iyo da
daskvnac Sesabamisi gakeTda. yuradReba mieqca im faqts, rom misi
winare periodis monacemebi jerac mikvleuli araa. am mxriv mkv-
levarebi, jer xanobiT mainc, saaboloo daskvnas ver iZlevian.
aseve wyvetilobas xedaven mecnierebi mtkvar-araqsis kul-
turis dasasrulsa da momdevno periodebs Soris. IV-III aTas-
wleulebSi arsebuli es kultura moicavda ara mxolod kavka-
sias, aramed urmiisa da vanis tbebidan moyolebuli dasavleTiT
Tanamedrove TurqeTis aRmosavleTi naxevris teritoriebs. misi
dasasrulis periodidan xdeba wyvetiloba. aris mosazreba, rom
es SeiZleba migraciis Sedegad momxdariyo. SeiZleba es iyos Sum-
eruli kulturis dasavleTSi gavrcelebis Sualeduri periodi.
wyvetilobis Semdeg am arealSi Cndeba e. w. ubeidis kultura,
romelic winasagan arsebiTad gansxvavdeba, magram garkveul erTo-
bas amJRavnebs siria-palestinis da CeCen-inguSeTis teritoriaze
arsebul kulturasTan. savaraudebelia, rom am kulturis aseTi
ganfenac migraciul procesebTan iyos dakavSirebuli. es miT
ufro niSandoblivia, rom adreuli, mtkvar-araqsis kultura
bevr saerTos amJRavnebs ukve evropaSi arsebul kulturasTan.
aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisaken migracia iseve logikuria, ro-
gorc samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken. kavkasia ki am procesebSi,
Tavisi geografiuli mdebareobis gamo, gariyuli ver iqneboda.
am kulturebisagan garkveulad calke dgas dasavleT saqarT-
velos teritoriaze arsebuli kultura. misi kavSirebi yvelaze
metad saerTos avlens Sumerebisa da maikopis kulturebTan.
yovelives miuxedavad III aTaswleulis dasasrulamde Znelia
garkveviT iTqvas, ama Tu im teritoriaze arsebuli kultura

29
swored ama Tu im eTnosis kuTvnilebaa. arqeologiuri monapovari
ar aris Semagrebuli lingvinisturi monacemebiT. kavkasiaSi, sadac
eTnosTa didi simWidrovea es sakiTxi ioli gadasawyveti araa.
aq yoveli kuTxis kulturaSi moiZebneba axlo Tu moSorebiT
macxovrebeli eTnosebis maxasiaTebeli elementebi. am niadagze
SeiZleba mxolod frTxili mosazrebis dafiqsireba, magram ara
mtkiceba.
lingvistTa mxridan karga xania mimdinareobs saerTo kavka-
siuri enis (deda enis) aRdgenis cda. ras miaRwevs mecniereba
dRes ucnobia. Cven isic ki ver SevZeliT, rom iberiuli, qar-
Tus leqsikisagan gamogveyo. jerac ar arsebobs dialeqtebis,
dialeqtebze toponimebis, miTologiis da a. S. leqsikonebi.
zogjer piriqiTac xdeba. cdebi, Seiqmnas megrul-saliteraturo
qarTuli, svanur-saliteraturo qarTuli leqsikonebi separa-
tizmad inaTleba. ara da es samuSao saSuria da principuli
mniSvnelobis. globalizaciis procesSi SeiZleba daikargos di-
aleqtebSi daleqili Zvirfasi memkvidreoba. ukiduresad ususur
donezea kavkasiur enaTa urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxebis kvleva.
ra kvlevaze SeiZleba msjeloba, roca sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis
Semdeg, imperialisturma Zalebma kavkasiel eTnosTa Zalismieri
dapirispireba moaxerxes principiT: gaTiSe da ibatone.
kavkasiaSi mcxovreb eTnosTa enebi droTa viTarebaSi ise arian
daSorebuli, rom maT erTobaze IV-III aTaswleulebSi, msj-
eloba Zneldeba. axloblobis, naTesaobis is done rac arsebobs,
logikurad mianiSnebs maT Soreul erTobaze, magram kvlevisaT-
vis auRebel barierebs qmnis. ara, da Tu ver dadasturda kavka-
siur enaTa Soreuli erToba, kidev ufro gaZneldeba Sumerul,
pelazgur Tu baskur-gaskonurTan naTesaobis elementebis daZebna.
unda daematos, rom is, rac Tanamedrove tradiciuli mec-
nierebisaTvis dauZlevelia, xvalis mecniereba SeZlebs barierebis
gadalaxvas da Soreuli warsulis gacocxlebas. dRes ki unda
iTqvas, rom Tu dadgenilad iTvleba semituri enebis erTi war-
momavloba, Tu utyuaria isic, rom indoevropul enebs erTi fuZe
aqvT, ratom unda gamoiricxos e. w. iafeturi enebis Soreuli
naTesaoba. imitom xom ara, rom misi fesvebi ufro Rrmad saZe-
baria. Zv. w. a. V aTaswleulidan ki imdeni dronia gasuli, rom

30
erTobis damadasturebeli niSnebis moZebna SeuZlebeli xdeba.
dRes mecnierebs mxolod dasaSvebad miaCniaT Sumerulisa
da kavkasiur-iberulis genetikuri kavSiri. msjelobaa xaTurisa
da adiReur enebis siaxloveze. xaTebi (protoxeTebi) samxreT
kavkasias uSualod emezoblebodnen da Zneli dasaSvebi araa maTi
nawilis CrdiloeTSi migraciis warmodgena. aseve msjelobaa
xuri-urartuli enis siaxloveze naxur-daRestnurTan. xuritebis
migrireba mesopotamiis mTianeTidan kavkasiis mTianeTisaken Zalian
rTuli da SeuZlebeli ar iqneboda.
yvelaferTan erTad saWiro iqneba imis gaTvaliswineba, rom
kavaksiuri enebi ara mxolod erTimeores iyvnen mowyvetilebi,
aramed maT istoriis manZilze imden ucxo eTnosTan hqondaT
xangrZlivi Sexeba, rom Rrma cvlilebebis gamowveva Zneli war-
mosadgeni ar aris. amitom sakvirveli aRaraa, rom kavkasiel
eTnosebSi sami ZiriTadi enobrivi jgufi Camoyalibda: adiReuri,
daRestnuri da qarTveluri.
arqeologebi im daskvnas emxrobian, rom es samive jgufi
maTi ZiriTadi sacxovrisis adgilas Zv. w. a. V aTaswleulSi
mainc unda gamoCeniliyvnen. amis safuZvels maT aZlevs maikopis
da mtkvar-araqsis kulturebis IV aTaswleulebSi Camoyalibebis
Sesaxeb debuleba.
anTropologia, lingvistika, arqeologia erTxmad aRiareben,
rom iberiul-kavkasiuri am adgilebSi yovelTvis iyo. yovel
SemTxvevaSi sxvanairi daskvnis realuri safuZveli ar Cans,
es ra Tqma unda ar gamoricxavs raRaca nawilebis migraciul
procesebs. ufro meti, ar gamoiricxeba semiturisa da indo-
evropuli elementebis am arealSi moxvedrisa da damkvidrebis
SesaZlebloba. wminda, Seuryvneli Seureveli eTnosebi ar arse-
boben da garkveuli ucxo elementebis arsebobas verc kavkasiaSi
macxovrebeli eTnosebi acdebodnen.
mecnierebs sarkvevi da samsjelo ar daelevaT. am SemTxvevaSi
arsebiTia, rom arqeologia adasturebs kavkasiis da mis mimdebare
regionebSi adamianuri cxovrebis uwyvet arseboba-ganviTarebas.
romel tomebs SeexebaT es? sadamde unda veZioT maTi sacxovrisi?
am sakiTxebze saintereso masalebi aqvs Semonaxuli miTologias.

31
 5 . RmerT ebi

(miT o lo giu ri cno bebi )

qarTvelebis eTnogenezis sakiTxTan uSualo kavSirSia mi-

Tologiuri Teologiis problemebi. adamianTa sazogadoebis
dasawyisi, maTi gaerTianeba gorebad, Temebad, tomebad, qalaq
saxelmwifoebis da bolos saxelmwifoebis Seqmna Tanxvdeba re-
ligiuri Sexedulebebis Camoyalibebas, totemizms, sagvareulo,
satomo da a. S. RmerTebis gaCenas. adamianebis crurwmena da rw-
menis simboloebis arseboba iseve Zvelia, rogorc Tavad adamiani.
Sesabamisad sazogadoebis ganviTarebis paralelurad viTardeboda
religiuri Sexedulebebis sistema. amdenad, RmerTebis panTeo-
nis srulyofileba eTnosis civilizaciis donis maxasiaTebels
warmoadgens.
qarTvelobis sacxovrebeli arealis maxloblad Sumerebis,
finikielebis, pelazgebis civilizciebis arseboba ukvalod ar
Caivlida ara mxolod materialuri cxovrebis ganviTarebulo-
bis, ara mxolod politikuri momwifebulobis, aramed sulieri
amaRlebis TvalsazrisiTac. amdenad, savaraudebelia, rom Tu
qarTvelebis im Soreul winaprebs hqondaT kavSirebi maxlobel
civilizaciebTan, maSin maT mexsierebaSi mezoblebis miRwevebi
unda asaxuliyo.
ramdenadac gansaxilveli sakiTxis fesvebi midis im Soreul
warsulamde, romlis Sesaxeb werilobiTi, enobrivi Zeglebi ar
arsebobs, saWiro xdeba im gadmocemebze dayrdnoba, rac religiur
miTologias aqvs Semonaxuli.
uZvelesi civilizaciis adamianebs, Sumerebs RmerTebis mTeli
panTeonis Sesaxeb hqondaT rwmena da Tayvaniscema. ramdenad sru-
ladaa amokiTxuli mecnierebis mier es istoria, es jer kidev
kvlevis amocanaa, am SemTxvevaSi ki suraTi aseTi isaxeba: jer
iyo okeane, sadac binadrobda RmerTebis deda namu. man Sva maRali
mTa, romelzec daesaxla cis RmerTi ani. masTan dakavSirebuli
iyo miwis RmerTqali gi. sinaTlis RmerTma enlil-ma gaTiSa ani
gi-sagan da cam zeviT aiwia. cisa da miwis kavSirma warmoSva

32
Svidi Zlieri da mravali susti RmerTebi. bolos ani Seiqmna
cis meufe, enlili dedamiwisa.
mkvlevarebi RmerTebis saxelebs zogjer araerTgvarad afiq-
sireben, imis mixedviT Tu damwerlobis romel niSans rogor
amoikiTxaven.
Sumerebis RmerTebia: cisa ani (nana, ana). mzisa _ SamaSi,
naTesTa da nayofierebis, dedobis_inana (ninana), miwa-gi da miwis
RmerTi enlili, ea. wylisa-enqi (engura), mTvarisa-sini, utu-
naTelisa, dRisa; nanSe-winaswarmetyvelebisa, sizmrebis axsnisa;
damu-janmrTelobisa, mkurnalobisa; gala (galu)-miwisqveSeTis
demoni; mami-kacTa mSobeli; bau (baba)-nayofierebisa. RmerTebis
tolia pap-suqali-mrCeveli papa.
RmerTebma Seqmnes adamiani. wylis RmerTma enqi-m, Tixis mi-
wisagan gamoZerwa agurisa (adamiani), romelsac Semdeg ea ewoda.
Sumerebs hqondaT mwyobri warmodgena warRvnis Sesaxeb. Rmer-
Tebma enlilma da eam Tavgasul adamianebs mouvlines 7 dRiani
warRvna. gadarCa mxolod maTgan gafrTxilebuli uTnafiSTimi,
romlisganac gamravlda adamianTa axali modgma.
Sumerebma Seqmnes uZvelesi eposi RmerTebis naSob mokvdav
gmir gilgameS-ze, romlis Tavgadasavali iseve momxiblavia, ro-
gorc finikiel melkartisa da pelazg heraklesi.
SumerTa RmerTebis Zveli Taobis winaaRmdeg miwis RmerT ea-s
STagonebiT janydebian axalgazrdebi, daamxoben maT batonobas
da axali batonis-mardukis xelmZRvanelobiT ganageben adamianTa
momavals. unda vivaraudoT, rom RmerTebis TaobaTa cvla ar
moxdeboda sazogadoebaSi Sesabamisi social-politikuri Tu
eTnikur-tomobrivi cvlilebis gareSe. es miT ufro savaraude-
belia, rom Sumeruli enis adgils male akadiuri ikavebs, rasac
Semdeg Zveli babilonis xana mosdevs.
qarTul Sumeruli urTierTobebis kvleva araa im doneze,
rom kategoriuli daskvnebis gakeTeba SeiZlebodes. ufro meti,
zogi ram viciT Sumerebis Sesaxeb, magram TiTqmis araferi im
periodis qarTvelebis (an maTi winaprebis) Sesaxeb. ara da Tu ka-
vkasia da misi mimdebare mxareebi iseve dasaxlebuli iyo, rogorc
mcire azia, SuamdinareTi an balkaneTi, maSin varaudis doneze,

33
logikuria azri, rom Sumeruli kultura ar aisaxa qarTvelebis
winaprebis maxsovrobaSi imitom: a) qarTvelebis winaprebi jer
kidev ar mosaxleobdnen am arealSi; b) qarTvelebis winaprebi
ganviTarebis iseT dabal doneze iyvnen, rom ver gaiTavises ucxo
kultura; g) qarTvelebis winaprebma miiRes Sumeruli kultura,
magram droTa viTarebaSi igi daikarga an Seicvala.
arian mkvlevarebi, romlebic iziareben wina qarTvelurisa da
Sumerulis mWidro naTesaobis ideas. enaTmecnierul-lingvisturi
elementebi amis sailustraciod TiTqos kidevac moiZebneba, magram
ramdenad sakmarisia es mecnieruli daskvnisaTvis?
qarTveli specialistebi miuTiTeben im faqtze, rom qa-
rTvelebis winaprebs hyavdaT RmerTebi ur-nina da ur-bau. es
saxelebi TiTqo kidevac exmaureba Sumerebis RmerTebs bau-s da
inana-s (nina na-s) ramdenad sarwmunoa maTi identuroba-ar viciT.
SeiZleba momavalSi kidevac moiZebnos sarwmuno mtkiceba. aseve
SeiZleba varaudi, rom Sumeruli wylis RmerTi enki (engura) iyo
cnobili kavkasiaSi da aq mcxovrebma tomebma Tu ar aRiares is
Tavis RvTaebad, yovel SemTxvevaSi adgili mainc miuCines mdin-
are engurSi. SeiZleba sruliad SemTxveviTad miviCnioT is, rom
Tixisagan gamoZerwils Sumerulad agurisa (adamiani) ewodeboda
da is, rom Tixisagan iZerweba aguri (saSeni masala). calkeul
sityvaTa JReradoba mtkicebis safuZvels ver Seqmnis Tu maT
Sinaarsobrivad erTnairi datvirTva ar axlavs.
kidev ufro umniSvneloa finikiur da qarTul Teologiur-
miTologiur panTeonebs Soris msgavsebis elementebi. eli,
vaali, astarta, dagona, aSera qarTul siZveleebSi msgavsebas
ver pouloben. is, rom zneobis qalRmerT aSeras salocavi xax-
matSi hqonda, verafer damaimedebels ver iZleva. qarTvelebSi
arsebuli xaxmatis salocavi da saxelwodeba SeiZleba ubralo
damTxvevac ar iyos, magram arc arafris momcemia Tu yovelives
damatebiTi axsna ar moeZebna.
sxvanairadaa saqme balkaneTis naxevarkunZulis, egeosis zRvis
auzis kunZulebis, mcire aziis dasavleTi nawilis teritoriebze
arsebuli tomebisa da maT mier datovebuli miTiur-religiuri
memkvidreobis mimarT. aq macxovreblebma Seqmnes Zalze rTuli
da yovlismomcveli panTeoni RmerTebisa da naxevrad RmerTebisa.

34
 am SemTxvevaSi mizania ara am RvTiuri arsebebis samefos-
olimpos sruli daxasiaTeba, aramed im calkeuli elementebis
warmoCena romelTa kavSiri qarTvelebis eTnogenezTan axlos
iqneboda. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom pelazgebis mier Seqmnili
RvTiuri panTeoni Zveli berZnebis mier warmatebiT iqna SeTvise-
buli da bevrad srulyofili. es procesi ki daiwyo Zv. w. aR.
II aTaswleulSi, rodesac qarTvelebis eTnogenezis sakiTxi ukve
werilobiTi Zeglebis mixedviT ikiTxeba da amdenad am wyaros
mniSvneloba aqtualobas kargavs.
pelazgiuri miTologiis ZiriTadi, sicocxlis warmomSobi
RmerTebia ge-a (ge-o) da urani. ge-o an gea miwis qalRmerTia,
deda miwaa, rogorc svan-xevsurebi eZaxian dea-a. Znelia mtkiceba,
aqvs raime kavSiri Sumerul miwis qalRmerT gi-s, pelazgur mi-
wis qalRmerT ge-sTan Tu ara. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom orive
erTi funqciis matarebelia, orive daaxloebiT erT epoqaSi iyo
pativSi, orive sakmaod axlo sivrceSi `moRvaweobda~ da maT
`mflobelobaSi~ myof tomebs Soris informaciuli kavSirebi
ver gamoiricxeba, maSin SeiZleba garkveuli kavSiris daSvebac.
es kavSiri SuamdinareTidan balkaneTamde moiazrebs winaaziis im
teritoriebs, sadac qarTvelebis eTnogenezis arealia.
urani zecis RmerTia. igi aRniSnavs raRac did, gauval
sivrces qarTulad mas uRrani ewodeba. dRevandelobaSi sityva
uRrani didi tyis misamarTiT gamoiTqmis, magram ra diapazoni
hqonda mas uZveles droSi? xom ar iyo igi uranis Sesatyvisi?
ge-o (a) uranTan kavSirSi warmoSobs titanebs, romlebic
Tavis mxriv safuZvels udeben helio-ss (mzes), selenas (mTvares),
eoss (ganTiads), qarebs, varskvlavebs.
heliosis (mzis) umcrosi da eosia, romelic ganTiads, ri-
JraJs, aiss niSnavs. vardisferi eosi samyaros misi Zmis heliosis
mosvlas auwyebda. ra kavSirSia eosTan aisi, ras niSnavs maTTan
mimarTebaSi daisi, es Zalze dasafiqrebeli sakiTxia. ubralo
damTxvevaa? Tu ara saidan saiT aris wasuli eosi? ratom ar
aris pelazgiur miTologiaSi daisis an deosis adgili?
gavidnen droni da ge-as (ge-os) SegonebiT titanma kronma
daamxo, mamis, uranis batonoba da Tavad gamefda RmerTebs Soris.

35
Tu urani usazRvro zecis RmerTi iyo, kroni usazRvro dro-is
RmerTia. mokled, kroni Sinaarsobrivad dronis gamgebelia.
ge-am (ge-om) da dronma (ukacravad kronma) Sves RmerTebi:
tanata-sikvdilis, erida-SuRlis, ata-motyuebis, ker-mter-obis.
es RmerTebi kronis Tanmxleblebad iTvlebian anu dronis
damaxasiaTebelia motyueba, SuRli, mtroba, sikvidili.
qarTvelebSi SemorCenilia gamoTqma micvalebulis misamarTiT:
suli tatanam gaafrTxobinao. sikvdilis RmerT tanatas aqvs
raime kavSiri am gamoTqmasTan Tu es sityvaTa JReradi damTxvevaa?
erida-s pelazgiur RmerTTa panTeonSi gansakuTrebuli
safrTxilo misia ekisra. igi SuRlis Camogdebis, mtarvalobis,
Seurigeblobis sakiTxebs wyvetda. masTan urTierTobaSi sxva
RmerTebic ki frTxilobdnen. Sarian kacs CvenSi yvela erideba.
erideT afrTxileben erTi-meores. erida RmerTis funqcia Si-
naarsobrivad emTxveva im safrTxes, razec qarTvelebi eride-s
ityvian. erida RmerTi da eride sityvaTa damTxvevaa Tu SeiZleba
maT Soris uZvelesi erToba moiazrebodes?
ata dabneulobis, gonebis dabindvis, motyuebis RmerTia.
mogvianebiT man miTologiaSi zevsis qaliSvilis saxeli daim-
kvidra, romelic adamianebSi tyuils, sicrues Tesavs. man TviT
zevsic moatyua. ganrisxebulma RmerTebis mefem atas yurSi xeli
Caavlo da olimpodan Zirs isrola. RmerTebs Soris ata cnobili
iyo, rogorc sicruisaTvis yuriT gadagdebuli. qarTvelebSi
sicruis mTqmels matyuaras eZaxian. ata yuriT gadagdebuli
sicruisaTvis matyuaraa, atayuraa. dronma icis bevri ramis da
maT Soris sityvis cvlileba. atayura matyuarad SeiZleboda
qceuliyo Tu ubralo damTxvevaa? sakiTxi Riaa.
umSvenieresi, silamazis qalRmerTad miCneuli afrodita zR-
vis qafidan gamosulad da Tavdapirvelad zRvaosnobis mfarvelad
iTvleboda. mis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli afra, romelsac gemebze
iyenebdnen da romelic mogonebad SemorCa. pelazgur-berZnuli
miTologiis Tanaxmad uZveles periodSi ganTqmuli zRvaosnebi
kretelebi da kolxebi iyvnen da arc unda iyos gasakviri rom
afra mxolod qarTuli leqsikonis kuTvnileba gaxda.
TviT RmerTebis didi dedofali hera, Tavdapirvelad imis
qalRmerTi iyo, rasac adamianebi sunTqaven-haeris. diax, hera

36
haeris mfarveli iyo. hera-haer-i. esec SeiZleba SemTxveviTi
damTxvevaa? vin icis.
SeiZleba SemTxveviTia: is, rom RmerTebis deda geas qaliS-
vili, skviTeTSi (kilikiaSi) gamoqvabulSi mcxovrebi gvelTevza
eqidna borot, daundobel, saSiS arsebad iTvleboda, romelic
adamianebs daeqadna, rom sikeTiT ar gaaxarebda; is, rom eoli
qarTa mbrZanebeli, mudam eulad daexeteba; is, rom niqsi sibne-
lis, nislis qalRmerTia da a. S.
yuradReba misaqcevia is kavSirebi, rac mcireaziul da kre-
tul-pelazgur kulturaTa urTierTobaSi aSkarad SesamCnevia.
pelazgiuri miTologiis Tanaxmad RmerTebis deda gea (geo)-s
adgils kreteli rea ikavebs. zevsis mSobel rea-s xSirad rea-
kibelas uwodeben. kibela ki mcireaziaSi RmerTebis dedadaa
miCneuli. ratom unda momxdariyo es Serwyma? imitom xom ara,
rom olimpieli RmerTebis umravlesoba warmoSobiT balkaneTi-
dan ar arian? TviTon zevsi kunZul kretaze daibada. misi aR-
mzrdelebi kuretebi da (kolxi koribantebi) iyvnen. afrodita
kunZul kviprosidanaa, apoloni da artemida kunZul delosze
iSvnen da frigiidan mividnen olimpze, dionisec frigiuli
dafdafebis TanxlebiT mogzaurobda da a. S. calke unda iTqvas
nimfa makrisze. igi iyo kunZul evbeas mfarveli da kunZulsac
adre makrisi erqva. aqedanaa mzis RmerTi, cis kabadonze ce-
cxlovani etliT moaruli heliosi. makrisidan aRmosavleTiT
gadainacvles makriselebma (makronebma), helioxebma (henioxebma),
xalibebma (alibebma _ `iliadas~ mixedviT).
yuradReba misaqcevia qalRmerTi fasiane. berZeni avtori
argonavtebis mogzaurobis aRwerisas mianiSnebs imaze, rom md.
fazisSi Securebis dros argonavtebs warmoudgaT qalRmerT
fasianes qandakeba, zustad iseTi, rogoric q. aTenSi datoves.
erTi RmerTis erTnairi qandakeba, amayad mjdomare, winwiliT
xelSi, romelsac mrisxane lomebi icaven, Tu SemTxveviTi igi-
veobaa, maSin mcdarad damjerebeli gergetoze (wyevlis adgili
sapelazgoSi) unda iqnes gadacemuli, xolo marTali kunZul
delosze delias dResaswaulebze (apolonis sadidebeli dRe-
saswaulebi) unda adidon.
calke kvlevis saqmea promeTesa da amiranis identurobis

37
sakiTxi. am sakiTxze bevri dawerila da daiwereba. am SemTxvevaSi
mxolod mSralad mieTiTeba zogierT momentze, raTa wamkiTxavs
iseve eamos, rogor Svebasac daWrils mohgvrida RmerT apolonis
mkurnali vaJi iamosi.
promeTe, pelazguri miTologiis Tanaxmad titan iapetis Zea
(zogi mkvlevari iapets miTologiuri noes Ze iafetTan aigivebs).
erTi versiiT misi dedaa okeanidi klimena, meore versiiT samar-
Tlianobis qalRmerTi Temida. igi daibada, rodesac olimpze Rmer-
Tebs sabrZanebeli ar hqondaT. zevss daexmara kronis daZlevaSi,
magram Zalaufleba da olimpze adgili mainc ar ergo. piriqiT,
zevss eSinoda misi da sZulda. amitom, rodesac promeTem kunZul
lemnosze, mosxos mTis wverze arsebuli hefestos samWedlo-
dan cecxli moitaca (es iyo sisxlis samarTlis danaSauli) da
adamianebs misca, zevsma igi dasaja da kavkasiis mTebSi kldes
miajaWva. promeTes am danaSauls isic amZimebda, rom man zevsis
meomari qaliSvili aTena moitaca. kldeze mijaWvuli promeTes
sanaxavad yovel wels Camodioda Ze devkalioni. (devkalionis
saxeli dakavSirebulia warRvnasTan. Sumeruli miTologiis ms-
gavsad, bibliuri noes darad, devkalionic gadaurCeba warRvnas
da amravlebs kacobriobas).
miTologiur-Teologiur panTeonSi calke adgili ukavia aT-
enas. aravin icis aqvs kavSiri Tu ara mis saxels mTa-xevsureTSi
aTen-genobis (aTena-genobis) dResaswaulTan. am dResaswaulis
Tanamedrove, qristianuli gageba aradamajerebelia iseve, rogorc
lomisoba, zedaznoba (zeda zadenoba, Tu zadenoba) da a. S.
sakuTriv qarTuli sinamdvile RmerTebis iseT mwyobr pan-
Teons ver qmnis, rogorc es misi eTnogenezis arealis mezobel
civilizaciebs axasiaTebda. ra unda yofiliyo amis mizezi?
a) qarTvelebis winaprebi ganviTarebis iseT dabal doneze
iyvnen, rom maTi msoflmxedveloba religiur-primitiul war-
modgenebs ver scildeboda; b) qarTvelebis winaprebi imdenad
axlo kavSirSi iyvnen civilizaciis sxva kerebTan, rom saerTo
religiuri panTeoniT kmayofildebodnen; g) qarTvelebis winaprebs
hyavdaT sxvaTa RmerTebis Sesatyvisi sakuTari RmerTebi, magram
droTa viTarebaSi xsovna maT Sesaxeb istorias ar SemorCa.
RmerTebis is wyeba, romelTa kulti iyo qarTvelebSi da

38
romelTa Sesaxeb informacia sakamaTo araa, SedarebiT gviandeli
periodisaa. V_III aTaswleulebis Sesaxeb praqtikulad arafris
Tqma ar SeiZleba. Sumeruli bau (baba) _ nayofierebis qal-
RmerTi da qarTvelebis ur-bau, iseve rogorc inana (ninana)- cis
mflobeli RmerTi da qarTvelebis ur-nina mxolod logikuri
daSvebiT SeiZleba davakavSiroT. rac Seexeba xeTur telefin-
uSs da svanur telefia melias, xeTur armas da qarTTa-armazs,
iseve rogorc taros, zadens, kretaze mcireaziuli warmoSobis
kibela (kubele), xeTuri kupala da qarTvelebis kopale es
SedarebiT gviandeli periodia (II_I aTaswleulebi) da Zvel
periodze informacias ar Seicavs. kolxuri odi (miwis RmerTi),
svanur-kolxuri dali (nadirobis qalRmerTi), aRmosavleT qa-
rTuli alale, berika da sxva. Zvel periods ar ukavSirdebian.
rac Seexeba urartul xaldes (qaldes), misi kulti, rogorc
mTavari RmerTisa did sivrceSi iyo pativdebuli da mis ymebs
xaldevelebs (qaldevelebs)-ac eZaxdnen, magram arc is scildeba
II aTaswleuls. Zv. w. aR. urartus (arianas) qarT-is nawilidan
RmerTebi ga-ci da gaemi azonma mxolod Zv. w. aR. IV s. daamkvi-
dra qarTvelebSi (iberebSi). saqmes ar Svelis is, rom am gae-ms
pelazgiur gea-s (geos) Sesatyvisad miiCneven. farnavazis mier
aRiarebuli armazi, misi Zis, saurmagis mier movlenili ainana,
danana, farnajomis mier dadgenili zadeni sruliad axalgazrda
RmerTebia da verc uZveles warmodgenebs exmianeba da arc qa-
rTvelebis eTnogenezis sakiTxs matebs sicxades. isini, urartuli
RmerTebi, naTesaur niadagze Semoexiznen qarTs arian qarTidan
gadmosaxlebulTa meSveobiT).
sakiTxs garkveulobas matebs herodote, romelic miiCnevda,
rom afrodite mcire aziul miTras utoldeboda. misive mt-
kicebiT iberebi da xalibebi gansakuTrebul pativs pelazgiur
RmerTebis panTeonis gamorCeul figuras, omis RmerT aress
miagebdnen. xazi aqvs gasmuli im faqts, rom gvian periodSic ki
aress axal samisnoebs uSenebdnen da eTayvanebodnen. (herodote,
istoria, t. II, gv. 435).
amorZalebi (amazonebi) miTologiis mixedviT aresisa da nimfa
harmonias asulebad iTvlebodnen. gadmocemiT maT mcire aziaSi

39
sami qalaqi ekuTvnodaT centriT Temiskira (kapadokia. md. Ter-
modontis auzi). amorZalebi kolxi mamakacebisagan yoliobdnen
Svilebs. gogonebs TavisTan itovebdnen, biWebs mamebs atandnen.
omis RmerT aresis asulebi ratom unda dasaxlebuliyvnen xa-
libebs, kolxebs da muSkebs Soris?
am cnobas emateba is, rom raki aresi muxanaTuri omis Rmer-
Tad iyo warmodgenili, miTologiam igi ganxeTqilebis qalRmerT
eridas daukavSira. erida iqca aresis Tanamgzavrad. imitom xom
ara, rom gonieri muxanaTobas unda eridos? vin icis.

to mebi

qarTvelebis eTnogenezis arealis mezoblad mcxovrebi tomebi

ar iyvnen mowyvetilni mis SigniT damkvidrebulebisgan. savarau-
doa, rom adgili eqneboda maT Sereva-Serwymas, migracias, omebs
da a. S. arqeologia adasturebs am arealis farglebSi adami-
anuri arsebobis da ganviTarebis kvalis uwyvetobas. teritoria,
romelic urmiisa da vanis tbebidan moyolebuli, kavkasiis CaTv-
liT, tigr-evfratis saTaveebis moculobiT dasavleTiT egeosis
auzamde vrceldeboda, sakmaod did sivrceze iyo ganfenili da
iq mcxovreblebs materialuri da sulieri ganviTrebis yvela
pirobas uqmnida.
arqeologia adasturebs, rom aq jer kidev 30 000 wlis win
icodnen kaJis gamoyeneba. 9-7 aTasi wlis win Zveli welTa aR-
ricxviT, ukve hyavdaT moSinaurebuli cxovelebi. 5 aTasi wlis
win aq ukve icodnen brinjaos metalurgiis saidumloebani da
metalis sxva mxareebSi gatanasac axdendnen. daaxloebiT amave
dros am teritoriaze Cndeba galavniani dasaxlebebi, mrgvali
keriebi da a. S. aq arsebul kulturis elementebs xedaven Sua-
mdinareTis (mesopotamiisa) da egviptis sivrceebSi. am arealSi
IV_III aTaswleulSi maRal dones miaRwia e. w. mtkvar-araqsis
kulturam.
am kulturis samxreTiT, amave periodSi hyvaoda e. w. Sum-
eruli civilizacia. magram Sumerebi ar dasaxlebulan ukacriel
teritoriebze da damoukideblad ar SeuqmniaT Tavisi samyaro.
Znelia raimes Tqma, ra urTierTmimarTebaSi unda yofiliyo Su-

40
merebamde arsebuli sazogadoeba CrdiloeTiT mcxovreb tomebTan,
magram urTierToba rom eqnebodaT es bunebrivia.
romelime eTnosis kulturaze, maT gavlenaze, monawileobaze
civilizaciis saerTo procesSi calkeuli vazebis, qoTnebis an
samkaulebis mixedviT Zalze rTulia. aseve rTulia da ara sa-
surveli msjeloba imaze, rom am arealis mcxovreblebi, flobdnen
ra brinjaos warmoebis teqnologias, cdilobdnen am liTonis
gavrcelebis gzebze Tavisi batonobis damyarebas. cnobili mx-
olod isaa, rom III aTaswleulis Sua periodSi am sivrceSi ar
SeimCneva semituri an indoevropuli elementebi.
mecnierebi irwmunebian, rom qarTvelebis eTnogenezis arealSi
III aTaswleulSi cxovrobdnen kutiebi, maT dasavleTiT xuritebi,
Semdeg xaTebi. kutiebs ekavaT urmia-vanis tbis midamoebi. xu-
ritebs_Crdilo mesopotamiidan sevanis tbamde. maT dasavleTiT
xaTebi. swored maT teritoriebze Seiqmna Semdeg xeTebis mZlavri
saxelmwifo, Semdeg ki, mogvianebiT urartus samefo.
miaCniaT, rom xaTebis kultura gavrcelda SavizRvispireTi-
dan. amasTan, am kulturis naSTebi moipoveba rogorc samxreTiT,
aseve CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, maikopSi, yubanispireTSi.
am arealSi uxvad moipoveba wylebis maxloblad mcire zomis,
galavniT daucveli dasaxlebebi gorakebze, aseve mcire farTis
keriebiT. iqve axlo samarxebi, TiTo maTganSi oTxamde micvale-
buliT. miwaTmoqmedeba-mesaqonleobis niSnebiT: qeris, xorblis,
vazis mravali jiSebiT, agreTve qvisa da Zvlis Sromis iaraRebi
Toxebi, namglebi, tyavis gamomyvani danebi, sanadiro isrebi.
SemorCenilia msxvilfexa saqonlis, aseve nanadirevi irmis, Roris,
melas, frinvelebis naSTebi. mogvianebiT, IV_III aTaswleulebis
mijnaze Cndeba uxeSad damuSavebuli brinjaos iaraRebi, safx-
ekebi, saWrelebi, religiuri kultebis figurebi, mZivebi da sxva.
mravladaa Tixis WurWeli sxvadasxva daniSnulebis, Tvliani
transporti da sxva.
vin unda yofiliyvnen am periodis civilizaciis matarebeli
tomebi? danamdvilebiT raimes Tqma SeuZlebelia. erTi ki na-
Telia, am tomebma Seqmnes e. w. mtkvar-araqsis kultura IV_III
aTaswleulebSi. maT moicves e. w. iafeturi modgmis sivrce. maT

41
saTave daudes kavkasiur-iberuli modgmis eTnosebs. ramdenadac
am arealSi SemorCenilia daRestnur, vainaxur, svanur, adiReuri
elementebi. unda virwmunoT, rom es tomebi im droisaTvis Se-
darebiT samxreTiT iyvnen ganfenilni.
erTi ram udaoa. sapelazgoSi RmerTebis mesame Taobis dam-
kvidrebis periodisaTvis helioxebi (mzis Svilebi) da kavkonebi
am arealSi ukve mkvidrad cxovrobdnen. maT mWidro kavSirebi
hqondaT iseT Soreul adgilebamde, rogorsac balkaneTis nax-
evarkunZuli warmoadgenda. am codnis, kavSirebis gareSe promeTe
ver iqneboda `mijaWvuli~ kavkonebis mTebSi_kavkasionze. udaoa
isic, rom es tomebi naTesaur kavSirSi imyofebodnen iafeturi
arealis tomebTan. cnobilia, rom geografiuli istoriis mama-
mTavrad aRiarebuli straboni ara mxolod samxreTis, aramed
Crdilo kavkasiis tomebsac iberebs uwodebda. araa gamoricsuli,
rom ori aTasi wlis win am tomebs ufro kargad axsovdaT Ta-
vianTi warmomavloba da naTesauri kavSirebi.
Zveli dronis cnobili avtori korneli taciti, Tavis ana-
lebSi araorazrovnad amtkicebs, rom kavkasiaSi mcxovreb iberebs
da albanelebs kargad axsovT TavianTi warmomavloba balkaneTis
Tesaliidano. am mtkicebis saimedobas xels ver uSlis misi ia-
zonTan da medeasTan dakavSireba.
kidev ufro mniSvnelovania bibliaSi motanili cnobebi
uZveles tomTa Sesaxeb. Zveli aRTqmis Sesabamis nakveTSi, noes
STamomavlobaSi uxucesi Zmis, iafeTis STamomavlebSi, romelTagan
gamravldnen tomebi da gaifantnen `queyanasa maTsa~, naxsenebi
arian Tobeli da mosoqi. ioseb flaviosi SeniSnavs, rom Toba-
lebs axla iberebi ewodebaTo, xolo mosoqi (mosoxi, meSeki)
kapadokielebis winaprebad arian warmodgenili. Tubalebs da
meSexebs, rogorc tomTa did gaerTianebebs. Zv. w. aR. II aTas-
wleulSi asaxelebs asuruli wyaro. am SemTxvevaSi arsebiTia
tomTa arsebobis uwyvetoba bibliaSi dasaxelebuli periodidan
ax. w. aR. I saukunemde.
pirvel yovlisa, mkvlevarebs arasodes SeutaniaT eWvi bib-
liis im nawilis utyuarobaSi, romelic semitebis warmomavlobasa
da istorias aRwers. ebraeli eri Tavis istorias mamamTavari

42
abraamisagan iwyebs. STamomavlobiTi xazi semidan abraamamde de-
taluradaa gadmocemuli da WeSmaritebadaa miRebuli. semitebi
da semitizmi, anti semitebi da antisemitizmi sayovelTao msj-
elobis kategoriebia.
Tu semi da semitebi imsaxureben ndobasa da pativiscemas,
ratom unda uariyos misi ufrosi Zmis iafetis da iafetidebis
realoba? ratom unda gaxdes eWvis sagani iafetidebis bibliuri
CamonaTvali da maT Soris Tobel-Tubali, mosoq-meSexi. biblia
roca CamoTvlis Tu vin iyvnen `Zeni iafeTisani~, erTad axsenebs
`Tobel da mosoq~-s. saintereso da problematuria, dronis ra
periods exeba es CamoTvla? am sakiTxze mkvlevarTa erTiani
mosazreba ar arsebobs. gansakuTrebiT ararealurad isaxeba
Tanafardoba ufrosi Taobisa da momdevno TaobaTa asakebis
gansazRvrisas. bibliis mixedviT mamamTavari noe 600 w. iyo ga-
dacilebuli, roca araratis midamoebSi daefuZna. amave asakisa
iyo misi STamomavlebis mexuTe Taobis warmomadgeneli Targamosi,
rodesac Svilebs gauyo Tavisi samflobelo. ufro realuria
semis STamomavlebis dasaxelebuli asaki-saSualod 30 weli. am
xazis daangariSebisas gamodis, rom bibliuri noe-dan abraama-
mde 370 welia gasuli. ebraelebma SesaniSnavad ician abraamis
dabadebis weli (Zv. w. aR. 1813 weli). icocxla 175 weli da
gardaicvala 1638 w. sems Svilebi asi wlis asakSi eyola, esenia:
`alim da assur da arfaqsad da lud da aram da kainan~. aseT
SemTxvevaSi gamodis, rom sems pirveli Svilebi eyola Zv. w. aR.
2083 w. Tu paralels gavavlebT iafeTis STamomavlobaSi, maSin
Tobelisa da mosoqis dasaxeleba III aTaswleulis kuTvnileba
xdeba, e. i. am dronisaTvis qarTvelebis eTnogenezis arealSi
damkvidrebulebi unda vigulisxmoT Tobel-Tubali mosoq-meSexi,
meore mxriv, iafetis modgmis Taobebidan mxolod Targamosis
asakia cnobili-601 weli. Tu viangariSebT, rom aseTive xnieri
iyo noe da SeiZleba misi STamomavloba Targamosamde, maSin To-
belisa da mosoxis xseneba V aTaswleulSi gadadis. gamova, rom
qarTvelebis uSualo winaprebi am arealSi ukve V aTaswleulSi
saxlobdnen.
aseTi msjelobis aucilebloba imiTaa gamowveuli, rom im

43
tomebis Sesaxeb, romlebic qarTvelebis eTnogenezSi monawil-
eobdnen mxolod zogadi warmodgena arsebobs. werilobiTi cnobebi
ki II aTaswleulidan Cndeba.
Targamoss Tu realur pirovnebad miviCnevT, risi sinamdvilis
dasturs iZlevian ara mxolod qarTuli wyaroebi, maSin unda
miviRoT mis mier SvilebisaTvis samefos danawilebis realoba.
bibliis monacemebis safuZvelze es faqti SeiZleba ukidures
SemTxvevaSi III aTaswleulis dasawyiss ganekuTvnos. meore varian-
tiT es TariRi SeiZleba IV_V aTaswleulebamde gaizardos, imis
mixedviT Tu rogor iqneba gaangariSebuli Targamosis, TarSisis,
TviT iafeTis asaki da rogor daTariRdeba babilonis godolis
mSeneblobis periodi (Tavad godolis realoba, Tanamedrove
arqeologiis monacemebiT, ukve eWvs aRar iwvevs).
pirveli rasac yuradReba unda mieqces, esaa Targamosis
samefos sidide `xolo queyana igi, romeli wiliT xdomoda,
es ars sazRvari queyanisa misisa: aRmosavliT zRua gurgenisa,
dasavliT zRua pontosa da samxriT zRua oreTisa da CrdiloT
mTa kavkasia~. leonti mrovelis mier moxazuli sivrce TavisTavad
didi qveynis arsebobaze miuTiTebs kavkasiis mTebidan oreTis
(xmelTaSua) zRvamde.
gadmocemis Tanaxmad, Targamoss Tavisi mamuli rva SvilisaT-
vis gauyvia. am mamulSi mravali saxelwodebis tomi Tu tomTa
gaerTianeba Sedioda, magram ara dapyrobili, aramed erTi warmo-
mavlobiT da erTiani xelmZRvanelobiT Sekruli. ar unda iqnes
daviwyebuli herodotes (bevrad gviani periodis misamarTiT
naTqvami) sityvebi: `sparselebi cxovroben da aRweven samxreTis
zRvamde, romelsac uwodeben mewamuls. amaT zemoT CrdiloeTis
mimarTulebiT cxovroben midielebi, midielebs zemoT saspeirebi,
saspeirebs zemoT kolxebi, romlebic aRweven CrdiloeTis zR-
vamde, romelsac erTvis mdinare fazisi. es oTxi tomi mosaxleobs
zRvidan zRvamde~. (T. yauxCiSvili herodotes cnobebi saqarT-
velos Sesaxeb, T. 1960 w. gv. 82). ramdenadac sparsel-midielebis
zeviT Sav zRvamde sxva ucxo tomebi ar ixsenieba, unda vifiqroT,
rom tomTa simravlis da miuxedavad, avtori maT erT naTesaur
kavSirad miiCnevs. Tu herodotes dros tomTa da mosaxleobis

44
simravlis da miuxedavad jer kidev SeiZleboda msjeloba maT
erTobaze, im donemde, rom isini erTi saxelwodebiT warmovidgi-
noT. miT ufro meti erToba iqneboda Zv. w. aR. III aTaswleulSi.
da ara mxolod mcire aziis teritoriaze.
uZvelesi (uxnesi) berZeni avtori hesiode, exeba ra promeTes
Sesaxeb arsebul miTs, xazs usvams im faqts, rom igi kavkasiis
(kavkonebis) mTebs miajaWves zevsis (Weqa-quxilis RmerTis) qal-
iSvil aTenas motacebisaTvis. am SemTxvevaSi ara aqvs mniSvneloba,
rom arsebobs promeTes aseTi dasjis sxva motivis Sesaxeb miTi.
arsebiTia is damTxveva, rac SeiniSneba miTTan amiranis Sesaxeb.
amirani aseve itacebs Weqa-quxilis RmerTis (taro-sis) asul
yamar (kamar, Semdeg Tamar) qaliSvils da am danaSaulisaTvis
masac kavkasiis mTas miajaWvaven. miTebis aseTi siuJeturi dam-
Txveva SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos, rom araferi iTqvas mijaWvis
adgilze, ra zevss balkaneTSi ulumbos mTa ar akmayofilebda?
promeTes da amiranis erToba uZveles miTologiaSi gamonak-
lisi ar aris. didi damTxvevaa Sumerul, bibliur, pelazgiur
(aqedan ki ZvelberZnul) miTebs Soris warRvnis Sesaxeb. samive
SemTxvevaSi RmerTi sjis adamianebs, magram gadaarCens erTis
STamomavlobas. aseve bevri saerTo arsebobs Sumerul, finikiur
da pelazgur (aqedan ZvelberZnul) gadmocemebSi gilgameSis,
melkartes da herakles Sesaxeb. amas emateba gadmocema kadmosis
Sesaxeb. finikiis mefis agenoris vaJi kadmosi aRwevs balkaneTis
naxevarkunZuls, aarsebs qalaqs da rac mTavaria avrcelebs asoTi
damwerlobas finikiuris msgavsad. Zveli berZnuli miTologia
gadmogvcems, rom im periodSi farTed iyo gavrcelebuli pelaz-
giuri damwerloba. am damwerlobis qomagi linosi xels uSlida
finikiuri damwerlobis gavrcelebas. saqme mxolod maSin wavida
win, roca kadmosma linosi mokla. mkvlevarTa erT nawils miaCnia,
rom miTologiis Tanxvedr gavrcelebas moZraoba hqonda mcire
aziidan balkaneTis naxevarkunZulisaken. miTologia fexs ver
aidgamda. igi miitanes mcire aziidan balkaneTze gadasaxlebulma
tomebma. aqedan, pelazgebi-mcire aziidan, SeiZleba kavkasiidan
gadasaxlebuli tomebi iyvnen. (aqeT lazebi an lazgebi, iqiT
pelazgebi?).

45
 Cven SemTxvevaSi mniSvneloba aqvs ara imas, balkaneTidan
gadmosaxldnen mcire azia-kavkasiaSi Tu piriqiT, mniSvnelovania
im uZveles droSi legendebisa da miTebis doneze maTi mWidro
kavSiris (SeiZleba erTobis) aRiareba.
yovelive amas unda miematos miTi argonavtebis Sesaxeb.
mokle siuJeti: balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze qalaq saxelm-
wifo orqomenis mefe aTamants hyavda Svilebi friqse da hele.
mitovebulma aTamantma Svilebs ucxotomeli dedinacvali ino
mouyvana. inom gerebis daRupva ganizraxa da xrikebis meSveobiT
mizansac miaRwevda, magram axloblebma bavSvebi gaapares.
amave dros aTamants evaleboda saRvTo verZis aRzrda,
romelsac wesisamebr oqros sawmisi efara. sawmisi gardamavali
iyo da im mefes ekuTvnoda, romelsac verZis aRzrda daekis-
reboda. im dros verZs aTamanti zrdida. rodesac friqsem da
helem mamis sabrZanebeli miatoves oqros sawmisiani verZi Tan
waiyvanes, rogorc Zalauflebis simbolo.
hele gzaSi daiRupa. friqsem kolxeTSi, mefe aietTan hpova
TavSesafari. verZi RmerTebs Seswires, rogorc wesi iyo, sawmisi
Seinaxes. aieti adre korinTos mefe iyo kolxeTTan erTad. Ses-
abamisad mis mamulSi iyo delfos cnobili samisno. mas iseTive
ufleba hqonda verZis Sewirvisa, rogorc sxva pelazg mefeebs,
iseTive ufleba hqonda sawmisis flobisa, rogorc nebismier
pelazg mefes.
friqse aietis qaliSvil qalkiopes colad irTavs da oTxi
vaJi eyolebaT: argo, melasi, frontisi da kitisore. roca
Svilebi wamoizardnen, moindomes mamis kuTvnili samefos orqo-
menis daufleba. am mizniT isini balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze
gaemgzavrnen.
oqros sawmisis, rogorc saRvTo Zalauflebis simbolos,
dakargvis gamo pelazgiur qalaq-saxelmwifoebs evalebodaT misi
ukan dabruneba. Seikriba vaJkacTa gundi, magram aravin icoda
gza kolxeTisaken da verc iseT swraf gems aagebda, romelic
kretulis an kolxuris msgavsad SeZlebda sruteebis dinebis
(saaTSi 4-8 km) gadalaxvas. aseTi pirovneba aRmoCnda aietis
badiSi argo. man aago gemi da Tavisi saxeli uwoda. aTamanti

46
ki Sepirda samefo Zalauflebis gadacemas, Tu oqros sawmiss
daubrunebdnen.
argonavtebi kolxeTSi Cadian da aietis umcrosi qaliSvilis
medeas daxmarebiT oqros sawmiss xelSi Caigdeben. aiets, iseve
rogorc mis Svilebs surdaT korinToSi mefobis dabruneba.
argonavtebis Camosvla medeasTvis iyo SesaZlebloba, ganexor-
cielebina Canafiqri.
esaa arsi, danarCeni formaa misi.
aieti erTdroulad iyo kolxeTisa da korinTos mefe, es xom
ar mianiSnebs am ori samefos mosaxleobis erTobaze? mdinare
fazisSi (rionSi) Securebul argonavtebs qalRmerT fasianes
iseTive skulptura SexvdaT, rogorc iyo aTenSi. xom ar mianiS-
nebs es, mosaxleobis, maTi kulturis, religiurobis erTobaze?
miTologiis Tanaxmad aietis erTi da kirkea (circea) romis
damaarseblebis didi dedaa. meore da pasifae kretis legenda-
ruli mefis, minosis meuRlea, androgeas, fedras, ariadnasa
da minotavris dedaa. CenCo rom CamovaciloT am gadmocemebs,
gvrCeba cnoba kolxeTisa da kretis, kolxeTisa da etruskebis
kulturebis axlo urTierTobis Sesaxeb. amas Tu daemateba cnoba
RmerTebis mefis, zevsis aRzrdaSi kolxi kor-abantebis (tyavis an
tyavze weris specialistebis) monawileobis Sesaxeb, gamyarebuli
arqeologiuri monacemebiT (erTtipiuri amforebi, culebi da
sxva), maSin SeiZleba daveTanxmoT mosazrebas am kulturaTa da
maTi Semqmneli tomebis eTnikuri naTesaobis Sesaxeb.
sakiTxavia, ramdenad Zvelia argonavtebis istoria? kiTxva
ubralo interesis sagani rodia. argonavtebma ixiles kolxeTis
iseTi Zlieri samefo, romelsac sapelazgoSi badali ara hyavda.
rodis Seiqmna es samefo? mxolod isaa cnobili gadmocemebiT,
rom kolxeTis samefos gverdiT iyo tavridis samefo, sadac
aietis Zma persi mefobda. maTi mama RvTiuri mzis RmerTi helio-
sia, dedas ki perse erqva. maTi miwieri mama mermeroa, papa-ili
(ilo?). amave dros isini afrodites axloblebad iTvlebodnen.
(dadgenili tradiciebis Tanaxmad mefuri, mdgomareobis adamians
RvTiuri STamomavloba unda hqonoda).
pelazgiur miTologiaSi yvelaferia mocemuli, saWiroa
mxolod CaRrmaveba-Sedareba. promeTe RmerTebis meore Taobis

47
STamomavalia. igi exmareba zevss (mesame Taobis RmerTebis ba-
tons) Zalauflebis mopovebaSi, magram imdenad ucxoa, saSiSia,
miuRebelia axalgazrda RmerTebisaTvis, rom arc Zalauflebas
unawileben da arc olimpze adgils ar sTavazoben. maSin man
kunZul lemnosze mosxos mTis wverze samWedlodan (sadac mud-
mivi cecxli enTo) moitaca cecxli da adamianebs misi moxmareba
aswavla. (promeTe ise Zveli RmerTia, rom misi kulti cecxlis
gamoyenebis codnasTanaa dakavSirebuli?)
promeTe, Svili iapetisa (iafetisa?), aris devkalionis mama.
pelazgiur miTologiaSi devkalioni bibliuri noes msgavsad
warRvnas gadarCenili mamamTavaria. igi yovel wels Cadis kavka-
siis kldeze mijaWvuli promeTes sanaxavad. (es tomTa da kul-
turaTa uZveles kavSirebze miTiTebaa?). devkalionis STamomavali
dardani korinTos mefe iyo. aqedan igi elinma gaaZeva da aiZula
dardanelis srutiT mcire aziaSi SvilebTan erTad gadasuliyo.
aq igi Tevkrebis mefe Tevkross CaesiZa da safuZveli daudo
dardanebis modgmas. mis Semdeg mefobda vaJi erixToni. erixTons
hyavda ili da trosi. ili iyo uSvilo da mefoba darCa tross,
romelsac eyola kleopatra, ili, asaraki da ganimedi. am ilis
vaJi iyo laomedoni, xolo misi memkvidre priame (cnobili troas
mefe da omis monawile).
varaudis doneze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kolxeTis mefe aieti
dardanis erTi xazis gamgrZelebelia (erixioni-ili-mermero-
aieti).
varaudis ra safuZveli arsebobs? herodote. herodotes
gadmocemiT parisma (aleqsandrem), priames vaJma, pirmSvenieri
elenes motacebiT Suri iZia argonavtebze, romlebmac aietis
asuli medea gaitaces. araa saWiro imis mtkiceba, rom Surs
mxolod axloblis gamo iZieben. am naTqvams daemateba meore,
minosisa da pasifaes qaliSvil ariadnas motaceba Tezeis mier.
pasifae iseTive axlobelia troelebisa, rogorc aieti.
naTqvams kidev erTi elementi unda daematos. argonavtebis
Svilebi troas omSi Rebuloben monawileobas. gamodis, rom
argonavtTa laSqrobis daTariReba SesaZlebelia troas omis
daTariRebis safuZvelze. Tu es davadgineT, zeviT aTvla _ rodis
ra SeiZleba momxdariyo did siZneles aRar Seadgens.

48
 mkvlevarebs Soris troas omis daTariRebaze erTiani azri
ar aris. erTni fiqroben, rom troa daeca Zv. w. aR. 1183 wels.
meoreni am TariRs 1209 wlamde sweven. aqedan gamomdinare, ar-
gonavtebis kolxidaSi laSqrobis TariRad 1225 an 1250 wlebi
miaCniaT. Tvalsazrisi mravalia, daskvna arazusti.
am daTariRebas Tundac imitom aqvs wuni, rom Zalze bevr
Seusabamobas Seicavs: homerosis `iliada~-s mixedviT troas omi
brinjaos iaraRebiT warmoebda. rkina jer kidev cnobili ar iyo.
ara da Zv. w. aR. XIII saukuneSi rkina sakmaod cnobili liTonia.
troelebis winaaRmdeg oms awarmoeben sxvadasxva tomebis warmo-
madgenlebi. maT Soris dorielebi (ZiriTadi birTvi berZnebisa) ar
Canan. ara da am dros isini balkaneTis naxevarkunZuls ipyroben.
am droidan xdeba pelazgiuri mosaxleobis TandaTanobiTi gaqroba
da berZnuliT Secvla. troas omSi aqavelebi mxolod aqilev-
sis tomelebad arian warmodgenili (mirmidonelebi). homerosi
arafers ambobs peloponesis tomebis aqavelobaze, rom aRaraferi
iTqvas kretelebze. ara da mecnierTa mtkicebiT Zv. w. aR. XVII-
XVI saukuneebSi peloponesSi (mikeni) ukve aqavelebi batonoben.
kunZuli kreta maT XV s. Sua xanebSi daipyres. Sesabamisad,
SeuZlebelia homeross aseTi mniSvnelovani cvlileba ver SeeniSna
da `iliada~-s Sesabamis adgilas, sadac CamoTvlilia romeli
tomi ramdeni gemiT movida troas dasalaSqrad, es faqti ar
aReniSna. momxdurTa mTavarsardali anu mefeTa-mefe agamemnonic
ki pelazgia an minieli, rac saboloo angariSiT erTi da igivea.
agamemnoni da menela osi mcire azieli, meoniis miTiuri mefis
tmolosis Camomavlebia. tmolosis memkvidre iyo mefe tantali
(tantalosi). Zalze mdidari, amayi, mousvenari. RmerTebs eji-
breboda yvelaferSi, ris gamoc igi zevsma Serisxa. troas mefe
ilim tantalis vaJi pelopi meoniidan (qalaq sipiladan) gaaZeva.
damarcxebulma didi qoneba aitana gemebze da sapelazgioSi
gaiqca. aq man muxTlobiT Caigdo xelSi mefoba da ise SeiZlo,
rom sapelazgios am nawils misi saxelis mixedviT peloponesi
ewoda. mamas da papas qceviT arc misi vaJebi aTrei da fiesti
Camouvardebodnen. maT sikvdilamde miiyvanes dis qmari, mikenis
mefe sfenela. aq aTrei gamefda siZis sikvdilis Semdeg. Suriani
fiesti Zmis cols SeuCnda da maT erTad moitaces Zalauflebis

49
simbolo oqros sawmisiani verZi, magram mefoba ver waarTves.
amis Semdeg Zmebi mxolod imis cdaSi iyvnen Tu riT eZiaT er-
Timeoreze Suri. aTreis vaJebi iyvnen agamemnoni da menelae.
SurisZiebas garidebulebma maT spartis mefe tindares Seafares
Tavi. aq agamemnonma mefis ufros qaliSvils qmari moukla, Svili
gaugdo da qvrivi colad SeirTo. Semdeg simamris jariT mikenis
mefoba waarTva biZas. meore Zma menelaem tindares umcrosi qa-
liSvili elene moiyvana colad da misi qmrobiT gaxda spartis
mefe. xolo, roca elene pariss gahyva troaSi da Tan samefo
ganZi gaiyola, menelaes sxva gza ar hqonda, an elene unda dae-
brunebina an sxvisi samefo mietovebina.
homerosi `iliada~-Si aRwers ra oms troas winaaRmdeg arsad
ar ambobs berZenTa xelmZRvanelobaze, agamemnonis berZnobaze.
mecnierebis TvalsazrisiT, balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze berZnuli
ena Zv. w. aR. XIV saukunidan ikidebs fexs, xolo pelazgiuri,
zogis TqmiT araberZnuli IV saukunemde inarCunebs arsebobas.
TviTon agamemnonis winapar pelopsze, Tukidide (berZeni avtori)
`istoriaSi~ aRniSnavs, rom peloponesis damaarsebelma pelopsma
Zalaufleba im simdidris wyalobiT daimkvidra, aziidan rom
moitana RaribTa qveyanaSio.
yovelive imitom iyo Tqmuli, rom wamkiTxveli darwmunebu-
liyo: troas omis TariRi, Sesabamisad argonavtebis laSqrobis
da aietis kolxeTis arsebobis periodi jer kidev dasadgenia.
uxeSi daangariSebiT yovelive Zv. w. aR. XV saukuneze adre unda
momxdariyo, magram ver gascildeboda Zv. w. aR. II aTaswleuls,
ramdenadac Targamosis memkvidreTa Soris misi samflobelos
gayofa III aTaswleulis dasawyisSi moxdeboda.

50
 z o gierT i cno bebi

warsulis kvleva kompleqsur midgomas saWiroebs. mxolod

werilobiTi an materialuri Zeglebis Seswavla sakiTxs ver
amowuravs. bolo xanebSi eTnogenezis kvlevis erT ZiriTad
mimarTulebad enis lingvisturi analizi iqca. kvlevis es meTodi
Zalze perspeqtiulia, magram dReisaTvis dauxvewavi. indoevro-
puli, semituri, iafeturi enebis erTi fuZe enis areali da
dayofis dro Rrma analizs moiTxovs. aseve meti CaRrmavebaa
saWiro, roca lingvistebi amtkiceben, rom Zv. w. aR. mesame aTas-
wleulisaTvis, mtkvar-araqsis kulturis dacemis dronisaTvis,
kavkasiis arealSi iafeturi fuZe ena ukve dayofili iyo sam
mimarTulebad: dRevandeli terminologiiT, qarTvelur, adiReur
da naxur-daRestnurad. amas emateba is realoba, rom TviTeuli
maTgani Semdeg fuZe enebad Camoyalibda da daiyo tomTa simrav-
lis mixedviT.
Zalze perspeqtiuli da saSuria calkeuli kuTxeebis di-
aleqtebis kompleqsuri Seswavla. globalizaciis procesi
ueWvelad daRs daasvams da rig SemTxvevaSi waSlis kidec fuZe
enebis gaazrebis SesaZleblobas.
enobrivi siaxlove da rig SemTxvevebSi damTxvevebi jer
kidev ar iZlevian daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas. Sumeruli
da kavkasiur-iberiuli, xaTuri da svanuri enobrivi, Tundac
ritualuri siaxlove garkveul kavSirebze miuTiTeben, magram
mecnieruli dasabuTebis safuZvels ver qmnian.
uZvelesi damwerlobiTi cnoba qarTvelebis eTnogenezis
tomebis Sesaxeb sargon I (2334-2284 ww.) periods exeba. naTq-
vamia, rom sargonma 2300 w. Zv. aR. ioma CrdiloeTidan SemoW-
eril tomebTan. vin iyvnen es tomebi am cnobidan ar Cans, magram
Semdgomi dronis cnobebi mxolod or gaerTianebas asaxelebs.
am mxriv pirvel rigSi kvlav bibliuri monacemebia aRsaniSnavi.
bibliur-miTologiuri Tubali da meSexi SemdegSi araerTgzis
ixseniebian, rogorc istoriulad arsebuli Tubal-tabal-iberebi
da muSqi-muski-mesxoi.
mkvlevarTa garkveuli nawili samarTlianad miiCnevs, rom
qarTvelTa eTnogenezis bibliuri versia myarad fexs mxolod

51
qristianobis damkvidrebis Semdeg ikidebs, magram amitom am mt-
kicebas undobloba ar SeiZleba gamoecxados. jer erTi imitom,
rom bibliis es nawili istoriul realobas asaxavs da meore,
Semdgomi dronis istoria am mtkicebas (tomTa ori didi gaer-
Tianebis Sesaxeb) Zv. w. aR. meore aTaswleulidan moyolebuli,
araerTgzis adasturebs.
bibliis am debulebis Tanaxmad, asureTis samefos damaarsebel
sargon I, Zv. w. aR. 2300 w. omi SeiZleba hqonoda Tobal-ta-
balebTan (asurulad). ufro nakleb savaraudoa mosox-muskebTan
(asurulad), romelnic bevrad ufro dasavleTiT mosaxleobdnen.
bibliur cnobebzea agebuli qarTuli versia iafetis STamoma-
val (IV TaobaSi) Targamosis mier saqaldevelos teritoriebisa
da tomebis SvilebisaTvis ganawilebis Sesaxeb. ukve aRiniSna,
rom es gayra Targamosianelebisa, ukidures SemTxvevaSi Zv. w.
aR. III aTaswleuls ganekuTvneba.
winaswar unda iTqvas, rom mkvlevarTa garkveuli nawili
undoblad ekideba mrovelis mier TargamosianelTa arsebobisa da
maT mier saqaldevelos gayofis aRwerilobas. erTni miiCneven,
rom mrovelma Tavisi versia Seqmna, raTa saqarTvelos mier mezo-
beli qveynebis mierTeba ideologiurad gaemarTlebina. meoreTa
azriT mroveli tendenciuria, prosomxuri avtoria da somex
istorikosTa gavleniT aRwers yovelives. mesameni miuTiTeben
werilobiTi wyaroebis ar arsebobaze.
mrovels rom Tavad gamoegona TargamosianelTa erTobis
sakiTxi, imisaTvis, raTa qarTvelebis garSemo sxva erTa Semokreba
gaemarTlebina, sakiTxavia, ratom mianiWebda upiratesobas araqa-
rTvel hao-s (haiks somxurad) an, da ratom gamotovebda skviT
alanebs (osebs), Sirvanelebs, afxazebs da a. S. ueWvelia mas
hqonda werilobiTi wyaro, romelic dRevandlamde mainc ucnobia.
SexsenebisaTvis unda iTqvas, rom qristianoba brZoliT, iZulebiT
damkvidrda da Sesabamisad manamde arsebuli bevri ram gaanadgura.
maT Soris ar unda iqnes miviwebuli istoriuli cnoba `uw-
minduri~ wignebis Sesaxeb. isargebla Tu ara leonti mrovelma
romelime `uwminduri~ (araqristianuli) wigniT, araa cnobili,
magram Tu gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba gayris is detaluroba rac
mis mieraa mocemuli, SeiZleba dadebiTi pasuxis gacema. yvelafers

52
garda, cnobilia, rom saqarTvelos mefeebi Tavs uwinares afxazTa
mefeebs uwodebdnen. ra motiviT gamotovebda mroveli afxazebs,
ratom ar miakuTvnebda maT Targamosis Svilebs?
egeba ar hqondaT qarTvelebs qristianobamde damwerloba?
maSin ra vuyoT berZen avtorTa cnobas imis Sesaxeb rom kolxebs
hqondaT `koribiSebi~, tyavze naweri da naxazi dokumentebi,
romlebzec ara mxolod ewera, aramed gamosaxuli iyo zRva da
mdinareebi. ra vuyoT cnobas imis Sesaxeb, rom Zv. w. aR. VIII s.
frigiaSi iyo anbanuri damwerloba, romelic muSqebma finikiidan
Semoitanes. ra vuyoT im faqts, rom semitur da berZnulTan
SedarebiT qarTuli bgeraTa sistema ufro srulyofilia da
asevea asoTa sistemac. ra vuyoT im faqts, rom davaTis stelaze
amotvifruli anbani qristianobamdelia. da bolos ra vuyoT im
gadmocemas, rom Zv. w. aR. IV s. farnavaz mefem axleburad gaawyo
anbani. rogor moxda, rom finikielebisagan muSqebis meSveobiT
aRebuli damwerloba Zvelma berZnebma msoflioSi ganavrces,
kavkasia ki gamorCaT? kiTxva mravalia, pasuxia Zv. w. aR. III s.
poeti apolonios rodoseli: `kolxebs dRemde Semonaxuli aqvT
TavianTi mamaTagan naweri kirbebi, romlebzedac mogzaurTaTvis
naCvenebia zRvisa da xmeleTis yvela gza da sazRvari~. roca
Seni ukeTesia, sxvisa aRar gindeba.
msoflio avtoritetis mqone mecnier a. ainStains kiTxvaze,
ras ityodiT eqsperimentma, Tqveni debulebis siswore rom ar
daadasturos? upasuxia: me daskvnebi logikuri azrovnebis safuZ-
velze maqvs gakeTebuli. Tu eqsperimenti mis siswores sadaos
gaxdis, niSnavs eqsperimenti mcdaria. aseTia logikis Zala.
leonti mrovelis mier mocemuli saqaldevelos ganawilebis
suraTi ise zustia, rom SeuZlebeli iqneboda misi asaxva weri-
lobiTi wyaros uqonlad. gana vinmem daamtkica, rom homeross
gemTa katalogis gadmocemisas werilobiTi wyaro hqonda? magram
iseTi detalebiTaa yovelive mocemuli, rom aseTi daskvna logi-
kuri xdeba. aseve logikuria, rom mroveli 3 (sami) aTasi wlis
Semdeg ver SeZlebda TiToeuli Svilis kuTvnili sagamgeblos
sazRvrebis zust aRweras, werilobiTi wyaro rom ar hqonoda.
rac Seexeba mrovelis prosomxurobas. Zv. w. aR. III aTas-

53
wleulSi somxoba ar arsebobda. Targamosis ufrosi vaJi haosi
iseTive Tobeli (tabali, Tabali, iberi, sasperi-saxelwodeba
icvleboda, eri rCeboda) iyo, rogorc misi Zmebi. Sesabamisad mas
kanonierad miekuTvna mamis samflobelos saukeTeso naxevari. rac
Seexeba somxebs (armianebs), somex istorikosTa mtkicebiT es eri
yalibdeba Zv. w. aR. VIII_VI saukuneebSi. mroveli Targamosian-
elTa gayrisas gulisxmobda Targamosis ufros vaJs haos da ara
somex ers, romelic kimerielebTan Tobalebis nawilis Serevis
Sedegad Camoyalibda, Tobalebs Camoscilda, daupirispirda, ma-
gram maxsovrobaSi darCa, rom maTi nawili haosis Camomavalia da
TviTonac haosis miwebze cxovroben. mroveli rom prosomxuri
istorikosi yofiliyo, ar aRniSnavda, rom haosa da qarTlosis
samflobeloebis sazRvaria mTagrexilze, saidanac gamomdinare
wyali mtkvars uerTdeba da md. araqss misdevs.
ufro metad mniSvnelovania is cnoba, rom qarTloss da mis
mier moyvanil qarTebs (karduxTa nawils) aq mcxovrebi mTis
iberebi daxvdenen. qarT-osi (qarTlosi) mivida adgils `sada
SeerTvis aragv mtkuarsa, da ganvida mTasa mas zeda, romelsa
Sina ewodebis armazi da pirvelad Seqmna simagreni mas zeda,
da iSena mun zeda saxli, da uwoda mTasa mas saxeli Tavisi
Tvisisa qarTli.~
mosulebs garkveuli winaaRmdegoba gauwies monaTesave, magram
mainc gaucxoebis gzaze mdgarma tomebma, romlebsac istoria mTis
iberebs uwodebs. qarT (kardebi), baris iberebi, gansxvavdebodnen
mTis iberebisagan. mkvlevarTa azriT mTisa da baris iberebs So-
ris sazRvari ase gamoiyureba: wilkani (win kari?), mejvrisxevi,
qarcxinvali, wobeni, fxvenisi, saqarTlis cixe. mTis iberTa So-
ris moiazrebian fxovelebi, WarTlelebi, dvalebi, wanarebi. maT
Soris unda igulisxmebodnen kavkasiis mTebs gadasuli tomebi,
romlebic kavka-sosis xelmZRvenelobiT ikaveben teritoriebs
`lomekis mdinariTgan vidre dasasrulamde kavkasisa, dasavliT.~
mrovelis es cnoba TargamosianelTa mier lomekidan (md. Tergi)
Sav zRvamde teritoriebis dakavebis Sesaxeb kavkonebis (mTis
iberebis) tomTa simravlesa da siZliereze miTiTebaa.
lekanisa da kavkasis mier CrdiloeT kavkasiis teritoriebis

54
aTviseba im periods exeba, rodesac iq ramdenime cnobili tomebi
ara saxloben. dRes md. Tergis dasavleTiT da dvalebis teri-
toriaze mcxovrebi os-alan-skviTebi, im dros `zRva-mdinaris~,
volgis aRmosavleTiT mosaxleobdnen. maTi SemoWra kavkonTa
(kavkasosis) sacxovrebel arealSi Zv. w. aR. VIII s. unda ganekuT-
vnebodes, rodesac kimerielebis didi talRa kolxeTis gavliT
SeiWra wina aziaSi, xolo skviTebis tomebi darubandis gziT
gamoCndnen urartus samefos midamoebSi. maSin unda momxdariyo
iranuli warmoSobis alanTa mier kavkonebis gandevna nawilobriv
Tergis aRmosavleTiT (vainaxebi) da dasavleTiT (Zigeb-jiqebi,
Cerqezebi). dasavleTis nawils mogvianebiT Turqulenovani yara-
Caelebi da balyarelebi aviwroeben da usaxldebian.
lekosianebi iZulebulni xdebian kavkasianebs sacxovrebeli
areali dauTmon md. lomekis (md. dergis, Tergis) aRmosavleTiT.
maTgan CrdiloeT mxares myarad ikaveben momxduri tomebi. xan-
grZlivi urTierToba bunebrivad badebs saerTo niSnebs. amitom
ityoda straboni: mTis iberebi sarmatebis monaTesaveni ariano.
zedmetia ganmarteba, rom `Targamosis SvilTa~ saxelebi
sinamdvileSi arsebul tomTa gaerTianebaTa saxelwodebebis
asaxvaa, realobis religiur-miTologiuri gadmocemaa.
tomebis gamravleba, tomTa SigniT mosaxleobis zrda iwvevda
maT gayofa-gayras da migraciul procesebs. sxvanairad Zneli
asaxsnelia herebis mosaxleoba kavkasiaSi da vanis tbis samxreTiT,
qarTebis (karTuxebis) cxovreba dRevandel qarTlSi da urmiis
tbis CrdiloeTiT. kavkonTa (kavkasianTa) mkvidroba balkaneTis
naxevarkunZulze ulumbos (olimpos) mTis kalTebze, mcire aziaSi
da kavkasiaSi. swored kavkonebma misces saxeli mTagrexils,
romelsac kavkasioni ewodeba.
leonti mrovelis istoriuli cnobidan dasazustebelia
egrosis (egriselTa) raobis sakiTxi. Zv. w. aR. III aTaswleulis
iqiT nawilobriv aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi da dasavleTSi rions
(faziss) CrdiloeTiT fiqsirdeba svanuri toponomika da unda
vivaraudoT maTi matarebeli mosaxleoba. svanebi did teritorias
flobdnen samxreT da CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi da ar SeiZleba es
areali erT toms (svanebs) aeTvisebinoT. istoriaSi SemorCe-

55
nilia dRevandeli afxazeTis teritoriaze mcxovrebi sanigebis
tomis saxelwodeba, maT CrdiloeTiT sxvaTa Soris aqavelebis
da dRevandeli leCxumis midamoebSi suanebis tomebis saxelwo-
debebi. vin iyvnen isini? ratomaa maT teritoriebze erTnairi
warmomavlobis toponomika?
mkvlevarTa erT nawils dadasturebulad miaCnia, rom
CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi md. yubanamde farTedaa dResac SemorCenili
svanuri toponomika. Cerqez-adiRevelTa enobrivi monacemebi bevr
rames uwodeben svanur qeds, mdinares, tyes, samosaxlos. svanuri
warmoSobisad miaCniaT iq arsebuli dolmenebi. arakavkasiuri
eposi ki Zv. w. aR. VII s. Cndeba Crdilo kavakasiaSi.
svanTa monaTesave tomTa simravle savaraudos xdis maTi
gaerTianebis da gaerTianebis saxelwodebis arsebobas. sakmarisia
mieTiTos strabonis cnobaze, romlis Tanaxmad svanebs SeeZloT
200 000 meomris gamoyvana, rom svanTa gaerTianebas 300 kaciani
sabWo marTavda.
ra gaerTianeba SeiZleba hqonoda svanur enovan tomebs?
istoria am arealSi afiqsirebs saxelwodebas henioxebi. dRes
henioxebobaze pretenzias mravali acxadebs, magram realurad vin
SeiZleba igulisxmebodes am gaerTianebis qveS?
pirvel rigSi unda gamoiricxon is CrdiloeT kavkasieli
tomebi, romelTa gamoCena-arseboba istoriam mxolod axali wel-
TaRricxviT daasaxela. aseve unda gamoiricxon Turqulenovani
tomebi, rameTu Zvel welTa aRricxvisas isini ar arsebobdnen
am arealSi. unda gamoiricxon is tomebic, romlebic am arealSi
arseboben, magram ixseniebian ramdenime aTaswleulis Semdeg.
Zvel aRmwerelTa mravalsaukunovanma Taobebma Tu am arealSi
romelime tomis arseboba ar daafiqsires, rogor SeiZleba maTi
prioritetebis an pretenziebis safuZvlianobis aRiareba Taname-
drove periodSi.
iyo dro, rodesac adamians sikvdili erCia sicruis Tqmas.
Tanamedroveobam araraobad aqcia es moraluri principi. alogi-
kuroba logikurobad gadaiqca da arakacoba kacobad. magram xom
aris simarTlec?
simarTle gveubneba, rom moniSnul arealSi (egrosis wil

56
qveyanaSi), romlis monacemebi leonti mrovels ase aqvs daxasi-
aTebuli: `xolo egross misca queyana zRvis yurisa, da uCina
sazRvari, aRmosavleTiT mTa mcire, romelsa aw hqvan lixi,
dasavliT zRva; CrdiloT mdinare mcirisa xazareTisa, sada
warswuTebis wueri kavkasisa. xolo aman egros aRaSena qalaqi
da uwoda saxeli Tvisi egrisi, aw mas adgilsa hqvian bedia.~
ufro zustad geografosi da istorikosi ver ityoda 3 aTas
welze met winandel ambavs. dReis gadasaxedidan, 5 aTas welze
meti xnis movlenis gadmocema (minimum 5 aTasi) praqtikaSi ar
gvxvdeba. ris mixedviT SeiZleba msjeloba im dros mosaxle adami-
anTa erovnebaze? arqeologia, toponomika, werilobiTi an zepiri
gadmocemebi. yovelive svanur enovan mosaxleobas ukavSirdeba.
principuli mniSvneloba aqvs Tavad saxelwodebas henioxebi.
saidan gamomdinareobs es saxeli? gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes
is, rom momdevno xanaSi (Zv. w. aR. II aTaswleuli) istori-
ul-literaturuli wyaroebi ixsenieben mefe aiets, romelic
tradiciiT RvTis Svili iyo. aieti heliosis (mzis RmerTis)
Zed ixsenieba. dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze mcxovrebi
heliosis Ze aieti uZlieresi qveynis mefea. is erTdroulad
flobda balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze korinTos, simonides,
delfos da kavkasiaSi dasavleT saqarTvelos, aias qveyanas. io-
nelebis zeobis xanaSi iZulebuli gaxda sabolood kavkasiaSi
damkvidrebuliyo. iZulebiTi migraciis dros bunebrivia igi Tan
Tanatomelebs, korinTelebs (SemdegSi kolxebs) wamoiyvanda. im
droidan unda igulisxmebodes kolxTa damkvidreba svanurenovani
tomebiT dasaxlebul arealSi SesaZlebelia saerTo saxelwodeba
henioxebic im periodSi damkvidrebuliyo. Tu sayovelTao tradi-
cia mefes romelime RmerTis Svilad aRiarebda, ra sakvirvelia
Tu aieti Tavs helioss (mzis RmerTis) Svilad gamoacxadebda
da amiT heliosebze batonobas ganimtkicebda.
safiqrebelia, rom uZvelesi balkanuri tomebi kavkonebi
da helioxebi (henioxebi) kavkasiis pirvel mosaxleebs war-
moadgendnen. svanuri, adiReuri, vainaxuri, daRestnuri kvali
mtkvar-araqsis kulturasa da SemdgomSi xeTis imperiis farg-
lebSic moiazreba. uSedegod araferi xdeba. arafridan araferi
warmoiSoba.

57
 istoriuli wyaro, romelic pelazgur-lazuri tomis heniox-
svanur egroselTa arealSi gadmosaxlebas daadasturebda, ar
aris. aris frTxili varaudi. kavkasiaSi erTi-meores xvdeba da
erwymis ori kultura aRmosavlur-Sumeruli da dasavlur-
pelazgiuri. es asaxvas hpovebs adgilobriv tomTa cxovrebisa
da azrovnebis nirze. mkvlevarTa nawils miaCnia, rom kavkasia da
wina azia is arealia, saidanac dasavleTiT xdeba migracia da ara
piriqiT. es specialuri analizis sagania. am SemTxvevaSi arsebiTia
is, rom aq xvdeba ori civilizacia, romelic saerTo kavkasi-
uris Camoyalibebas uwyobs xels. logikuria, rom kulturaTa
gavrceleba adamianTa mogzauroba-migraciebTanaa dakavSirebuli.
sxvanairad verc Sumeruli elementebi gaCndeboda kavkasiaSi, verc
kretisa da kolxeTis urTierTobaze iqneboda msjeloba da arc
istoria iqneboda aseTi.
Zv. w. aR. III aTaswleulis iqiT araviTari werilobiTi cno-
bebi ar moipoveba. fiqsirdeba mxolod is, rom aq damkvidrebul
tomebs brZoliT moupovebiaT sacxovrebeli areali. brZola
hqoniaT kaspiebTan da hirkanebTan. vin iyvnen isini? monaTesave,
iafeturi Tu sxva modgmis tomebi? ramdenadac arqeologia dabe-
jiTebiT amtkicebs am teritoriebze kulturis ganviTarebis uw-
yvetobas, savaraudebelia, rom isini monaTesave tomebi iqnebodnen.
Zveli welTa aRricxvis mesame aTaswleulis dasawyisisaTvis
da meores dasasrulisaTvis aRiniSneba didi cvlilebebi rac
migraciul-politikur procesebTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli.
sapelazgoSi (pelazgisSi) iapetis (mkvlevarTa nawilis azriT
iafetis) Taobis RmerTebs cvlian mesame Taobis RmerTebi zevsis
meTaurobiT. axali Taobis RmerTebi misulebi arian kunZulebidan:
kreta, kviprosidan da mcire aziidan. paralelurad pe-laz-gebs
Soris Cndeba ioniur-eoluri elementebi. aseve, ara iafeturi
(ara pe-laz-guri) elemetebi Cndeba mcire aziaSi.
mkvlevarTa Soris aravin daobs im faqtze, rom arc bibliaSi,
arc Zvel berZnul, egviptur, asurul wyaroebSi araferia naTqvami
xaTi-xeTebis Sesaxeb. mizezi amouxsnelia. ara da arqeologia
mtkiced miuTiTebs mcire aziaSi arsebul kulturaze. kapadokiaSi
mopovebuli firfitebi, xeTuri lursmuli damwerlobis Zeglebi

58
iseTi faqtia, romelsac axsna esaWiroeba. ramdenad sworedaa
amoxsnili? ramdenad marTebuladaa wakiTxuli? ramden simarTles
Seicavs esa Tu is mtkiceba? sadao bevria.
udao mxolod isaa, rom am arealSi aRmocenebuli saxelmwifo
gverds ver auvlida iafeturi modgmis tomTa gaerTianebas, maT
monawileobas politikur, socialur da kulturul procesebSi.
Tu xeTebis mefe Telifinu saxelmwifos Zlierebas Savi zRvi-
dan xmelTaSua zRvamde ganavrcobs, bunebrivia igi iq mcxovreb
tomebsac SeierTebda. Tu mefe xaTusalim dedaqalaqi samxreTiT
gadaitana da qalaqs xaTusa uwoda, cxadia igi samxreTis dapyro-
bas eswrafvis. misma memkvidre mursilim Zv. w. aR. 1595 w. aiRo
kidec babiloni da uSualod egviptes (kemes qveyanas-berZnulad)
daupirispirda. xeTis Zliereba Zv. w. aR. XIII saukuneSi e. w.
zRvis xalxebis Semosevam mospo.
xeTis samefo iseTi movlenaa, romelic jer kidev saWiroebs
did Zalisxmevas. am SemTxvevaSi ki aRsaniSnavia, rom igi mde-
bareobda mosox, meSex, muSqi, muskebis mudmivi sacxovreblis
arealSi da Tu mecnierTa azriT, xeTur enaSi indoevropuli
elementebi SeiniSneba an gnebavs Warbobs, es mesxTa winaprebis
damsaxurebas odnavadac ver amcirebs.
mecnierTa Soris dResac araa erToba meSexi-muSqi-muskis
mesxebTan gaigivebis sakiTxSi. qarTvel mkvlevarTa warmatebuli
Zalisxmeva yovelTvis gagebiT araa miRebuli.
ratom unda momxdariyo, rom mezobeli saxelmwifoebis weri-
lobiT ZeglebSi xeTa da xeTebis istoria ar aisaxa? biblias-
Tan mimarTebaSi SeiZleba ori gamarTleba moiZebnos: 1. biblia
aRwers uZveles dros, uZveles tomebs CamoTvlis da maSin es
saxelmwifo ar arsebobda; 2. biblia asaxelebs meSexs (asuru-
lad muski, berZnulad mesxoi). tomTa es gaerTianeba Zalze did
teritorias flobda, siZlieriT gamoirCeoda da misi xseneba
yovelives mTqmelia.
kidev erTxel gavixsenoT ioseb flaviosi, romelic aRniSnavs,
rom meSexi kapadokielTa winapariao. kapadokia ki Zalze vrcel
teritorias moicavda, sadac xeTebis saxelmwifo ivaraudeba.
Zvel berZnebTan mimarTebaSi sakiTxi sxvagvaradaa. igi da-

59
kavSirebulia TviT berZnebis, maTi civilizaciis balkaneTis
naxevarkunZulze damkvidrebasTan.
ramdenad iyvnen aqavelebi, ionelebi Tavdapirvelad misulni
sapelazgoSi berZnulenovani tomebi? saidan mividnen isini?
sakiTxi sulac ar aris sabolood garkveuli. garkveuli mxolod
isaa, rom sapelazgoSi dorielTa mixdoma-gabatoneba ganekuTvneba
mogvianebiT periods da emTxveva `zRvis xalxebis~ amoZravebas
Tu ar iwvevs mas. zRvis xalxebma daamxes xeTis siZliere da
ZvelberZnuli (vityodi doriuli) civilizaciis Camoyalibebis
dros es saxelmwifo aRar arsebobda.
aRavlendnen damarcxebuli babilonelebi da egviptelebi
maTi saZulveli mtris sidiades Tu damarcxebas gamarjvebad
warmoidgendnen? vin icis. mecnierebam SeiZleba momavalSi mou-
Zebnos axsna am movlenas.
aqve xazi unda gaesvas i. flaviosis debulebas kapadok-
ielTa warmomavlobis Sesaxeb. es uaRresad sayuradRebo cnobaa.
jer erTi imitom, rom kapadokiuri kultura gansacvifrebelia;
meorec, kapadokieli iyo wminda giorgi, zabiloni, wminda nino.
rodesac gadawyda qristianobaze mosaqcevad mqadagebelTa miv-
linebis sakiTxi, wminda nino savaraudoa enis siaxlovis, codnis
mxrivac iqneboda SerCeuli Tubal-tabal-iberebSi wamosasvlelad.
muSqebis garda sxva iberiul-kolxuri tomebic unda yo-
filiyvnen xeTis gaerTianebaSi Sesulni. Zveli berZeni avtorebi
araerTgzis CamoTvlian maT. imperiis dangrevam yvelas damoukide-
blobisaken gza gauxsna. logikuria, rom daiwyeboda brZola.
pirvelobisaTvis. istoria adasturebs mravali, SedarebiT mcire
samefos arsebobas.
Zveli welTa aRricxvis 1100 w. asureTis mefe tiglad-
pilesar I (1115-1077) aRniSnavs `muSqebis 5 mefis~ Sesaxeb.
naTqvamia, rom Tavisi siZlieriT moqadule 20 000 muski xuTi
mefis sardlobiT, romelnic manamde daumarcxebelni iyvnen, ku-
muxSi Camovidnen da qveyana daipyreso. mkvlevarTa daangariSebiT
am dros centralur anatoliaSi maT mZlavri saxelmwifoebrivi
gaerTianeba aqvT da cdiloben siriis dablobisaken gaWras. mefe
tiglat-pilesar I cdilobs muSqebis gandevnas, romlebmac Zv. w.

60
aR. 1165 w. daikaves mesopotamiis alzis da furulumzis teri-
toriebi, xolo 1115 w. kumuxis (kaTmuxis) midamoebi.
cnoba mwiria, magram bevris metyveli. jer erTi: ratomaa,
rom istoriuli wyaroebi xeTis imperiis Sesaxeb sduman, xolo
muSqebis laSqrobaze ara. ratom? xeTis imperiis arsebobisa
da istoriis problema jer kidev Sesaswavlia. da ara mxolod
misi. mkvlevarTa Soris Zalze bevria sadao ama Tu im warweris
amoxsnis marTebulobaze. imis mixedviT vin rogor waikiTxavs an
ganmartavs raime sityvas, masze dayrdnobiT ar arsebuli saxelm-
wifos sakuTar warsulad gamocxadeba bevri erovnebis mkvlevars
sCvevia. magaliTebi e. w. istoriul samecniero literaturaSi
mravlad yria. maTi gaxseneba mizanSeuwonavia raTa ar ewyinoT
Zvirfas mezoblebs. meorec, rogor SeiZleba arsebuliyo mZlavri
imperia, earseba mravali saukunis manZilze, daemarcxebia egviptis
faraoni kadeSTan brZolaSi Zv. w. aR. 1312 w. da yovelive ar
Semonaxuliyo Tundac miTologiis saxiT.
tiglat-pilesar I-is es cnoba araorazrovnad miuTiTebs
muSqebis mravali samefos arsebobaze. ramdeni samefo hqondaT?
mosaxleobis da meomarTa ra raodenobas aerTianebda? ra sididisa
iyo maT mier dakavebuli teritoria Tu isini CrdiloeTiT pon-
tos (speris, Sav) zRvas uwevdnen, samxreTiT ki siriis dablobis
dakavebas cdilobdnen. ra siZlieris mflobelebi iyvnen muSqebi
Tu isini mZlavr asureTsac daumarcxeblad miaCnda?
kiTxvebi araa ritorikisTvis. mkvlevarTa mier miRweuli
warmatebis miuxedavad pasuxi mainc ar Cans.
tiglat-pilesar I-is aRniSnuli warwera kidev ufro mniS-
vnelovania qarTvelTa eTnogenezis kuTxiT. asureTis samefos
fuZemdebeli sargon I Zv. w. aR. 2300 w. miuTiTebs CrdiloeTi-
dan SemoWril tomebTan brZolis faqtze, magram ar asaxelebs
ra tomebia isini. mxolod logikuri daskvnis saxiT ivaraudeba,
rom Tubalebi unda yofiliyvnen. asureTis CrdiloeTiT isini
mosaxleobdnen. tiglat-pilesaris cnoba ki asaxelebs muSqebs.
ra mcire daskvnis gakeTeba SeiZleba? is rom Zv. w. aR. III-
II aTaswleulebSi asureTis CrdiloeTi da Crdilo dasavleTi
teritoriebi ucvlelad ukaviaT Tubal-muSqebs. meore ara nakleb
sayuradRebo: es ori tomi ki ara tomTa gaerTianebebia: mesame

61
ufro mniSvnelovani. maT hyavT mravali mefe. paralelebis gav-
lebiT iTqmeba: im dros, maTi mezoblebi pelazgebi (Semdeg ki
Zveli berZnebi) qalaq-samefoebad iyvnen dayofilni. erTi tomi
ramdenime qalaq-samefosac qmnida. safiqralia, rom muSqebic,
qalaq-samefoebad cxovrobdnen da mxolod didi RonisZiebis
dros met-naklebad droebiT (dapyrobiTi omi an Tavdacva) er-
Tiandebodnen.
(egeb esec iyo xeTis Sida politikuri struqtura da amitom
ar arsebobs myari cnobebi am saxelmwifos erTeulis Sesaxeb?
vin icis.)
muSqebis Sedareba-gatoleba e. w. ZvelberZnul politikur
(da ara mxolod) kulturasTan miT ufro dasaSvebia, rom aRi-
arebulia Tvalsazrisi: laSqrobebis dros muSqebma (muskebma,
mesxoim) finikiidan gadaiRes anbanuri damwerloba, romelic
maTgan berZnebma waiRes. dRes amis metis Tqma ar xerxdeba, Tumca
TurqeTis teritoriaze warmoebul arqeologiur kvlevas moma-
valSi bevri koreqtivis Setana SeuZlia.
qalaq-samefoebis arsebobis sasargeblod sxva cnobebic ar-
sebobs. asureTis mefe salmanasar II (860-825 Zv. w. aR.) Zv. w.
aR. 858 w. laSqrobs tabalTa (TubalTa) winaaRmdeg. omis Sedegs
ase aRniSnavs: evfrati gadavlaxe, Cavedi tabalTa qveyanaSi da
maTi 24 mefisagan saCuqrebi miviReo.
mkvlevarTa Soris eWvs ar iwvevs, rom tabalebsa da muskebs
(Tubal-meSexebs) Zv. w. a. XII-XI s. urmiisa da vanis tbebidan
moyolebuli dasavleTiT Zalze vrceli teritoriebi ekavaT. isini
ganfenilni iyvnen kavkasiidan samxreTiTac md. evfrat-tigris
saTaveebSi da siriis dablobze gasvlas cdilobdnen. asureTis
mefe tuklat-adar I Zv. w. aR. 1275 w. asaxelebs qveyanas kardu
(karduxebi, xaldebi). qsenofonte (Zv. w. aR. 401 w.) azustebs
da ambobs, rom am warmomavlobis tomebidan yvelaze samxreTiT
karduxebi cxovroben. straboni ganmartavs, rom kapadokielebi
zRvamde da md. halisamde erT enaze laparakobeno. exeba ra igive
sakiTxs ap. rodoseli aRniSnavs, rom xalibTa miwa usazRvroao.
urmiis da vanis tbebidan dasavleTiT md. halisamde da ka-
vkasiidan evfratis saTaveebamde, marTlac Zalze didi terito-

62
riaa. da mainc wyaroebSi dasaxelebuli 5 muSqi da 24 tabali
mefe sakmaod didi ricxvia. Tu ara qalaq-saxelmwifoebi amdeni
samefos arseboba Zneli wamrosadgenia.
am SemTxvevaSi calke unda ganixilebodes kolxeTi, egrosis
kuTvnili qveyana. yvelaze cnobili gadmocemiT, aq qalaq-samefoebi
ki ara, erTiani Zlieri saxelmwifo unda arsebuliyo. yovel
SemTxvevaSi aietis papis-ilis, mamis-mermeros da misi memkvidree-
bis drosac. ramden xans gagrZeldeboda ase ucnobia, magram Zv.
w. aR. XII_XI ss-Si am adgilebSi moiazreba kolxur (qaSqebis)
tomTa didi gaerTianeba. Zv. w. aR. XII s. asuruli wyaroebi mas
kilxa-s uwodeben, VIII s. urartuli wyaroebi ki kulxa_s.
mkvlevarTa Soris araa azrTa Tanxvedra tomTa am gaer-
Tianebis sazRvrebis Sesaxeb. am SemTxvevaSi ki arsebiTia maTi
yofna samxreT kavkasiaSi, maTi saerTo arseboba.
Tubal-tabal-iberTa sacxovris arealSi Zv. w. aR. XIII_XI ss.
ori Zlieri samefo iqmneba: diaoxi (taoxi) da biainili (urartu).
Tavis samSoblos mosaxleoba biainils uwodebda, Tumca msoflio
istorias igi urartus saxelwodebiT SemorCa. urartus mas
tradiciuli mezoblebi da mtrebi asurelebi eZaxdnen.
mizani araa urartus istoriis mTlianobaSi gadmocema. am
dargis mkvlevarebs sakmaod Rrmad aqvT problema damuSavebuli.
amitom Semovifarglebi mokle cnobiT. Zv. w. aR. IX s. urartu
aRwevs Zlierebas da cdilobs teritoriul ganvrcobas. mefe
sarduki I ( 835-825 ww.) iRebs mefeTa mefis tituls da pirvel
rigSi mrisxane asureTs umtkicebs Tavis upiratesobas. brZola
warmatebulia. male mefe menua ipyrobs siriis nawils, aviwroebs
asureTs, gavlenas avrcelebs amierkavkasiaze. misi memkvidre ar-
giStis (786-735ww.) dros urartus samefo siZlieris zenitSia.
am dros asureTi mxolod TavdacviTaa dakavebuli, babilonis
damxoba uaxloesi momavlis saqme Cans, tba sevanis midamoebi da
utiebis (SemdegSi udinebis) tomi ukve mierTebulia. brZola mim-
dinareobs diaoxis (taoxis,) misaerTeblad, programaSia kulxas
(kilxas) dapyroba. mefe argiSti II (713_685 ww.) Tavis gavlenas
avrcelebs kaspiis zRvamde.
mefe menua imperiis teritorias yofs msxvil olqebad da
Tavisi warmomadgenlebis meSveobiT marTavs qveyanas.

63
 Zv. w. aR. VIII s. 20-ian wlebSi amierkavkasiaSi da mcire
aziaSi axali Zala gamoCnda. kimerielTa didi SenaerTebi kolx-
eTis gavliT SeiWrnen mcire aziaSi.
asureTis Zlevamosili mefe sargon II (722-705) mraval cno-
bas iZleva tabalebis qveynebis Sesaxeb. pirveli Seexeba asuruli
terminiT bit-burutas samefos, dedaqalaqiT tulgarimi. cnobaSi
aRniSnulia, rom rodesac tabalTa mefis hvli-s nacvlad tax-
tze misi memkvidre amri dasves, mas qali mivaTxove da mziTvad
hilaku (kilikia) miveci da amiT samefo gavudideo.
aRsaniSnavi faqtia. tabalebs am dros ori samefo hqoniaT.
urartu da bit-buruti. pirvelSi am dros ursa II mefobda,
meoreSi amri.
sargonis cnobiT, kimerielebi (mas Semdeg rac lidiis same-
fos anadgureben, Semdeg muskebs da karduxebs) urartus samefos
Seesivnen da Zv. w. aR. 715 w. mZime dartyma miayenes. aqedan isini
SeiWrnen siria-pelestinaSi da egviptes uwies.
imave periodSi kaspiis zRvis sanapiros gavliT amierkavkasiaSi
gamoCndnen skviTebi. urartum ver gauZlo ormxriv dartymas da
dasustda.
Seqmnili mdgomareobiT isargebles iranuli warmoSobis mi-
dielebma. maT Zv. w. aR. VII s. Seqmnes sakuTari samefo. midielebma
babilonelebTan erTad bolo mouRes asureTis batonobas. male
(Zv. w. aR. 590 w.) skviTebis daxmarebiT urartuc gaanadgures.
urartus mefeebma Tavisi rezidencia mtkvar-araqsis saTaveebSi
gadaitanes da aqedan ganagrZobdnen brZolas qveynis didebis
aRdgenisaTvis.
kimerielebi adgilobriv mosaxleobas Seerivnen. savarau-
dod es moxda kilikiis mezoblad, amris samefos teritoriaze.
mkvlevarTa nawilis mtkicebiT am Serevis Sedegad Camoyalibda
somexi eri.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom somxebis gamoCenis problema sab-
olood garkveuli ar aris. azrTa erTobaa mxolod im sakiTxSi,
rom urartus samefos teritoriaze somexTa winaprebi Zv. w. aR.
VII s-n ixseniebian. mkvlevarTa (maT Soris somex mkvlevarTa)
Soris sxvadasxva Tvalsazrisia Tu saidan unda gadmosaxlebu-
liyvnen somexTa winaprebi urartus mxareSi. somex mecnierebs

64
(ZiriTad nawils) miaCnia, rom maTi winaprebi adre balkaneTSi,
makedonelebis mezoblad cxovrobdnen da brigebis toms Sead-
gendnen. iqidan mcire aziaSi gadmosaxlebulebi muSqebs Soris
dasaxldnen da frigielebi ewodaT. frigiidan ki iZulebulni
gaxdnen urartus samflobeloSi Casaxlebuliyvnen.
somxebis zemo evfratispireTSi gamoCenis faqti jer kidev
seriozul kvlevas saWiroebs. am SemTxvevaSi ki mniSvnelovani
Tavad faqtia. herodote (Zv. w. aR. Vs.) termin armenias (arminas,
somxeTs) Zv. w. aR. VI_V ss. ambebs ukavSirebs. (am sakiTxze sak-
maod damajereblad aqvs moTxrobili n. xazaraZes da ganmeoreba
sakiTxs sicxades ver Sematebs).
mkvlevarTa Soris azrTa Tanxvedraa im sakiTxebSi, rom iranis
aqamenidebis samefo Seqmna kirosma (Zv. w. aR. 558-529ww.) man Tavis
gavlenas daumorCila midia, siria, palestina da babiloni. misi
samefo memkvidreebma ganavrces. daipyres egvipte, Sua da mcire
azia da bolos saberZneTsac Seuties. maT mospes aq arsebuli
yvela samefo. teritoriebi dayves satrapoebad. XIX satrapoSi
gaaerTianes Tubal-meSexuri (iberiul-mesxuri) warmomavlobis
tomebi: tibarenebi, mosinikebi, makronebi, mosxebi da marebi. isto-
ria gveubneba, rom sparselebs qarTebi da kolxebi ar daupyriaT,
isini satrapoSi ar Sediodnen. plutarqe ambobs, rom iberebi
(qarTebi) ar emorCilebodnen arc midielebs, arc sparselebs da
mogvianebiT arc makedonelebs. es Zalze mniSvnelovani faqtia,
romelsac sxva arc Tu iolad gasarkvevi sakiTxi ukavSirdeba.
iranelebis mier mezobeli qveynebis dapyrobas mohyva iranuli
saxelwodebebis gavrceleba.. meSexebis (muSqebis) mxares mas
Semdeg ewoda kapadokia (cxenebis qveyana). urartus Sesabamisad
armina an ariana. sparseTis mefe darios I (Zv. w. aR. 522-486)
erT warweraSi urartus (asurul) nacvlad msjelobaa armina-ze
(sparsulad) an arminuaze (elamurad). sabolood qreba urartu,
Cndeba da mkvidrdeba elamuridan gadmoRebuli berZnuli armenia.
Sesabamisad termini vrceldeba geografiul garemoze da aqedan
mosaxleobazec.
swored geografiuli niSniT daiyo urartu (armenia)
sparselebis mier. teritoriis is nawili, romelsac sparseTi

65
ver akontrolebda ekuTvnoda qarTs da iyo qarTlis armenia an
ariana. Sesabamisad damkvidrda termini arian qarTi. meore nawili
iyo arian sparseTi da mesame iyo samxreT dasavleTis ariana
(berZnulad armenia), somxeTis ariana.
Zveli drois cnobili mxedarTmTavari da JamTaamwereli
qsenofonte `anabasis~-Si Zv. w. aR. 401 w. ambebs aRwers. igi
monawile iyo sparseTSi mimdinare movlenebisa. mefe artaqser-
qse II aujanyda lidiis, frigiis da didi kapadokiis satrapi
ufliswuli kirosi. kirosis armiaSi 13 000 daqiravebuli berZeni
meomaric iyo. babilonTan axlos brZolis dros kirosi daiRupa.
berZnebi iZulebulni gaxldnen ukan mobrunebuliyvnen. vanis tbis
midamoebSi isini karduxebs SeeWidnen. iqidan md. kintriti gada-
laxes da (sparseTis arianas) teritoriaze gadavidnen. aqedan
ukve dasavleT arianaSi (armeniaSi) moxvdnen. arian qarTlisagan
gansxvavebiT es orive, sparseTisa da somxeTis ariana (armenia)
sparseTis olqebs warmoadgenda.
dasavleT arianadan berZnebi araqsis saTaveebSi ukve taoxebis
(diauxis) teritoriaze gavliT xaldebis (qaldevelebis), qveya-
naSi gadavidnen. Semdeg gaiares skviTinebis teritoria da makro-
nebis qveyanaSi Sevidnen. aqedan isini kerasuntis dasavleTiT rva
dRe mosinikebis teritoriaze midiodnen da tibarenebs miaRwies.
irkveva, rom im periodSi sparseTs ar emorCilebodnen karduxebi,
(xaldebi), makronebi, mosinikebi, koitebi da tibarenebi. tomebi,
romelTa qarTul eTnogenezSi monawileoba eWvs ar iwvevs.
upriania kidev erTxel gavixsenoT herodotes cnoba, romlis
mixedviT mis periodSi (da ara uZveles dros) sparseTis yuridan
moyolebuli, Sav zRvamde oTxi modgmis tomebi mosaxleobdnen:
sparselebi, midielebi, sasperebi da kolxebi. muSq-mesxois
herodote ar asaxelebs, radgan isini SedarebiT dasavleTiT
mosaxleobdnen da am oTxi modgmis arealSi ar iWrebodnen. arc
isaa gamosaricxi, rom herodote muSqebs kolxebs miakuTvnebdes.
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare logikuria daskvna, rom urartus
(biailinis) nacvlad armeniis (arian-as) damkvidreba srulebiTac
ar niSnavda am teritoriebis somxur kuTvnilebas. iq kvlav
Tubal-tabalTa modgma cxovrobda, im mcire gamonaklisis garda,
sadac adgilobriv mosaxleobas mosuli elementi Seeria. am Sem-

66
TxvevaSi ara aqvs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba isini kimirielebad
iwodebodnen, frigiel-brigebad Tu alaroidebad. faqti erTia,
rom isini Zv. w. aR. VII-VI ss. adre aq ar damkvidrebulan. meore
mxriv Tu gavixsenebT bibliur-miTologiur Targamos (Targoms-
somxurad) da mis STamomavlobas, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom
mosulebi Seerivnen haosis (haikis-somxurad) toms da miiRes
misi saxeli. amitom somxeTis TviTsaxelia haosiani (haies) Tumca
qarTvelebis garda mTeli msoflio maT sparsul-berZnulad
armenebs uwodebs.
sakiTxis garkveva rom dasruldes aRsaniSnavia: strabonis
`geografiis~ mixedviT, sakuTriv armenia (somxeTi) Tavidan patara
iyo. mxolod Zv. w. aR. 190 w., antioq didis sardlebma brZolebiT
miumates mas sofene, akisene, artaqsati. aseve iberias CamoaWres
pariadres mTis kalTebi, xorzene da gogarene. xalibebs da mo-
sinikebs kareniti da qserqsene. kataonebs-akilisene. sardlebi
artaqsia da zariadri mxolod antioq didis xelqveiT ibrZod-
nen, magram Semdeg gamefebac SeZles da didi armeniis Seqmnac.
es moxda Zv. w. aR. II saukuneSi. manamde aleqsandre makedonelma
Zireulad Secvala sazogadoebrivi cxovreba, romelic Tubal-
meSex-kolxebs uSualod Seexo.
aleqsandre makedonelze imdeni Tqmula da dawerila, rom
raimes kvlevas an kidev erTxel gameorebas azri ekargeba. mxolod
aRsaniSnavia, rom igi azias ipyrobda ara mxolod rogorc didi
sardali, aramed rogorc iq mcxovrebi tomebis ganmaTavisufle-
beli. swored aman ganapiroba arnaxuli warmateba da popularoba.
sxva iyo suraTi sparseTis imperiaSi. satrapoebSi gaerTianeb-
uli tomebi beds ar urigdebodnen da Tavdaxsnas cdilobdnen.
cnobilia rom mefe artaqserqse II (405-359 ww. Zv. w. aR.) dros
sparseTs ganudga dasavleTis yvela satrapi. artaqserqse III 359-
338 ww. mTeli mefoba ajanyebulebTan brZolaSi gaatara, sanam
aRzevebulma egviptelma monam bagoasma ar moawamvlina. taxtze
bagoasma mefis umcrosi Ze arsesi dasva, magram male isic mowamla
da taxtze darios kodomani avida Zv. w. aR. 336 w.
amave wels makedoniaSi mokles mefe filipe da saxelmwifos
saTaveSi aleqsandre Caudga, romelsac bedad ewera dariosis
imperiis ganadgureba.

67
 im periodisaTvis urartu (ariana), sam nawiladaa gaxleCili.
arian qarTs mefobs iaredosi, urartus mefeebis memkvidre. arian
sparseTSi satrapia, iberTa gugarebis olqis didi mTavari mi-
Tridate, romelic dariosis siZea da kiosisa da arianas mefe.
safiqralia, rom miTridatec urartus mefeTa STamomavali
unda yofiliyo. mis saxels aseve ukavSirdeba pontos xalibTa
saxelmwifos mefeebis STamomavloba. samxreT-dasavleT arianaSi
(armeniaSi) aleqsandre makedonelma dariosis kariskaci miTrini
daniSna satrapad. (araa aucilebeli paralelurad iqnes ganxi-
luli movses xorenacis mier gadmocemuli istoria. es sul
sxva Temaa.)
aleqsandre makedonelma darios kodomanis jarebi daamarcxa
Zv. w. aR. 334 w. ivnisSi md. granikosTan. Tan ise, rom sparse-
lebs 20 000 qveiTi da 2 500 cxonosani meomari moukles,
makedonelebma ki mxolod 25 kaci dakarges. am marcxma sparseTis
imperia welSi gatexa. meore sastiki brZola Zv. w. aR. 333 w. no-
emberSi moxda. sparselTa 200 000 jari sruliad ganadgurebul
iqna q. isosTan. dariosis deda da col-Svili tyved Cavardnen,
dadga imperiis aRsasruli.
im areul situaciaSi, arian qarTis mefis iaredosis vaJma
azom gacla amjobina da Seecada samefos centri Sua qarTSi, q.
mcxeTaSi gadmoetana.
qarTSi maSin sxvadasxva kuTxeebs mamasaxlisni ganagebdnen.
mcxeTas ki ijda ufali mamasaxlisi samara. azo-nma mamasaxlisi
da misi axloblebi daaxocina da `Zvel mcxeTaSi~ gamagrda.
mematiane ambobs, rom es iyo pirveli mefe mcxeTas da qarTSi.
azoni etyoba, Tavs myarad ver grZnobda da amitom arian qarTidan
wamoiyvana naTesavni da erTgulni. manve wamoiRo urartelebis
Zveli kerpebi gaci da ga-emi.
es qarT-uxTa (karduxTa) meore talRa unda iyos am mxareSi
gadmosaxlebuli vanisa da urmiis tbebis midamoebidan. pirveli
talRa movida qarT-osTan erTad. maT mTis iberebi (safiqralia
kavkonebis tomebi) mTebSi Serekes da maTi kuTvnili miwebi dai-
sakuTres. meore talRa azons mohyva. Zneli misaxvedria ramdeni
adamiani igulisxmeba cnobaSi imis Sesaxeb, rom azo im wamoi-

68
yvana rva saxli da aTi saxli mamamZuZeTani. arsebiTia, rom man
safuZveli daudo mefobas am mxareSi.
bolomde garkveuli araa Tubal-meSexebs, Semdeg ki kolxebsac
hqondaT calke politikuri erTeulebi samefoebis saxiT, qarTs
ki ara. ram ganapiroba aseTi mdgomareoba? Tu vivaraudebT, rom
aq socialuri urTierTobani da politikuri viTareba ar iyo
momwifebuli aseTi maRali saxelmwoebrivi organizebisaTvis, ar
viqnebiT marTlebi. tabalebi cxovrobdnen vanis tbis midamoebSi
da qarTSic. istoriulad cnobilia tabalebis qveyana urartu da
hvli, amris qveyanac. calke unda aRiniSnos taoxebis (diauxis)
qveyana. tabal-iberebi erTi modgmis tomebia mezoblad da xSirad
erT saxelmwifoSi gaerTinebulni. qarTi-iberi rogor darCeboda
ganuviTarebeli? ufro logikuria vivaraudoT, rom qarTebi,
rogorc ganapiras mcxovrebni, icavdnen danarCenebs CrdiloeTis
mxridan da garkveuli Tavisufleba-TviTmyobadobiT xasiaTde-
bodnen. urartus mefe menua, rodesac qvemo qarTs, md. araqs-
mtkvris (koros) saTaveebs Tavis saxelmwofos SemadgenlobaSi
aerTianebda (momaval arian qarTs qmnida) SeZlebda mTlianad
qarTis mierTebasac _, magram ganapira mxaris mierTeba saxelm-
wifos ufro met sazrunavs gauCenda, vidre sargebels. amitom
Segnebulad ar iqna gauqmebuli mamasaxlisTa instituti. gana
mTeli istoria ar adasturebs ganapira, sasazRvro mxareebis
SedarebiT Tavisuflebas? ase iyvnen TuSebi, xevsurebi, moxeveebi
(wanarebi). dvalebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi.
azon iaredosis Zem, rodesac safrTxe igrZno samxreTidan
(winaswar vin icoda saiT gautevda uZleveli aleqsandre), mar-
Tebulad gadaswia samefos centri CrdiloeTiT. amiT man saTave
daudo qarTis, momavali iberiis samefos. literaturaSi arsebuli
variaciebi azonis berZnobaze, daundoblobaze da a. S., ar unda
gaxdes mizezi misi im damsaxurebis dakninebisa, rom man qarTidan
gandevna ucxo elementebi, gaerTiana qarTis tomebi da gavlena
xazareTamde ganavrco.
daangariSebiT azoni mcxeTas Zv. w. aR. 332 w. unda dafuZnebu-
liyo. isic cnobilia, rom qarTis didi mefe farnavazi am dros
mxolod sami wlisa iyo. oboli bavSvi dedam mTaSi gaxizna, iq,
sadac azonis Zalaufleba ar vrceldeboda.

69
 wyaroebi mowmoben, rom Zv. w. aR. 335 w. dabadebulma, bavSvo-
baSi mamamoklulma da devnilma farnavazma mTaSi kargi aRzrda-
ganaTleba miiRo da imdeni SeiZlo, rom 26 w. asakSi gamefebac
moaxerxa, didi samefos Seqmnac da damwerlobis reformirebac.
SemorCenili cnobebis Tanaxmad mcxeTaSi gadmosaxlebulma
azom daimorCila qarTi (iberia) ereTidan da md. berdujidan
(debeda) speris (Sav) zRvamde. maT Soris kolxeTis (egrisis)
didi nawili, osebi, lekebi da nawilobriv xazarebi. man qveyana
gawminda im ucxo elementebisagan, romelTac gadmocema bun-
Turqebs uwodebs da romelTaganac waryvnili da warecxili iyo
baris iberTa kultura. im zomamde, rom damwerlobac mospobis
gzaze iyo.
gandevnil ucxotomelTa nacvlad azom Camoasaxla arian
qarTidan urartelni. erTi cnobiT maTi raodenoba ganisazRvre-
boda 8 rigiTi saxloba, 10 axloblebisa. meoreTi 1000 mdabioTa
saxloba 10 axloblebisa (mTavrebisa). ra raodenobisac ar unda
Camoesaxlebia azos urartelni, isini mainc ucxo iqnebodnen
damxdurebisaTvis da maT Soris winaaRmdegobac bunebrivi iqne-
boda. miT umetes, rom axlad mosulebs Tavisi Zveli RmerTebic
Tavs mouxveviaT adgilobrivebisaTvis.
am faqtorebma ueWvelad gaaadviles mcxeTis mokluli ufali
mamasaxlisis samaras Zmiswulis brZola monaTesave momxdurebTan.
farnavazi am brZolisas eyrdnoba monaTesave egrisis (kolxeTis)
erisTav qujis. mas gverdSi udganan coleurebi (durZukebi), dis
saqmro (osebis mefiswuli), Seviwroebuli lekebi da xazarebi.
farnavazma azosTan brZolaSi selevkidebis (aleqsandre
makedonelis memkvidreebi) mxardaWerac miiRo. antioqma mas me-
fis gvirgvini gamougzavna da Tavisi erisTavebi miaxmara. klar-
jeTSi gamagrebuli azoi mokles. farnavazma mis devnaSi daarbia
anZiaZori da Zveli akilisenis olqi md. evfratis saTaveebSi,
sofenasTan axlos.
farnavazma Semoimtkica arian qarTi, pariadris mTebis midam-
oebi, xorZene da gogarene. mtkiced dado sazRvari md. araqsze.
mas mWidro kavSiri hqonda selevkidebisa da pontos samefoebTan,
CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mcxovreb tomebTan. straboni am tomTa

70
nawils iberebad miiCnevs iseve, rogorc qarT iberebs. maT So-
ris lekebs, durZukebs, didoelebs, dvalebs. maT sacxovrebelSi
alanebi (skviTebis Camomavlebi) Zv. w. aR. VIII-VII ss unda gamo-
Ceniliyvnen, rodesac samxreT kavkasiis da mcire azias kimeriel-
skviTTa tomebi Semoesien.
farnavazma gaerTianebuli iberiis (qarT-is) samefo saeri-
sTaoebad dahyo, erisTavTa meTaurad ki spaspeti (sardali)
Cauyena saTaveSi. organizaciuli reformebis wyalobiT SeZlo
mZlavri samefosa da Zlieri dinastiuri mmarTvelobis Seqmna.
manve gaatara kulturul-religiuri reformebi. yovelivem ga-
napiroba iberiis samefos damoukidebloba da simyare im dros,
rodesac wina azia romis imperiis xelT aRmoCnda.
kidev erTxel gasaxsenebelia apolon rodoselis naTqvami,
rom xalibTa qveyana usasruloao. aseve qsenofonte, romelic
aRniSnavs, rom xalibebi or nawilad cxovroben _ aRmosavle-
TiT da dasavleTiT.
Zv. w. aR. VIII_VII ss. momxdarma cvlilebebma xalibTa
cxovrebac Secvala. urartus imperiis rRveva-dacemas mohyva
aRmosavleT, vanis tbis midamoebSi mcxovreb xalibTa, tabalTa,
subarTa, iberTa, TubalTa (saxelwodeba mravalia, monaTesave
tomebi igiveni) konsolidaciis centris gadanacvleba da iberTa
mZlavri samefos Seqmna. rogorc Tavis droze urartus mefeebma
diaoxis (taoxis) tomTa gaerTianebis miwebi kulxas samefosTan
gainawiles, ise maTi samflobeloebi gadanawilda axal saxelm-
wifoebriv gaerTianebaTa Soris.
iberiis samefos paralelurad dasavleTis xalibebi (iberebi)
qmnian pontos samefos.
dasavleTis iberiul-xaliburi tomebi: xalibebi, tibarenebi,
kolxebi, mosinikebi, makronebi, drilebi, taoxebi sxvadasxva dros
sxvadasxva politikur gaerTianebebSi Sediodnen. xalibebi, gadmo-
cemiT kunZul evbeas sofel xalibeadan arian gadasulebi mcire
aziaSi da aq gamravlebulebi. Tavis droze homerosi aRniSnavda
alebebisa da paflagonielebis monawileobas troas omSi.
mcire aziaSi maT daaarses qalaqebi: sinupe, amisosi, trapi-
zoni, amasia, gaZiura, kotiora, kerasunti, stamena, cela, qabeira,
amastria, komana, sinoria, Temiskira, farnakia da sxva.

71
 skilaqsi (Zv. w. aR. VIs.) miuTiTebda, rom tibarenebis Sem-
deg dasavleTi xalibTa toms ekuTvnis da maT aqvT gamagrebuli
navsadguri geneti.
xalibebis qveyanaSi dioda mdinareebi halisi, irisi da Ter-
modoni.
Tavis droze kimerielebma sinupes uwies. frigiasa da lidiis
saxelmwifoebTan erTad pontoeli xalibebis qveyanac iavaryves.
Zv. w. aR. VI_V ss. am teritoriebze sparselebi gamoCndenen da
satrapiad (dapyrobil samarTav olqad) aqcies.
rodesac aleqsandre makedonelma sparseTis imperia mospo
pontos mefe miTridatem (Zv. w. aR. 337-302 ww.) misi Zalaufleba
scno da daemorCila. aleqsandres gardacvalebis Semdeg (Zv. w. aR.
323), misma sardlebma dapyrobili miwebi gainawiles. Sesabamisad
miTridate kapadokiis mmarTvelis evmenis daqvemdebarebaSi gada-
vida. evmeni male antigonem Secvala. Zv. w. aR. 302 w. miTridate
antigonem sikvdiliT dasaja.
miTridates darCa Ze miTridate, romelmac Zv. w. aR. 296w.
Tavi damoukidebel mefed gamoacxada. selevdikebis dinastiam
bolos cno pontos samefos damoukidebloba da samoyvro urT-
ierTobac daamyara. siriis mefe selevkos kalinikma umcrosi
da miTridate II miaTxova, xolo misma memkvidrem antioqos III
miTridates asuli laodike SeirTo.
am dros gansakuTrebiT Zlierdeba romis imperia. dasavleT
evropis damorCilebis Semdeg jeri aRmosavleTze midga da Zv. w.
aR. 190 w. maT selevdikebis samefo mospes. romis qveSevrdomoba
maSinve aRiares galatiis, pergamosis, paflagoniis da kapadokiis
mefe-mmarTvelebma. maTgan gansxvavebiT pontos mefe farnakim (Zv.
w. aR. 190-170 ww.) damoukidebeli, Zlieri saxelmwifos Seqmna
ganizraxa. man mcire somxeTis mmarTvel miTridates daxmarebiT
daamarcxa da daipyro kapadokia, pergamoni, biTinia, galatia da
paflagonia. Tavis mxriv romis imperiam Zv. w. aR. 179 w. daamar-
cxa farnaki da monapovarze xeli aaRebina.
pontos samefos, mezobeli qveynebis xelSi Cagdebaze, amiT
uari ar uTqvams. gansakuTrebuli energiiT moqmedebda miTridate
VI evpatori (keTilSobili) Zv. w. aR. 132-63 ww. misi moRvaweobis

72
da legendaruli SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb saistorio wyaroebi
Zalze bevrs da sainteresos gvauwyeben.
am SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobaSi misaRebia pirvel rigSi is, rom
pontos samefo iberiul-kavkasiuri da kolxuri modgmis tomebis
samflobelos warmoadgenda. pontos samefos SemadgenlobaSi uSu-
alod Sedioda kolxeTis qveyana. samefos ukidures aRmosavleT
simagres mis mier daarsebuli axalcixe warmoadgenda, aq hqonda
gadanaxuli miTridates Tavisi simdidre. dasavleT saqarTveloSi
jer umcrosi Zma miTridate hyavda mmarTvelad, magram rodesac
Zmam gamoyofa da calke samefos Seqmna moindoma, es teritoriebi
uSualod miuerTa Tavis qveyanas. amdenad ar arsebobs safuZveli,
rom pontos samefo qarTvelTa eTnogenezSi monawile qveynad ar
CaiTvalos da misi istoria ise iqnes gaSuqebuli, rogorc ucxo
saxelmwifosi. miTridate pontoelma (pontoeli unda ewodos
mxolod imisaTvis, raTa sxva miTridateebisagan gansxvavdebodes,
romelnic mravlad iyvnen qarTvelebis winaparTa Soris) SeZlo
da aerTiana meSex-musk-mesxois tomTa teritoriebi. mis samefoSi
Sedioda dRevandeli yirimis naxevarkunZuli, iqidan moyolebuli
Savi zRvispireTis aRmosavleTi. erTi periodi igi egeosis zRvis
kunZulebsa da saberZneTsac daeufla.
miTridate warmatebiT ebrZoda romis mZlavr imperias, ma-
gram bolos hanibalis bedi gaiziara. mis marcxSi lomis wili
daido somxeTis mefe tigran II, romelic siZe iyo, romelsac
tigranokertis gasaZliereblad miTridatem 250 000 tibaren-
eli Causaxla, romelsac yovelTvis exmareboda didi sasomxeTis
SeqmnaSi. aranaklebi mniSvneloba hqonda Svilebis maxare-sa da
farna-kis gandgoma-Ralats.
aRsaniSnavia, rom miTridates mcdelobac ara hqonia dae-
laSqra iberiisa da albaneTis samefoebi. man mxolod mesxur-
kolxuri (erTi Ziris mqone) tomebi Semoikriba. myarad rom ar
iyos damkvidrebuli saxelwodeba pontos samefo, mas Tamamad
SeiZleba didi kolxeTis samefoc wodeboda.
mxolod SedarebisaTvis aRniSnaven mkvlevarebi, rom miTrida-
tem daamarcxa daumarcxebeli skviTebi. is Zala, romelmac Tavis
droze darios I didi armia gaanadgura da romelmac makedone-

73
lis jarebi moigeries. is, rom Tavad aleqsandre makedoneli
ar sardlobda am jars Sedegs verc cvlis da verc amarTlebs.
romaelebma sabolood sZlies miTridates, magram amas ramden-
ime aTwleuli moandomes, Seakles mravali konsuli da sardali,
meomarTa Tvla ki SeuZlebeli iqneboda. mis winaaRmdeg wlobiT
ibrZodnen iseTi mZlavri sardlebi, rogorebic iyvnen kornelius
sula, lukulusi da pompeusi. ukanasknelma mxolod moRalateTa
daxmarebiT daamarcxa miTridate, sdia Zvel navsadgur laiamde.
aq daaarsa cixe qalaqi da mas nikofsia uwoda. swored es ga-
magrebuli punqti iyo yovelTvis jer kolxeTis, Semdeg ki gaer-
Tianebuli saqarTvelos ukiduresi Crdilo-dasavleTi sazRvari.
(amJamad iq Camomdinare patara mdinares krasnodaris mxaris
md. nogopsuxi ewodeba).
pontos samefos mospobam iberias saSualeba misca Tavisi
Zliereba dasavleTis mimarTulebiT waremarTa. amave dros dasav-
leT saqarTvelos arealSi Cndebian axali Zalebi.
pompeusma kolxeTis mmarTvelad aristarqe datova, qveyana
ki pontos samefosTan erTad romis provinciad gamoacxada. es
mcire xnis miRweva iyo. roms Zala aRar hyofnida Semoemtkicebina
da moTareSe tomebisagan daecva imperiis Soreuli miwebi. amiT
isargebla miTridates Ze farna-kem da droebiT pontos samefo
aRadgina. ase, gardamavali upiratesobiT mimdinareobda brZola. 63
w. romis cnobilma imperatorma neronma pontos samefo gaauqma da
kolxeTi, Tavad ponto da mcire armenia provinciebad gadaaqcia.
calke unda aRiniSnos mcire armeniis Sesaxeb. qsenofontes
cnobebi ori armeniis Sesaxeb, mcire armenia ar unda iqnes gage-
buli ori somxuri saxelmwofos saxiT. mcire armenia ewoda
urartus imperiis dasavleT nawils, sadac mxolod iberiul-
kolxuri mosaxleoba iyo.
ukve iTqva, rom urartus sparselebi arianas, elamurad ki
armianas eZaxdnen. aseve uwodes maT muSqebis qveyanas kapadokia.
berZnebma sparselebis mixedviT urartus armenia uwodes da es
saxelwodeba damkvidrda kidec. rodesac azonma arian qarTidan
(qarTis arianadan) mcxeTis midamoebSi arianebi daasaxla, arian
qarTis dasavleT nawilma garkveuli damoukidebloba SeinarCuna.

74
am nawils berZnulad mcire armenia ewoda. mniSvnelovania ar
airios sasomxeTi da armenia, somxebiT dasaxlebuli armenia da
iberul-kolxuri tomebiT gajerebuli armenia (mcire armenia).
romis mier pontos samefos gauqmebas, kolxeTis, mcire ar-
meniis provinciebad gadaqcevas mohyva mmarTvelobis decentral-
izacia, teritoriebis daucveloba, riTac dauyovnebliv isarge-
bles mezobelma tomebma. straboni aRniSnavs, rom am periodSi
Crdilo kavkasiaSi mosaxle, kavkonuri warmoSobis jiqebis tomma
Seaviwrova kolxeTis CrdiloeTSi mcxovrebi aqavlebi da ker-
ketebi da maTi teritoriebis mniSvnelovani nawili daikava. imave
periodSi Tavi aiSves mTis xeobebis Temebma da iwyes zRvispira
qalaqebis Zarcva. pliniusi, aRwerda ra am regionSi Seqmnil
viTarebas, aRniSnavda, rom biWvinTa (pitiunti), mdidari sazRvao
savaWro centri sruliad gaZarculia. istoria cxadyofs, rom
biWvinTis bedi unda gaeziarebina cxumsac (dioskuria, soxumi).
ufro nakleb gamagrebuli dasaxlebani uares mdgomareobaSi Ca-
vardebodnen. Tavdamsxmelebi masobrivad Jletdnen adgilobriv
macxovreblebs da maT mamulebs ikavebdnen. ase gaCnda ara mx-
olod jiqebis axali samosaxlo, aramed sanigebi dioskuriasTan,
ufro samxreTiT ki abazgebi, afSilebi da misimilianebi. amasTan,
Tu jiqebi CrdiloeTidan mosul kavkonuri warmoSobis tomia,
igive ar iTqmis danarCenebze. sanigebi da misimianelebi svanuri
warmoSobis tomebadaa miCneuli. eWvs abazgebi da afSilebi bade-
ben. maTi warmomavlobaa bolomde daudgenili. azri, rom isini
kavkonuri warmoSobis adiReuri tomis ganayari elementebia,
mavanTa didi survilisa da Zalisxmevis miuxedavad usafuZvloa.
im periodSi am warmomavlobis TemTa arseboba mxolod CrdiloeT
kavkasiaSi, yubanispireTSi moiazreba. jiqebi is avangardia, ro-
melic kolxeTis ukidures CrdiloeTSi pirvelebi imkvidreben
adgils: svanuri (henioxebi, helioxebis) tomebis arealSi isini
gvian periodSi iWrebian.
jiqebis samxreTiT teritoriebs mTebidan Camosaxlebuli
sanigebi da misimilianebi ikaveben. maT samxreTiT abazgebi da
afSilebi kolxuri warmomavlobis tomebia, moZlierebulni
axali viTarebis pirobebSi. iseve, rogorc sedoxezebi md. xobis
midamoebSi. am erTeulma Tavisi calke samefoc ki Seqmna.

75
 pontos samefos gauqmebam Zvrebi ara mxolod kolxeTis
CrdiloeTSi gamoiwvia. samxreTSi wamyvan poziciebs ikaveben mTebi-
dan Camosaxlebuli Wanebi (sanebi), makronebis gverdiT-henioxebi,
romlebic adre Cildiris tbasTan cxovrobdnen. Zidritebi, rom-
lebic adre ar ixseniebian, radgan sxva tomis SemadgenlobaSi
Sediodnen. sakiTxis sinaTlisaTvis gasaxsenebelia miTridate
pontoelis mier somxeTis mefe tigran II 250 000 tibarenelis
Casaxleba tigranokertSi. safiqrebelia, rom am odenobis qveS
erTi tomi ar igulisxmeba. aseve iqnebodnen makronebi, mosinikebi
da a. S. es tomebi erTiandebodnen da iyofdnen, garkveul mizezTa
gamo. maTi calkeuli elementebi Zlierdebodnen an sustdebodnen.
amis mixedviT qrebodnen an warmoiSobodnen ama Tu im saxelwo-
debis tomebi, mikro samefoebi da a. S.
sxvanairad warmoudgenelia imis dajereba rom dioskuriaSi
savaWrod 70 tomis warmomadgenlebi iyridnen Tavs. strabonis
es cnoba sifrTxiliT mopyrobasac ver uZlebs. miT ufro ara
sandoa cnoba aq 300 tomis Sexvedris Sesaxeb, romelTac 130
enaze Tarjimnebi dasWirdebodaT. rac ar unda undodeT di-
oskuriis siZlierisa da ayvavebulobis demonstrireba, rac ar
unda aferadebdnen sinamdviles, am regionSi svanur-kolxuri
tomebis garda aravin mosaxleobda. am SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobis
gareTaa berZnul-romauli kontigenti.
adgilobrivi tomebi periodulad Zlierdebodnen an sustde-
bodnen, erTi meores ejaxebodnen an kavSirebs qmnidnen konkretul-
istoriuli viTarebidan gamomdinare. aseTive iyo damokidebuleba
dampyrob romaelebTan. aseT viTarebas unda aRniSnavdes flavius
arianes cnoba kolxeTis teritoriaze mefeebis simravlis Sesaxeb.
kerZod naTqvamia, rom trapezuntis maxloblad sanebis tomis
mimdebare teritoriaze cxovroben makronebi da henioxebi. maTi
mefea anqiale. maT Semdeg modian Zidritebi da lazebi. lazebis
mefea malasia. lazebs CrdiloeTiT ekvrian afsilebi (afSitebi)
mefe iulianeTi saTaveSi. maT zeviT mosaxleoben abaskebi (aba-
zgebi). maTi mefea resmagi (rismagi?). ufro CrdiloeTiT arian
sanigebi, mefiT spadagi. arianes daskvniT, yvela es mefe romis
imperator adrianes mier iyvnen damtkicebulebi da mas erT-

76
gulebdnen. etyoba mokle droSi viTareba mkveTrad Seicvala.
romis imperator septimius severs (193-211 ww.), kolxeTSi
mcxovreb tomTa damorCileba xelaxla dasWirvebia.
III saukunidan CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi axali Zala gamoCnda
germanuli tomebis saxiT. goTebis tomma xelSi Caigdo bosfo-
ris floti da misi meSveobiT SavizRvispireTi moarbia. goTebma
kapadokiasac uwies. qarTvelebis eTnogenezis arealSi goTebis
gamoCena ra saxsenebelia, roca germanuli tomebi TviT romis
imperias esxmodnen da roms dapyrobiT emuqrebodnen.
goTebs mohyvnen sarmatebi. aris cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom
sarmatebma CrdiloeT kavkasiasTan erTad kolxeTic moarbies da
md. halisamde zRvis sanapiroebs aterorebdnen.
kidev ufro Zlieri Zala gamoCnda IV s. hunebis saxiT.
hunebma skviT-alanTa areali gadaTeles, adgilobrivebi gaJlites
an SeierTes da goTebis Seviwroebac moaxerxes. bolos hunebma
atilas meTaurobiT romsac uwies. hunebs alan-skviTebis didi
gaerTianebis mospobis dros, mxolod kavkasias Sefarebuli osebi
gadaurCnen.
roms kavkasiisaTvis aRar ecala. am viTarebam bevrad Seuwyo
xeli kolxeTSi lazebis gaZlierebas da maTi samefos daarse-
bas. saqarTvelos istoriis mkvlevarebi yovelmxriv aanalizeben
lazikis samefos aRmoceneba-gaZlierebis pirobebs da maTi aq
ganmeoreba axals arafers iZleva. mxolod unda aRniSnos lazikis
damokidebuleba mezobeli tomebisadmi. lazebma Tavis gavlenas
daumorCiles skumias (leCxumelebis) da misimianebis svanuri
tomebi, SeierTes afSileTi da interesTa sferoSi moaqcies
abazgTa tomi. lazTa samefos dedaqalaqad miaCniaT cixe-goji
(noqalaqevi), romelic Tavis droze (Zv. w. aR. IV_III ss) egrisis
mTavar qujis dasayrden punqts warmoadgenda.
kolxeTis samxreT nawilSi sanebis (Wanebis) tomTa gaer-
Tianeba Seiqmna. I_II ss. isini iseT Zlierebas aRweven, rom
araerTgzis arbeven somxeTs. am gziT maT kapadokia, kilikia,
siriac daulaSqravT. istoria gvamcnobs, rom maTi Zarcva-rbeviT
Sewuxebuli romaelebi, xSirad saCuqrebiT cdilobdnen urTier-
Tobis mogvarebas.
sxvanairad ganviTarda procesebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

77
teritoriaze. azonis mier Seqmnilma da farnavazis mier ganvr-
cobilma iberiis samefom drois gamocdas gauZlo da garkveul
warmatebebsac miaRwia.
farnavazis Semdeg iberiaSi mefobda saurmagi. gadmocemis
Tanaxmad igi aRaSenebda dedaqalaqs. man mcxeTis misasvlel gza-
sTan axlos dadga ainanas kerpi. misma memkvidre mirvan (miriani
I) mefem mamis Zalisxmeva ganagrZo rogorc qveynis, aseve RvTis
mSeneblobis mimarTebiT. mis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli daninas
kerpis gamobrwyineba RmerTebis panTeonSi. winaprebs arc far-
najomi CamorCa. man aRaSena cixe `mTasa zeda~ da dadga zadenis
kerpi. istoriul maxsovrobas SemorCa zeda zadenis (zedazenis)
xseneba. kerpi ki savaraudod qristianobas emsxverpla. misma
memkvidre arsokma STamomavlobas Tavi imiT daamaxsovra, rom
qalaqs galavani auSena.
Zv. w. aR. III_I ss. moRvawe farnavazianTa dinastiidan yvelaze
meti mefe artagis (artokis) Sesaxebaa cnobili. man istorias
Tavi pompeusTan urTierTobiT daamaxsovra. mis saxelTanaa dakav-
Sirebuli mtkvris dinebis qveS moqceuli qvis xidis mSeneblobac.
farnavazianTa sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom maT SeZles
samefos moSeneba-moRoniereba. sakmarisia strabonis damowmeba,
romelic aRniSnavda, rom iberia kargadaa dasaxlebuli rogorc
qalaqebad, aseve dabebad. xazs usvamda, rom aris xuroTmoZRvrebis
wesiT agebuli saxlebi, bazrebi da sazogadoebrivi Senobebi.
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa miTiTeba sazgadoebrivi Senobebis
arsebobaze. Zveli welTaRricxvisaTvis am xasiaTis nagebobebiT
yvela eri ver daikverxnida.
iberiis samefos axlo samokavSireo urTierTobebi hqonda
Crdilo kavkasiis tomebTan da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi koordine-
buradac moqmedebdnen.
iberias CrdiloeTidan mTis iberebi icavdnen. mTis iberebi
kavkonuri tomebisagan Sedgebodnen. qarTuli warsuli maT
kavkas-osis saxelTan akavSirebs. leonti mrovelis cnobiT am
gaerTianebas ekava Crdilo kavkasiaSi teritoriebi md. lome-
kidan (Tergidan, dergidan) dasavleTiT Sav zRvamde. Zv. w. aR.
VIII s. moyolebuli maT CrdiloeTiT gamoCndnen kimerielebi
da skviTebi. skviT-alanebma mTis iberebis (kavkonebis) arealSi

78
dafuZneba SeZles. kavkonebis nawili Tergis marjvena mxareSi
lekosis (daRestnelebis) kuTvnil miwebze gadavida (bacbur-
qistur tomebi) da mezoblebi Seaviwrova. dvalebi maRali mTis
xeobebSi Caiketnen. dasavleTiT ganfenilma tomebma Cerqezul-
adiReur modgmas daudes saTave.
iberiis samefos hqonda siZlieris da sisustis periodebi.
Tu azonma da farnavazma misi sazRvrebi Sors samxreTSi gas-
wies da ganamtkices, SemdegSi Zv. w. aR. 190-185 ww. somxeTma
SeZlo misTvis sakmaod didi teritoriebis Camocileba. istoria
gvamcnobs, rom artaqsiasa da zariadris dros CamoaWra somxeTma
iberiul-kolxur tomebs didi teritoriebi. pariadris mTis
kalTebi, xorzene da gogarene, karaniti (karnu qalaqi, erzurumi),
qserqsene da akilisene. apolidoris cnobiT adre iberebsa da
armenebs (arianebs da ara somxebs) md. araqsi yofda, Semdeg es
sazRvari somxebis sasargeblod dairRva.
rTuli iyo urTierToba romTan, Zv. w. aR. I s. parTia
Zlierdeba da cdilobs somxeTi daisakuTros. mis gamo iwyeba
gauTavebeli omebi. istoriuli cnobebis Tanaxmad, amiT isargebles
iberebma da albanelebma da romis daqvemdebarebas Tavi daaRwies.
romis xelisuflebam SesaniSnavad icoda am ori erTeulis mniSvn-
eloba Soreul aRmosavleTSi da Seecada kvlav maT damorCilebas.
Zv. w. aR. 36 w. antoniusis sardali publius krasusi SeiWra
iberiaSi da farnavaz II mokavSireobis zaviT daimorCila. Semdeg
igive bedi ewia albaneTs da mis mefe zobers.
roms albad SeeZlo damarcxebuli qveynebis mierTeba, magram
aseT SemTxvevaSi winaaRmdegoba gagrZeldeboda da somxeTisaTvis
brZola garTuldeboda. Tavis mxriv mokavSireobis statusma
albaneT-iberias damoukidebeli moqmedebis da gaZlierebis sa-
Sualeba misca.
axali welTa aRricxvis I_II saukuneebSi iberiis samefo
Zlierdeba da romisagan damoukidebladac ramdenjerme amar-
cxebs parTias. rig SemTxvevaSi romi iZulebulia dauTmos urC
mokavSires. miT ufro, rom iberias saSualeba aqvs saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi gaxsnas kavkasionis gadasasvlelebi da saTareSod
gadmouSvas skviT-alanTa SeiaraRebuli SenaerTebi.

79
 romis imperia didad Zlierdeba da warmatebebs aRwevs
parTiasTan SerkinebaSi imperator tiberiusis dros (14-37ww.)
tiberiusma Tavis gavlena alban-iberebzec gaaZliera. taciti 23
w. aRniSnavda, rom romis legionebi am ori samefos interesebs
icaveno. tiberiusma somxeTi Camoacila parTias da iq pontos
mefe polemonis Ze zenoni dasva. zenonma miiRo artaSe-s saxeli
da 18-34 ww. marTavda somxeTs. misi sikvdilis Semdeg parTiis
mefe artaban III (13-38 ww.) daikava somxeTi da Tavisi Ze arSaki
gaamefa.
erTi wlis Semdeg mdgomareoba TviT parTiaSi garTulda.
didebulTa erTi nawili aujanyda artabans da romis daxmare-
biT tiridati dasves taxtze. etyoba am brZolaSi iberiis mefe
miTridates jaric iRebda aqtiur monawileobas. tiberiusi mi-
Tridates mokavSireobisaTvis somxeTis taxts Sehpirda. roms
awyobda parTiisaTvis Zlieri metoqis dapirispireba.
miTridate mefis Ze farsmanma parTiasTan omSi daixmara
albanelebi da sarmatebi, SeiWra somxeTSi daikava dedaqalaqi
artaqsata. parTiis mefem didZali jariT Tavisi memkvidre orodi
daupirispira iberebs. istoriuli cnobis Tanaxmad farsmani brZo-
lis dros daesxa orods da mZimed daWra. iberebma gaimarjves.
Sedegad somxeTSi miTridates Ze miTridate gamefda (farsmanis
Zma), xolo parTiaSi tiridati.
tiridats didxans ar umefia. artabanma taxti daibruna da
sasomxeTis dabrunebac moindoma. iberebma kvlav gaimarjves da
mefoba miTridates darCa.
37 w. gardaicvala imperatori tiberiusi. igi saocrad aRvir-
axsnilma kaligulam (37-41 ww.) Secvala. mis kaprizebs bevri
Seewira. misi gadawyvitilebiT somxeTis mefe miTridate romSi
daibares da daapatimres. amiT iberia-parTiis Widili somxeTis
dauflebisaTvis ar Sewyvetila. axla ukve mefe farsman I somxeTis
SemoerTebisaTvis medgrad ibrZoda. misi SeCereba romma mxolod
imiT moaxerxa, rom axalma imperatorma klavdiusma miTridate
patimrobidan gaaTavisufla da kvlav somxeTis mefed daadgina.
farsman I aRar awyobda, Tundac Zmis xelmZRvanelobiT
somxeTis damoukideblad arseboba. WeSmaritad Zala aRmarTs

80
xnavs, gamarjvebuli ki bolos marTali xdeba. 51 w. iberiis
jarebma somxeTi daikaves, miTridate somexTa mefe ki farsmanis
Ze radamisti-T Secvales.
male kvlav parTiam imZlavra da somxeTis samefo taxti
daisakuTra. parTiisa da romis imperiis axali dapirispireba
garduvali gaxda. romi iberTa, rogorc mokavSireebis mZlavrobas
somxeTSi egueboda parTielebisas ki ara. saboloo angariSiT
58 w. parTielebi gandevnes. gamarjvebul mZarcvelTa wesis
Tanaxmad dapyrobili miwebi gainawiles. iberiam, pontom, mcire
armeniam miierTes am samefoTa mosazRvre teritoriebi. brZola
somxeTis dauflebisaTvis gagrZelda da 63 w. zaviT dasrulda.
zavis Tanaxmad somxeTze gavlenas parTiac inarCunebda da romic.
taxts kvlav parTiuli warmoSobis arSakidebi ikavebdnen, magram
mxolod romis nebarTviT.
aseTi Sedegi ar awyobda farsmanis Ze miTridates. 70-ian
wlebSi man CrdiloeTidan gadmoiyvana moqiravne jari, iberebTan
SeerTebuli ZalebiT SeiWra somxeTSi da midiaSi. istoriuli
cnobis Tanaxmad, imdenad didi iyo Zarcva-rbevis Sedegi, rom
parTiis mefem iberiis mefes romSi uCivla, rogorc romis me-
gobars, romelmac zavis pirobebi daarRvia.
miTridate farsmanis Ze qarTam miTridates Zem Secvala, magram
somxeTisadmi (rogorc parTiis vasalisadmi) damokidebuleba ar
Secvlila. erTi cnobis Tanaxmad qarTam-ma somxeTis ufliswuli
daatyveva da darialis cixeSi Caketa. tyve mxolod mas Semdeg
gaaTavisufles, rac parTia-somxeTma iberias javaxeT-artaanis
waglejili miwebi daubrunes.
cnoba ise ar unda iqnes gagebuli, TiTqos somxeTi mxolod
sxvaTa sajijgn erTeuls warmoadgenda. srulebiTac ara. ramdena-
dac im dros parTiac da romic urTierTWidiliT dasustebulebi
iyvnen, somxeTi cdilobda parTiis daxmarebiT romis uRelic
moecilebina da mezoblebisaTvis teritoriebic waeglija. es
ki parTiis miznebSic Sedioda. Tavis mxriv somxeTis mezoblebi
cdilobdnen romis imperiis mimxrobas da gamoyenebas.
am viTarebas unda aRnusxavdes cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom im-
perator domicianes dros romaelTa legioni ibrZoda albaneTis
teritoriaze. es SeiZleba yofiliyo an albanelTa an iberiis

81
dasaxmareblad. imave periodSi romalebi aqtiurad moqmedeben
somxeTis dasavleTSi.
romis saimperatoro taxtze traianes (98-117 ww.) asvlis
Semdeg parTiasTan urTierToba da brZola somxeTis dauflebi-
saTvis mwvavdeba. traianem 114-116 ww. sastikad daamarcxa par-
Tia da mTliani somxeTi daikava. somxeTis mierTebiT traianem
iberiasTan kavSiri gaamyara. miT ufro, rom iberielebi am omSi
aqtiurad monawileobdnen mefiswul amazaspis sardlobiT. am
brZolebis Sedegad moxerxda parTiis interesebis moTokva al-
baneTis mimarTac. iberiis samefos moespo safrTxe aRmosavleTidan
da SeiZleboda aqtiuri sagareo politikis warmoeba samxreTiT.
es SesaZlebloba warmatebiT gamoiyenes mefeebma miTridate III
da farsman II (qvelma).
Seicvala romis politika imperator adrianes (117-138) dros.
romis imperia aqtiuri saomar moqmedebas wyvets da ukve mop-
ovebuli teritoriebis SenarCunebas cdilobs. aseTsave sagareo
politikur kurss adgas misi memkvidre antoninus piusi (138-
161). am dros iberiis samefos saTaveSi farsman qveli udgas. man
SeZlo samxreTSi poziciebis ganmtkiceba da samefo sazRvrebis
Savi (pontos) zRvis sanapiroebamde ganvrcoba. am cnobas kapa-
dokiis mmarTveli flavius ariane iZleva 131 w. misi TqmiT, md.
Woroxis samxreTiT, zRvis piras mobinadre Zidritebis tomi
roms ki ara iberiis samefos emorCilebao.
farsmani zRvaze gasasvlelis mopovebiT ar dakmayofilebula.
134 w. man alanTa didi SenaerTi gadmouSva samxreTiT da midia,
somxeTi da kapadokia gaaZarcvina. romis ukmayofileba farsmanma
`ar vicodis~ meTodiT Caaqro. somxeTi da midia ki ise iyo mo-
oxrebuli, rom parTiis mefe vologeS II risxva ver daioka da
farsmans mokavSire-megobar romTan uCivla, Tan arc is daumalavs,
rom sakuTriv parTiam moTareSeebisagan didZali saCuqrebiT
ixsna Tavi. safiqrelia, rom aseTi saCivrebis gasaqarwyleblad
da megobrobis gansamtkiceblad (momavali samoqmedo programis
SesaTanxmeblad) unda Casuliyo farsman qveli romSi stumrad,
ris Sesaxebac sando cnobebs romauli wyaroebi gvamcnoben. am
stumrobis dros romma scno farsmanis uflebebi mierTebul
teritoriebze. niSnad mtkice megobrobisa amxedrebuli farsmanis

82
Zegli daidga romSi. iberia gaxda pirveli megobar-mokavSire
aRmosavleTSi.
iberiis samefos warmatebebi warmavali aRmoCnda. III saukunis
sinamdvile qveynis mesveurebs mxolod TavdacviTi brZolebis
saSualebas aZlevda.
yovelive daiwyo iranSi sasanidebis dinastiis gabatonebiT.
mefe ardaSirma (224-241 ww.) SeZlo iranuli warmoSobis
tomebis gaerTianeba centralizebul saxelmwifoSi. male igi
roms daupirispirda sakmao ZlevamosilebiT. ardaSiris memkvi-
dre Sabur I (241-272 ww.) romis imperatori valeriane tyved
aiyvana. romaelebma misi gamoxsna ver SeZles. iranma romis im-
perias SuamdinareTTan erTad kavkasiis samefoebic Camoacila.
amis Semdeg Rirseuli metoqeebis brZola cvalebadi warmatebiT
mimdinareobda, rac albaneTs, somxeTs da iberias mZime mdgo-
mareobaSi ayenebda.
saukunis bolo periodSi ZalTa Tanafardobis saswori ro-
mis sasargeblod gadaixara. imperatorma dioklitianem (284-305
ww.) qveynis reformireba moaxdina. imperia or nawilad gahyo.
TviTon aRmosavleT imperias Caudga saTaveSi da irans Seutia.
298 w. daido zavi (nizibinis zavi), romlis ZaliTac iberia da
somxeTi romis gamgeblobaSi darCa.
IV s. pirvel naxevarSi iberia cdilobs problemebi moagva-
ros iranTan. amasTan kvaSirSi unda iyos cnoba taxtis mflobel
mirianis sparsuli warmomavlobis Sesaxeb. mis gamgeblobaSi Cans
somxeTi, rani, movakani, hereTi da egrisis nawili. misi mefobis
dros somxeTs romaelTa daxmarebiT damoukidebloba moupovebia.
imperator konstantines SuamavlobiT dapirispirebulni Serigdnen
da somxeTis mefe Trdatis asuli salome mirianis Ze revs (revi
marTali) SerTes.
mefe mirianis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli qristianobis saxelm-
wifo religiad aRiareba. ra dadebiTi da ra uaryofiTi Sedegebi
mohyva am aqts, rTuli saZiebelia. faqtia, rom am periodidan
moyolebuli qveyana qristianulad iwodeba da dResac myarad
mkvidrobs.
IV s. meore naxevari iranis warmatebebiT aRiniSna. iberiis
samefo oficialuri Caurevlobis poziciam ver ixsna. cnobilia,

83
rom Sabur mefem iberias Tavs moaxvia gavlena. mefe saurmagi
iberiidan gaZevebul iqna da taxtze asfaguri (varaz-bakuri)
aRzevda. Tavis mxriv imperatorma valentma saurmags jari mi-
axmara. riT damTavrdeboda Widili did saxelmwifoTa Soris
Zneli saTqmelia, rom ara Serigeba-garigeba varaz-bakursa da
saurmags Soris. maT iberia gahyves mtkvar-aragvis aRmosavleT
da dasavleT nawilebad da ormefoba daamkvidres.
V s. dasawyisSi iberiis taxtze farsman IV Cans. igi
warmatebiT eqiSpeboda aRmosavleT romis imperias. istoriuli
cnoba adasturebs mis gamorCeulobasa da mZlavrobas. man hunebi
gadmouSva samxreTiT da bizantiis (aRmosavleT romis) provin-
ciebi daarbevina. damSvidda da dazavda mas Semdeg, rac misi Ze
bizantiis imperatorad aRzevda.
farsmanis saqme warmatebiT ganavrco mirdatma, romelic
Zmis Semdeg mefobda. mirdatma SeZlo iranis gavlenisagan qveynis
daxsna da bizantiis winaaRmdeg klarjeTisaTvis warmatebuli
brZolis warmoeba. bolos igi iranTan WidilSi damarcxda da
tyved Cavarda. amas cecxlTayvnismcemlobis momZlavreba mohyva
iberiaSi. ase gagrZelda, vidre samefo taxtze arCil I ar avida.
man qristianoba moamZlavra da Seutia iranis provinciebs ransa da
movakans. am brZolebSi aqtiurad monawileobda misi Ze mirdati.
gadmocema gvamcnobs, rom brZola moyvrobiT dasrulda. mirdatma
colad moiyvana ranisa da movakanis erismTavar barzabodis asuli.
maTi vaJi vaxtangi mefobda V s. meore naxevarSi. am dros
iranis mier sasomxeTSi mefoba gauqmebulia. es moxda 428 w.
male igive bedi albaneTsac ewia (510 w.) rCeboda iberia, romlis
legendaruli mefe vaxtang gorgasali didxans zeobda mtrebze
da orgulebze. cnobilia misi warmatebiTi laSqroba CrdiloeT
kavkasiaSi osebisa da yivCaRebis winaaRmdeg. brZoliT man Crdilo-
eTidan afxazeTsa da Sav zRvas uwia. am laSqrobis dros unda
asuliyo igi ialbuzze. igi monawileobda iranis mokavSired
Sua aziisa da indoeTis winaaRmdeg laSqrobaSi. aseve cnobilia
misi warmatebiTi laSqroba bizantiis winaaRmdeg. vaxtang mefes
miRwevebi hqonia Sinaur saero da sasuliero feodalebTan Wi-
dilSi. mis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli kaTalikosis winamZRvrobis
SemoReba nacvlad mTavarepiskoposisa.

84
 vaxtang gorgaslis Semdeg iberiis samefos mZime dro daudga.
iranma somxeTsa da albaneTSi mefobis mospobis Semdeg iberias
Seutia da sawadelsac miaRwia 523 w. gurgen mefe momxre dideb-
ulebiT qveynidan gadaixvewa da bizantias miaSura. iranma moaxerxa
da ara mxolod iberia daikava, aramed kavkasiis uReltexilebzec
mkacri kontroli daawesa. kavkasiis yofili samefoebi erT sam-
marTvelo olqad gaarTiana da saTaveSi marzpani Cauyena. amave
dros gaaZliera momxre pitiaxSebisa da mamasaxlisebis gavlena.
aseTive privilegiiT sargeblobda `qarTlis kaTalikozi~ da misi
wre. es faqti ki sruliadac ar gamoricxavda qristianobisa da
iberielobis Seviwroebas.
Tu gavixsenebT, rom iberielebi adre mokavSirobdnen, ma-
gram ar emorCilebodnen arc erT Zlier mezobels, maSin Zneli
warmosadgeni ar iqneba maTi Seurigebloba. kidev ufro mZime
pirobebSi uwevdaT arseboba albanelebsa da somxebs. autanelma
mdgomareobam ganapiroba 571 w. somxebis ajanyeba vardan mamiko-
nianis meTaurobiT. bizantiam Tavis mxriv daxmareba aRmouCina
ajanyebulebs, rac saboloo angariSiT iberiisa da somxeTis
(berZnebis daxasiaTebiT persarmeniis) bizantiis gavlenis sferoSi
moqceviT dasrulda.
ajanyebis dros (571 w.) iberebis winamZRols guarams, ius-
tine keisarma kurapalatis sapatio tituli mianiWa. amieridan
misi Camomavlebi erismTavris wodebiT moixseniebian. 591 w.
roca sasomxeTi da ukve qarTli (ara iberiis samefo) iranisa-
gan damoukideblobas aRweven erismTavari stefanozia, romelic
patrikiosis tituliT moixsenieba.1
istoriulad aranaklebi mniSvnelobis movlena iyo 606-608
ww. somxur-qarTuli saeklesio erTobis moSla da dapirispireba
monofizitebad da diofizitebad. erTi SexedviT araarsebiTi
ganxeTqileba mraval saukunovan WidilSi gadaizarda. am Widils
saTave iranis Sah xosro II daudo. man 614 w. daipyro ierusa-
limi, wminda adgilebi, moiwvia qristianTa kreba da daadgina:

1. patrikiosis tituli yuradsaRebi movlenaa, radgan amave

tituls aniWeben dasavleT saqarTvelos mTavris donemde Camo-
qveiTebul lazeT-egrisis mefeTa STamomavlebs.

85
misi gavlenis sferoSi mcxovreb qristian morwmuneT unda
uareyoT mrwamsi. visac am religiis mimdevrad darCena surda,
somxuri qristianoba unda eRiarebina. irani somxuri religi-
isadmi Semwynarebluri politikiT cdilobda somexi mosaxleobis
mxardaWeris mopovebas da qristianebs Soris SuRlis Camogdebas.
Sahis es brZnuli gadawyvetileba kargad gaiTavises rogorc
iranis xelisuflebam, ise somxuri eklesiis mesveurebmac es
principi. pirobebSi, roca religiuroba erovnulobas utol-
deboda, niSnavda qristianebis gaTiSvas, rac dampyrobs surda
da grigorianul mrwamsze gadayvanas masebisa, gasomxebas, rac
somxur eklesias awyobda.1
Sahis aseT gadawyvetilebas araferi zianis meti qarTvelebi-
saTvis ar moutania. adarnase stefanozis Ze erismTavari da kirion
kaTalikosi iZulebulni gaxdnen qarTlidan gadaxvewiliyvnen.
istoria arafers ambobs Tu ramdenma mibaZa maT qcevas.
male kvlav bizantiam imZlavra. herakle keisarma jer kapa-
dokiaSi brZolisas daamarcxa iranis mxedroba, Semdeg ki xaza-
rebTan kavSirSi nineviasTan dasca iranis Zliereba. kavkasiaze da
kerZod qarTul samTavro-samefoze gavlena gaimyara da iq Tavisi
mmarTvelobac SemoiRo.
iberiul-kolxuri tomebi erTimeores eqiSpebodnen da ex-
marebodnen kidec. axla, roca bizantiam qarTlze gaavrcela
gavlena, meti saSualeba mieca kolxeTSi Tavisufali moqmedebisa.
meti saSualeba swori moqmedebisas met Sedegs moitanda da asec
moxda. lazTa samefo, romelic IVs. garkveulad damoukidebe-
lia da momZlavrebuli, bizantiis mxriv xelyofas yovelmxriv
winaaRmdegobas uwevda. lazikam (egrisma) moaxerxa da iberiis
dasavleTi teritoriebi daikava. man aseve miierTa afSileTi, aba-
zgeTi da sinigeTi. aseTive bedi ewiaT misimianebsa da skvimnebs.
bolos jeri sakuTriv svaneTze midga.
saukuneebi grZeldeboda omi kavkasiis dasaufleblad. yoveli

1 iranis Sah xosro II principi saukuneebis manZilze

warmatebiT moqmedebda. igi SesaniSnavad gamoiyenes ara mxolod
sxva religiis warmomadgenlebma, aramed erTmorwmune ruseTis
xelisuflebamac.

86
dampyrobi cdilobda dasapyrobTa gaTiSvas, urTierTdapirisp-
irebas da sakuTari poziciis gamyarebas. am mxriv gamanakliss
arc bizantiis imperia warmoadgenda. swored isini uwodebdnen
egrisis samefos lazikas.1 Tavis mxriv lazikis mefeebic Tavs ar
izogavdnen oRond dampyrobebi erTimeorisaTvis daepirispirebi-
naT da Tavi gadaerCinaT. periodulad mizansac aRwevdnen, magram
umetes SemTxvevaSi qveyanas xan erTi agresori Zarcvavda, xan
meore. am brZolebSi ufro meti iyo danakargi da meti Ralati.
VI s. egrisis mefes abazgebi gaudgnen da bizantiis batonoba
irCies. am toms ori mTavari marTavda da orive mokles. mZime
gamodga bizantiis ymoba da axla am axali batonis winaaRmdeg
mimarTes iaraRi. bizantiam ajanyebuli moRalateebi mospo.
abazgebis magaliTs afSilebma mibaZes. im sxvaobiT, rom maT
iranelebi irCies batonad. iranelebi ratom iqnebodnen bizan-
tielebze metad humanurebi? Sedegmac ar daayovna da bolos
afSilebma isev lazebTan yofna irCies.
amgvarad brZola cvalebadi warmatebiT mimdinareobda.
ukeTesi mdgomareoba arc lazTa (egrTa) samefos hqonda.
iran-bizantia orive mZarcveli mter-mokavSire iyo. agresorTa
urTierTdapirispirebisas lazTa samefo situaciis mixedviT xan
erTs miemxroboda xan meores. am brZolebis dros 554 w. bizan-
tielma sardlebma mefe gubazi RalatiT miityues da mokles.
istoriaSi kargadaa cnobili lazebis saxalxo kreba da iq
gamomsvlel oratorTa argumentebi. yovelive imiT dasrulda,
rom bizantiam lazikis samefoc daimorCila da svaneTic. lazebma
gubazis nacvlad mefed misi Zma waTe miiRes. iranma ki marcxi
aRiara da 562 w. zavi dado bizantiasTan.
gaimyara ra mdgomareoba bizantiam 562 w. lazeT-egrisSi
mefoba gaauqma. mefe waTes memkvidreebi patrikiosis Tanamdebo-
bamde iqnen CamoqveiTebulni. ganmeorda is rac iberiaSi moxda.
damatebiT cxumisa da biWvinTis saeparqo Camocilebul iqna
lazeTisas da uSualod daeqvemdebara bizantiurs. sxva mxriv
lazeTis patrikiosi kvalav flobda samefos sivrces.

1 berZnebi balkaneTis Zvel mosaxleobas pe-laz-gebs uwo-

debdnen. egrisis mosaxleobas ki laz-ebs, lazikas, kolxebs.

87
 VII s. Sua xanebSi dasustebuli iranis nacvlad kavkasiis
istoriul arealSi arabebi gamoCndnen. maT daamarcxes bizantia,
daipyres irani da 640 w. somxeTSi Sevidnen. amis Semdeg, 654
w. qarTvelTa samflobelos miadgnen. qarTlis erismTavarma
(patrikiosma) zavi iTxova da morCilebas Sepirda. bolos ori
mtacebeli bizantiis keisari da arabTa xalifa kavkasiidan miRe-
buli xarkis Suaze gayofaze SeTanxmdnen. iyo 686 weli.
qarTvelTa sacxovris arealSi SemoWrili Zalebi saTavisod
iRvwodnen, damxdurebi ki arc erTs qeds ar uxridnen. amitom
moZaladeTa warmateba, Tundac xangrZlivi, mainc ganwiruli iyo.
istoria gveubneba, rom qarT-elTa erismTavarma nersem SeZlo
droebiT uRlis gadagdeba. warmateba imdenad mZlavri iyo, rom
mcire xniT man arabebi somxeTidanac gandevna.
moiSores erTi mteri da saswrafod igi meorem Secvala.
mxolod bunebas ki ara, politikasac ar uyvars vakuumi 688 w.
bizantiis keisarma iustinem jari gamoagzavna dasapyrobad. maT
arc xazarebi CamorCnen da daiwyo xangrZlivi dava kavkasiisaTvis.
Tavis droze azonma (azo-m) qarTli xazarebisagan gawminda
da maTi nawili daimorCila. vaxtang gorgasalma Crdilo kavka-
siaSi laSqrobis dros os-xazarTa gaerTianebul jars awvnia
marcxi. droeba Seicvala da xazarebma aqeT Semouties samxreTe-
lebs. adarbadagani da albaneTi maT saTareSod iqca. 628 w. ki
Tbilisic aiRes da gaZarcves.
VII s. bolosaTvis mainc arabebma gadasZales. am saqmeSi
maT adgilobrivebic daexmarnen. cnobilia, rom 697 w. lazeTis
patrikiosi giorgi barnukis Ze bizantias aujanyda da dasax-
mareblad arabebs mimarTa. gaimeora gaWirvebulTa Zveli meTodi.
axali mteri miixmara Zvelis winaaRmdeg. Sedegad arabebma mTeli
dasavleT saqarTvelo daikaves. lazikis Zveli centri cixe-goji
arabebis xelT aRmoCnda. saerTo jamSi arabTa batonoba TiTqmis
naxevar saukunes gagrZelda.
bizantiis imperia, romelsac mudmivi omi hqonda arabebTan
gavlenis sferos gafarToebisaTvis, iolad ver Seurigdeboda
dasavleT saqarTvelos (lazikis, afxazeTis-rogorc is bizantiur
wyaroebSia moxseniebuli) dakargvas. arc Serigebia. am SemTxvevaSi
mis bunebriv mokavSireebad gamodiodnen is adgilobrivi Zalebi,

88
romlebic arabTa eqspansias ewinaaRmdegebodnen da is gareSe Za-
lebi, romelTac surdaT kavkasieli tomebis (eTnosebis) arealis
miTviseba. aseTebs warmoadgendnen alanebi da xazarebi. xazarebsa
da arabebs Soris isedac swarmoebda brZolebi.
cnobilia, rom 728 w. arabebma ilaSqres xazareTze da
brZoliT md. volgasac miaRwies. arc xazarebi darCenilan valSi
da Sedegad aRmosavleT kavkasia iqna gaCanagebuli. 737 w. kvlav
arabebma (murvan yrus meTaurobiT) dalaSqres xazareTi. aseTi
iyo urTierToba arabebs, xazarebsa da bizantielebs Soris.
kavkasielebs arc erTi momxduri ar exataT gulze. isini
cdilobdnen yvelasaTvis winaaRmdegoba gaewiaT da SeuZleblobis
SemTxvevaSi `naklebi boroteba~ amoerCiaT. es miT ufro, rom
Tu xazarebi rbeva-TareSiT kmayofildebodnen, bizantielebi da
arabebi dapyrobil qveynebSi TavianT moxeleebs niSnavdnen. ase iyo
momravlebuli patrikiosebi, magistrosebi, vipatorebi da a. S.
arabebi ratom CamorCebodnen sxvebs. maT TbilisSi dasves amira,
romelic qarTlis erTpirovnuli mmarTveli unda yofiliyo.
amiras damxmared TbilisSive datoves erismTavari.
dapyrobilebs ra SeeZloT faruli Tu aSkara winaaRmdegobis
gawevis garda. qarTlSi winaaRmdegobas erismTavari edga saTaveSi,
lazikaSi erisTavi. bizantiisaTvis orive patrikiosi iyo. yoveli
mebrZoli mxare mokavSires eZebda. ramdenadac qarTul-kolxur
tomTa areali arabebs ekavaT, bunebrivad brZolac maTTan unda
ewarmoebinaT. erisTavisa da erismTavris mokavSired pirvel rigSi
bizantia gamodioda. Tavis mxriv bizantia, Tavadac SeWirvebuli
arabebisagan, cdilobda xeli Seewyo laz-afxazTa da iber-qarTTa
brZolisaTvis.
qarTlSi winaaRmdegobas erismTavari stefanozi meTaurobda.
mas aqtiurad edgnen mxarSi Svilebi miri (miriani?) da arCili.
dasavleTSi brZolas leon lazTa mTavari uZRveboda. igi Sida
egrisidan (lazikidan) gadavida sakuTriv afxazeTSi1, daafuZna
1. jer kidev vaxtang gorgasalis dros md. kelasuris (Zve-
lad koraxis) CrdiloeTi teritoria bizantiis `kuTvnilebas~
warmoadgenda. aq iyo agebuli zRude. Semdeg periodSi, rodesac
abazgebi lazTa mefes ganudgnen, bizantiam kidev ufro mtkiced
moikida fexi. VIII s. dasawyisSi aq ukve arabebi iyvnen.

89
samTavro da iqidan cdilobda winaaRmdegobis organizebas. man
moaxerxa afxazeTSi mtkice placdarmis Seqmna, daukavSirda qa-
rTlis erismTavars erToblivi moqmedebis mizniT da scno ra
bizantiis keisris uzenaesoba, daxmareba iTxova misgan. leon
mTavarma mdgomareobis gamyarebis mizniT Tavad colad moiyvana
qarTlis erismTavris stefanozis SviliSvili (miris qaliSvili)
guranduxti, xolo Zmas SerTo xazarTa xakanis qaliSvili. am-
rigad Seikra wre arabTa winaaRmdeg.
leon mTavris (patrikiosis) md. kelasuris CrdiloeT miwebze
damkvidreba ara ucxo, magram rTuli saqme iyo. bizantias isedac
dakarguli hqonda es teritoria. iq lazikis mefeTa STamomavlis
damkvidreba, Sedegs ar cvlida. sanacvlod rTuldeboda Sinagani
mdgomareoba da arabebTan damokidebuleba.
pirvel rigSi unda mieTiTos istoriuli geografiis md-
gomareobaze: mdinare kelasuri (Zveli saxelwodeba koraxi, e.
w. koraxis zRudis gaswvriv Camomdinare, romlis saxelwodeba
momdinareobs kolxuri tomis koraxis mixedviT1) warmoadgenda
wyalgamyofs lazikis (egrisis) samefosa da bizantiur abxazeTs
(lazikas) Soris. wyalgamyofs warmoadgenda agreTve henis wyali-
dRevandeli md. kodori. henixi (henioxebi) tomis saxelwodebis
mixedviT. Zveli egris wyali anu md. RaliZga lazebis (egrebis)
samefos SemadgenlobaSi iyo. md. bzibi (anu bzebi), sxvanairad
kapoetis wyali (kapoeti oragulis jiSis Tevzia) iseve organu-
lad kolxur-iberiuli saxelwodebaa, rogorc md. kalmaxi an
md. kintriti dRevandeli TurqeTis teritoriaze.
es iTqva, raTa gaTvaliswinebul iqnes, rom im dros erTiani
samTavro ar arsebobda, qveyana dayofili iyo sxvadasxva tomTa
saxelwodebis teritoriebad. md. kodoris xeobaSi (Zveli henis

1. sakiTxis dasmis wesiT SeiZleba varaudis gamoTqma, rom

koraxebi. kori-n-xebi warmoadgendnen im didi tomis nawils,
romelTa Sesaxeb naTqvamia, maTi aietTan erTad kor-inTodan
gadmosaxlebis Sesaxeb. arc isaa gamosaricxi, rom Zv. w. aR.
kolxas-kulxas tomTa gaerTianeba masTan organul kavSirSi iyo.
am sakiTxs sWirdeba dataluri analizi.

90
wyali) misimianelebi saxlobdnen. md. kelasuris xeobaSi kor-
axebi (kor-in-xebi), md. gumisTis (gumis mTis) midamoebi absilebs
ekuTvnodaT, Semdeg modiodnen abSilebi, maT zeviT sanigebi da
bolos abazgebi. sanigebi saxlobdnen md. mzimTisa da soWis
midamoebSi. maTgan CrdiloeTiT abazgebi. yvelani (da ara mx-
olod isini) henioxebis tomTa did gaerTianebas qmnidnen. ufro
gvian xanaSi henioxebs svanebi unda wodebodaT. kidev erTxel
gavixsenoT naTqvami, rom svanebs 200 000 meomris gamoyvana
SeeZloT da cxumSi (soxumSi) savaWrod Tavs iyrida 70 tomis
warmomadgeneli.
arabTa batonobis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli leon patrikiosi
mkvidrdeba md. kelasuris CrdiloeTiT teritoriebze, hqmnis
politikur erTeuls da Rebulobs afxazTa mTavris tituls. es
ar iyo iolad mosagvarebeli. am teritoriebze mTavris titu-
lis pretendentebi cnobili Savlianis gvaris warmomadgenlebi
iyvnen. mxolod Zalis upiratesobiT da iZulebiT SeZlo leonma
iq damkvidreba. Savlianebma daTmes, magram droebiT. SemorCenilia
istoriuli cnoba maTi brZolis Sesaxeb leon afxazTa mTavris
winaaRmdeg.
leon mTavris brZola ZalauflebisaTvis da arabTa winaaRmdeg
erTi procesis ori mxarea. misi warmatebebi qarTlis erismTavar
stefanozis mxardaWeriT iyo gamagrebuli da arabebis winaaRmdeg
saerTo brZolas Zalas matebda.
qarTvelTa daumorCilebloba aSkara farTe ajanyebaSi rom ar
gadazrdiliyo xalifatma 735 w. sadamsjelo eqspedicia moawyo
murvan ibn-muhamedis (qarTvelTa mier murvan yrud wodebulis)
sardlobiT.
murvan yrum gadaqela qarTli da yofil lazikis samefos
teritoriebze gadavida, sadac erismTavarma stefanozma ojaxi-
TurT naxa TavSesafari. erismTavari stefanozi aqve iqna dakrZa-
luli. arabebTan brZolis xelmZRvaneloba ukve mis vaJebs miris,
arCils da afxazeTis mTavar leons daekisraT.
mTavari leoni flobs bizantiis `kuTvnil~ afxazeTs da
aRiarebs mis uzenaesobas. Tavis mxriv bizantia cnobs mirisa da
arCilis mefobas kolx-iberTa danarCen arealze, ugzavnis maT

91
mefeTa gvirgvins da leons akisrebs maT qveSevrdomobas. amiT
bizantias surs moamZlavros bunebrivi mokavSire, raki jariT
maTi daxmareba ar SeuZlia.
murvan yrum brZolebiT gaiara dasavleTi. argveTSi Seipyro
da awama daviT da konstantine erisTavebi. daipyra da daangria
cixe-goji. daiZra miris, arCilisa da leonis dasamorCileblad.
araboba miadga anakofiis cixe-qalaqs (axla axali aToni), sa-
dac gamagrebuli iyvnen stefanozis Zeni. leoni sobRisis cixes
amagrebda. samiveni SeTanxmebulni moqmedebdnen.
arabebma anakofias alya Semoavles, magram uSedegod. cixis
damcvelebma da saSvelad mosulma leon mTavris Zalebma er-
Toblivi SeteviT momxdurebi daamarcxes, sdies da afxazeTi-
dan aotes Semdeg periodSi mirim, arCilma da leonma lazikis
(egrisis) samefo ganwmindes arabebisgan. amis Semdeg xalifats am
teritoriebis dalaSqvra aRar SeeZlo. Seiqmna mdgomareoba, roca
qveyanas sami gamgebeli gauCnda. bizantiis dasturiT SeTanxmdnen.
leoni, miris siZe da memkvidre aRaSenebda md. kelasuris (kli-
suris) CrdiloeTiT axla ukve afxazTa samTavros. mefe miri
iqneboda cixe-gojs da iqidan uxelmZRvanelebda saerTo saqmes.
mefe arCili gaagrZelebda yofili iberiis samefos arabebisagan
ganTavisuflebis process.
male mefe miri miicvala. arCil mefesa da leon afxazTa mTa-
vars Soris moxda SeTanxmeba, romlis ZaliT arCili iqneboda md.
kelasuris samxreTiT teritoriebis gamgebeli. misi rezidenciebi
cixe-gojSi da quTaTisSi. leoni araorazrovnad acxadebda Tavs
arCilis qveSevrdomad da aRniSnavda, rom kelasuridan xazarTa
mdinaremde sivrce bizantiis keisarma mas arCilis daxmarebiT
daumtkica.
am SeTanxmebiT orivem isargebla. arCilma SeZlo dasavleTTan
erTad aRmosavleT saqarTvelos dakavebac. gamonakliss mxolod
Tbilisis saamiro Seadgenda. mefem erisTavebs samemkvidreo ufle-
bebi misca. arCeviTi Tanamdebobis samemkvidreod gadaqcevam ki
ganamtkica erisTavebis Zalaufleba. amieridan maT miecaT stimuli
ebrZolaT msxvili erTeulebis kidev ufro gasaZliereblad.
saboloo angariSiT procesi msxvili samTavro-samefoebis Seqm-

92
niT dagvirgvinda. arCil mefe kargi reformator-organizatori
gamodga, rac ar iTqmis mis memkvidreebze, ioanesa da juanSerze.
764 w. xazarebma dalaSqres qarTli. juanSeri tyved waiyvanes,
ioane maleve daiRupa. qveyana umeTaurod darCa. xelmZRvanelobis
tvirTi nerse qarTlis erismTavars daawva. samefom samTavroebad
daSla daiwyo. nerse erismTavari xalifa mansurma 772 w. baR-
dadSi daibara da daapatimra. sami wlis Semdeg axalma xalifam
igi qarTlSi daabruna. male mas kvlav dapatimreba moundomes,
magram SeZlo brZoliT xazareTSi gadasuliyo, iqidan ki afxazeTSi
wavida, sadac ukve leon II daxvda, rogorc mTavari da mokavSire.
qarTlSi erismTavrad nerses diswuli stefanozi iqna daniSnuli.
am dros iwyeba kaxeTis samTavros gamoyofa danarCeni qar-
Tlisagan, Semdeg ki mas hereTis samTavro gamoeyofa. qarTlSi
stefanozis Semdeg erismTavari gaxda misi mamis gurgenis Zma
aSoti. arabebTan uTanxmoebis gamo igi stovebs Tbiliss da didi
Zalisxmevis Semdeg tao-klarjeTis samTavros afuZnebs.
amrigad, iberiisa da lazikis samefoTa teritoriebze cen-
traluri xelisuflebis ar arsebobis pirobebSi VIII s. bolos
ramdenime msxvili samefo-samTavro Camoyalibda. saukunis dasawy-
isSi formalurad mainc centraluri xelisuflebis funqcias
Tbilisis amira asrulebda. saukunis Sua xanebSi es funqcia
arCil mefem itvirTa. saukunis bolosaTvis arc amiras hqonda
raime realuri Zalaufleba da arc arCil mefis STamomavlebs.
Tbilisis amira flobda teritoriebs aragvidan taSiskaramde.
aragvis aRmosavleTi qveyana kaxeTis samTavroSi erTiandeba.
mogvianebiT mas hereTi calke erTeulis saxiT gamoeyofa. kaxeTis
mTavrebs qorepiskoposebi warmoadgenen. mesame erTeuli, hereTis
samTavro kaxeTsa da albaneTs Soris mdebare herTa tomis kuT-
vnil miwebs aerTianebda. aq arCil mefis dasturiT mTavrobdnen
(Semdeg mefobnen) vaxtang gorgaslis STamomavlebi.
meoTxe msxvil erTeuls tao-klarjeTis samTavro-samefo
warmoadgenda. aSot bagrationma qarTlis bolo erismTavarma
miatova Tbilisi da artanujs gamagrda. man SeierTa amier-imieri
tao, klarjeTi, SavSeTi, samcxe, javaxeTi, speri, artaani. aWara,
nigali da mZlavri samTavro Seqmna. igi warmatebiT ibrZoda
danarCeni qarTlis SesaerTeblad.

93
 mexuTe msxvili erTeuli afxazeTis samTavro iyo. md. kela-
surs CrdiloeTiT mdebare qveyanas mefe miris gardacvalebis
Semdeg samxreTis teritoriebis mierTebis SesaZlebloba mieca.
mefes qaliSvilis meti memkvidre ara hyolia. qaliSvili ki leon
mTavris meuRle iyo. Sesabamisad leoni mefe miris kanonieri
memkvidrea. am iuridiul uflebas emateba is, rom leoni lazikis
mefeTa STamomavalia da istoriulad aqvs am qveynis flobis
pretenzia. 753 w. leon afxazTa mTavari, misma Zmiswulma leon
II Secvala. igi Zalze energiuli mmarTveli gamodga. man SeZlo
mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelos gaerTianeba, bizantiis uRlis
moSoreba, qveynis dedaqalaqis quTaisSi gadmotana, eklesiis
bizantiis gamgeblobidan mowyveta da mcxeTis eklesiisaTvis
mierTeba. da bolos.
saqarTvelos teritoriaze aRmocenebuli erTeulebi form-
alurad mainc pativs miagebdnen arCil mefis STamomavlebs da
Tavs maTdami daqvemdebarebulad miiCnevdnen. 787 w. gardaicvala
ukanaskneli memkvidre juanSeri. amis mere mTavrebs xel-fexi
gaexsnaT. yoveli maTgani cdilobda Tavi mefed gamoecxadebina
da Sua qarTli daekavebina.
Sua qarTls gansakuTrebuli geografiuli mdgomareoba ekava
da politikuri centris rols asrulebda. amitom juanSeris
gardacvalebisTanave iwyeba brZola Sida qarTlis dasakaveblad.
hereTis bagrationebma juanSeris gardacvalebiT isargebles,
gaudgnen kaxeTis mTavrebs da bolos samefoc daaarses.
Tavis mxriv kaxeTis mTavari, qorepiskoposi grigoli aragvs
gadavida da qsnis xeoba daikava. es iyo gamowveva danarCeni sam-
Tavroebisa da pretenzia hegemonobaze. grigols zurgs Tbilisis
amira umagrebda.
ramdenadac artanujSi damkvidrebamde aSot bagrationi qar-
Tlis erismTavari iyo, grigolis pretenziebi pirvel rigSi mis
avtoritets laxavda da misi sagamgeblos dapyrobad aRiTqmeboda.
marTalia aSot kurapalatic ar iyo arCil mefis memkvidre,
magram qarTlze ufro meti kanonieri ufleba hqonda vidre
qoreposkopos grigols.
mefis titulze da qarTlis samefos yvela teritoriaze

94
mefobis kanonieri ufleba mxolod afxazeTis mTavars hqonda.
rogorc mefe miris memkvidre, afxazeTis mTavari acxadebda pre-
tenzias da daikava kidec lixsiqiTa teritoriebi. juanSeris
gardacvalebis Semdeg, leon II ukve arCil mefis memkvidrec
gaxda. amiT man SesaniSnavad isargebla da Tavi mefed gamoacxada.
ramdenadac bizantia lazikas (egriss) afxazeTad moiazrebda
da mis mefeebs afxazTa mefeebs uwodebda, amdenad logikuri
iyo, rom leon II afxazTa mefis tituli miiRo da dedaqalaqi
Sida qarTs miuaxlova, quTaisSi gadaitana. rodesac man eklesia
konstantinepolis eparqias Camoacila da mcxeTas dauqvemdebara,
amiT aSkara pretenzia ganacxada, rogorc arCil mefis kanonierma
memkvidrem.
sainteresoa, rom aseTive kanonieri ufleba aSot kurapalat-
sac ar hqonda. miT umetes, rom qarTlis erismTavroba man iZule-
buli nebayoflobiT daTmo da axali samTavros mefoba ikisra.
amave dros, dasamaxsovrebeli faqtia, rom leon II Zma Teodosi,
romelic afxazeTs mefobda 798-825 ww., aSot kurapalatis siZe
iyo da es orive mxares kompromisebisken ubiZgebda. (vinc Tvals
gaadevnebs am ori erTeulis urTierTobis istorias, darwmundeba
maT mWidro erTobaSi, rogorc politikur, aseve genetikurSi).
qorepiskopis grigolis mier qsnis xeobis dakaveba gamowveva
iyo rogorc tao-klarjeTis, aseve afxazeTis samefosi. aSot
kurapalatma gamowveva miiRo da siZis, Teodosis daxmarebiT
daamarcxa da gandevna kaxelebi. es ar niSnavda, rom afxazeTsa
da kaxeTs Soris mxolod qiSpi arsebobda. politikam ar icis
mudmivi mteri an moyvare. istoriulad cnobilia, rom 915-920
ww. kaxeTis qorepiskoposi kvirike da afxazeTis mefe konstanti
erTad laSqrobdnen hereTis winaaRmdeg. erTi periodi afxazeTs
ekava ariSisa da gavazis cixeebi. aseve cnobilia, rom aSot
kurapalatis Semdeg tao-klarjeTis samTavro nawildeba, Sinaur
brZolebSi sustdeba da samTavro-samefoTa Soris hegemonobas
afxazeTs uTmobs. sanacvlod afxazeTis samefo ise Zlierdeba
rom X s. Sua monakveTSi javaxeTsac ierTebs da pretenzias ukve
yvela qarTul saerisTao-samTavroTa gaerTianebaze akeTebs.
IX s. moyolebuli qarTlis teritoriebis mimarT pretenzias
amJRavneben somexTa mefeebi bagratunis gvaridan.

95
 bagratunebi speris bagrationTa gvaris ganayaria, somxeTSi
gadasuli da iq damkvidrebulebi. am ori gvaris erTobis istoria
bevrnairadaa `axsnili~. yvelaze realuri mainc farnavazianTa
dinastias ukavSirdeba. Tu vinme upiratesobas somxur variants
miakuTvnebs, bagrationebis haosis (haikis-somxurad) STamomav-
lobis Sesaxeb, is mainc qarTvelobamde miva, radgan Tavad, haosi
iseTive Tabal-tabal-iberi iyo rogorc qarT-osi, egr-osi, he-
rosi. le-kosi Tu kavka-sosi. (davis SemTxvevaSi arc isaa anga-
riSidan Camosaweri Tu rodis da rogor yalibdeba somxoba, vis
teritoriaze da vis fesvebze. amas daemateba Tundac miTridate
pontoelis mier 250 000 tibarenelis Casaxleba tigranokertSi
da a. S. angariSSi misaRebia isic, rom tabal-iberTa miwebis
dakavebis dros cxovreba ki ar ispoboda, aramed Sereul mo-
saxleobas qmnida. bevri iberi laSqrobebis dros rCeboda, somx-
deboda da a. S.). amitom sruliad bunebrivia da logikuri, roca
an bagrationi ereva bagratunebis gamefebis saqmeSi an piriqiT
bagratunebi cdiloben ukve qarTvelTa davaSi Carevas.
xangrZlivi urTierTbrZolis procesSi saboloo angariSiT
taos mflobelebi Zlierdebian. istoriuli faqtia, rom X s.
meore naxevarSi taos mefe daviTi ara ubralod kurapalatis,
aramed aRmosavleTis kurapalatis wodebasac Rebulobs. es
niSnavs, rom mas bizantiis imperiis aRmosavleTi nawilic emor-
Cileba. isic faqtia, rom mas somxeTTan. sazRvari md. araqsze
aqvs dadebuli. SeiZleba ara im formiT rogorc es farnavazis
an gorgasalis dros iyo, magram mainc.
araordinaluri pirovneba da mmarTveli iyo didi daviT
kurapalati. xangrZlivi da mZime omebis Sedegad Seqmnili vrceli
samefo man Svilobil bagrat III uanderZa. ara da cota sivrce
rodi mozRuda man. mxolod bizantiis imperatorisaTvis gaweuli
daxmarebis sanacvlod miiRo e. w. zemoni qveyanani karnu qalaqis
(dRevandeli erzerumis) CaTvliT. agreTve samxreT basiani, araq-
sis saTaveebi, provinciebi aRmosavleT evfratis xeobaSi. manve
990 w. dalaSqra vanis tbis CrdiloeTi mxare da iq Turqebis
nacvlad qarTvelebi da somxebi Caasaxla. ramdenime wlis Semdeg
(997 w) misi brZanebiT vanis tbis Crdilo aRmosavleTi mxarec

96
iqna dalaSqruli. daamarcxes Tavrizis, adarbadaganis, xorasnis
saemiroTa jarebi. daviT kurapalati ara mxolod qarTvelTa,
aramed somxebis damcvelsac warmoadgenda.
principuli mniSvneloba hqonda mis mier qveynis gamTlianebis
gegmis miRebas. qarTlis erisTavma ioane maruSisZem wamoayena
qarTvelTa samTavro-samefoebis gaerTianebis idea. gaerTianebis
liderad daviT kurapalati igulisxeboda. ideis Tanaxmad kura-
palats an TviTon unda daekavebina qarTli an xeli Seewyo bagrat
gurgenis ZisaTvis. es erTi da igive iyo. radgan daviTi uZeo,
bagratis mamobilad da ufalad iTvleboda. mxedvelobas ar unda
gamorCes is ambavi, rom bagratis mama gurgeni, qarTvelTa mefis
titulis matarebeli iyo. arc isaa meorexarisxovani istoriuli
cnoba, rom bagratis deda guranduxti afxazTa usinaTlo mefis
Teodosis da iyo.
ra gamomdinareobs yovelivedan?
erTaderTi logikuri daskvnaa, rom sisxliT naTesaobis
safuZvelze bagrati erTdroulad afxazTa, qarTlelTa da
samxreT saqarTvelos mefeTa memkvidre iyo. Sesabamisad, misi
gamefebiT amieri da imieri qveynebi gaerTiandebodnen. erToblivi
ZaliT ki gandgomil kaxeTisa da arabTa xelT darCenili Tbili-
sis midamoebis SemoerTebac uaxlesi momavlis saqme xdeboda.
qarTvelTa istoriis mkvlevarebi amitomac miiCneven bagrats
gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos pirvel mefed. am saqarTvelos
bizantielebi xSirad afxazeTis samefosac uwodebdnen. TviT
qarTvel mefeTa titulaturac afxazeTiT iwyeboda. es ukve
iyo ara iberiis, ara lazikis, ara arian qarTis, ara pontos,
ara kulxas, ara diaoxis, ara urartus, ara Tubal-tabalTa,
ara meSex-musk-kapadokielTa qveyana, ara saqaldevelo aramed
saqarTvelo, sadac Serwymuli iyvnen yvela tomebi, romlebic
eTnogenezSi monawileobdnen.
amieridan es aris qarTveli eri da istoriac aris ara ka-
vkonTa tomebis gaerTianebis, ara heliosTa (henioxTa) tomebis
gaerTianebis, ara kolxuri tomebis gaerTianebis, ara mesxuri
tomebis gaerTianebis, ara mTis da baris iberTa tomebis aramed
yvelasi erTad Serwymulebisa da SeerTebulebisa, sadac kidev

97
rCeba tomobrivi, dialeqturi, kuTxuri Taviseburebani, magram
sadac erTobis genetikur-fsiqikuri gageba ufro mZlavria da
waruSleli.
bagrat III gamefeba iberiul-kolxuri tomebis umTavresi
sacxovrisebis SeerTebas moaswavebda. misi sazRvrebi samxreTiT
vanis tbisa da evfratis xeobebis midamoebs esazRvreba da
moicavda. aq daviT kurapalatis mier damkvidrebuli qarTvelebi
da somxebi mosaxleobdnen. dasavleTiT samefo olTis-TorTom-
speris mxareebs moicavda da Sav zRvaze (speris, pontis) ga-
dioda. CrdiloeTi sazRvari jiqeTis CaTvliT (jiqeTi leon
mTavarma miierTa bizantiis imperatoris dasturiT) mdinare
yubanamde (xazareTis mdinaremde) aRwevda. jiqebsa da afxazebs
Soris ki bunebriv sazRvrad iTvleboda cixe-qalaq-navsadguri
nikofsia (yofili laia) da iq Camomdinare wyali, romelsac
axla krasnodaris mxaris md. nogofsuxi ewodeba da tuafses
CrdiloeTiT mdebareobs. kavkasiis (kavkonTa) mTebis iqiT iyo
vrceli teritoriebi svanebis, dvalebis, Zveli osebis (ara al-
anebis), wanarebis (moxevebis), fxovelebis (xevsurebis), mosoxebis
(TuSebis) samkvidro. aRmosavleTiT, bagratis samefos jer kidev
SemosaerTebeli kaxeTi da Tbilisis saemiro zRudavda. kaxeT-
hereTis aRmosavleTSi moZme albanelebi ukve Turqdebodnen (kidev
erTxel gavixsenoT korneli tacitis cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom
albanelebi da iberebi Tavs Tesaliidan wamosulebad Tvliano).
Tqma advilia. bagratis mdgomareoba ki mZime iyo. msxvili
feodalebi imdenad morCilebdnen, ramdenadac mefe Zlieri iyo.
qarTlis didgvarovnebi TavianT samflobeloebSi Tavs mcire
mefeebad grZnobdnen da sxvas iolad ver imefeben. kaxeTis
mTavarepiskoposebi Tavad cdilobdnen danarCeni saqarTvelos
mierTebas. arc qarTlis gulSi gaWimuli saamiro iyo xelwa-
mosakravi Zala. amas emateboda bizantiis imperiis mier daviT
kurapalatis samkvidreos mitaceba. mefoba ocnebaSic araa ioli
da cxadSi sisxliT da brZolebiT iyo gajerebuli. bagrats da
mis memkvidreebs saukunovani mcdeloba dasWirdaT am problemebis
mosagvareblad.
saqmes arTulebda XI saukunis Sua xanebSi Turqulenovani

98
mravalricxovani tomebis Semoseva iran-kavkasiis mimarTulebiT.
araboba ar iyo gadagdebuli da gamusulmanebulma Turqebma (maT
warmatebiT dalaSqres baRdadi da axal religias eziarnen) iwyes
kavkasiis rbeva.
Turqulenovanma tomebma iolad daamarcxes albanelebi da
ramdenadac ojaxebiT modiodnen, damxvdurTa Soris Casaxleba
daiwyes.1 1048 w. momTabare-marbiel-dampyrobi Zala sasomxeTs
miadga. ra SeeZloT somxebs, roca Turqebma 1071 w. bizantiis
jarebi gaanadgures. Tu Zliers sZlev, susti tyuilad cdilobs
Tavis gadarCenas.
somxeTs saqarTvelo mosdevda. isec xdeba, roca uneblied
mters saqmes uadvileb. bizantiam 1045 w. sasomxeTSi mefoba
gaauqma. anisis samefos provinciad gadaqceva emuqreboda. somxebis
dacva saqarTvelom scada (bagrat IV, erTi periodi, anisic dai-
kava adgilobriv didebulTa xelSewyobiT). yvelaferi cvalebadia
da amdenad droebiTi. Turqebma moqiSpeebi Tavis sasargeblod
daaSoriSores.
somxeT-saqarTvelos urTierToba yovelTvis iyo gadajaWvuli.
Tu Zv. w. aR. IV s. (arianes mowmobiT) maT iberiuli tomebis
samxreTiT mcire teritoria ekavaT, Semdeg SeiZles, imravles
da IX_X s. ukve saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebis saqmeebSic
aqtiurad monawileobdnen. amas yvelaferTan erTad dinastiurma
naTesaobamac Seuwyo xeli.2 somxebis wvlili qarTveli eris
genezisis sakiTxSi, iseve rogorc ara mxolod Tubal-tabal-
iberebisa aramed sakuTriv qarT-ebisi da Semdeg qarTvelebisa
somxebis genezisSi Znelad dasadgenia. problemas, istoriul
aspeqtze metad, dRevandelobisa da saxvalios mniSvneloba gaaC-
nia. Tu somxebi X_XI s. ereodnen qarTvelTa saqmeebSi zogjer

1 rogorc sasiamovno faqti unda aRiniSnos, rom dRe-

vandel azerbaijanSi aris miswrafeba Rrmad gaiazron albanuri
fesvebis mniSvneloba da SesaZleblobis Tanaxmad warmoaCinon
gza da Sedegi.

2 bagration-bagratunebis warmomavlobisa da urTierTobis

Sesaxeb bevri Tqmula da iTqmeba. es daumTavrebeli sakiTxia.

99
rogorc mokavSireebi da xSirad metoqeebi, aseve hqonda adgili
piruku qmedebebs. Tu somxebma erTi periodi moaxerxes da dai-
kaves q. dmanisi, `qarTvelTa veli~ (lore) da rezidencia q.
samSvildeSi daides, meore mxriv daviT kurapalati qarTvelebs
asaxlebs vanis tbis CrdiloeT da aRmosavleT raionebSi. 1065
w. qarTvelebma daikaves karis, vanandisa da karniforis cixe-
teritoriebi. md. evfratis marjvena Senakadis bagrevandis xeoba,
centriT valaSkerti. aq daarsebul iqna qarTuli saepiskoposo.
sainteresoa, rom es saepiskoposo moxseniebulia XV s. samcxe-
saaTabagos mRvdelmTavarTa siaSi. es ki imis mauwyebelia, rom
aq jer kidev Sereuli mosaxleoba iyo da qarTulad mRvdelm-
saxureba mimdinareobda.
Turq-selCukTa mier somxeTis iavaryofa qarTvelTaTvis
mware niSani unda yofiliyo. marTlac ubedurebam ar daayovna.
1064 w. isini sulTan alf-arslanis moTaveobiT saqarTveloSi
SemoiWrnen. momTabare-mejoge Turqebi, istorikosTa cnobiT,
dapyrobil adgilebSi miwaTsargeblobis kulturas spobdnen,
saxldebodnen da baR-venaxebs saZovrebad aqcevdnen. gansakuTrebiT
garTulda viTareba XI s. 80-ian wlebSi. es periodi istoriaSi
didi Turqobis saxeliTaa Semosuli.
saqarTvelos istoria vrclad asaxavs eris Znelbedobis
procesebs. am mxriv mokle mimoxilva Rrma mecnierul analizze
pretenzias ver ganacxadebs. da arc aris saWiro. did Turqo-
basTan dakavSirebiT mxolod erTi faqti unda aRiniSnos. daviT
aRmaSenebelis istorikosi sagangebod miuTiTebs, rom TurqTagan
`moxucni ara Sewyalebul iqnes, xolo qalwulni ginebul~.…
roca eTnogenezis sakiTxzea msjeloba aseTi cnobis uyur-
adRebod datoveba ar SeiZleba. genetikuri TvalsazrisiT Seu-
bRalavi eri ar arsebobs. verc qarTvelebi darCebodnen ise, rom
maT jiSs, sisxls ucxo ar Sereoda an TviTon ar moexdinoT
aRreva. am mxriv sakmarisia gavixsenoT istoriuli cnoba imis
Sesaxeb, rom vaxtang gorgaslis zeobisas saberZneTTan omis dros
qarTvelebma ar daindes qalTa siwminde. miamitoba iqneboda imis
gafiqreba, rom omebs Tan ar axlda sisxlis aRrevis masobrivi
procesebi, magram istorikoss, rom es sagangeboT aReniSna, es
ki iSviaTobaa.

100
 sxva faqtorebTan erTad esacaa gasaTvaliswinebeli, ramac
aiZula erisSvilebi, iseTi ukadrebeli nabiji gadaedgaT, rac
cocxali mefis gadayenebasa da faqtobrivad sasaxlis gadatri-
alebas niSnavs. Znelbedobis Jams saxelmwifo marTvis saqmes
iZulebiTi nebayoflobiT CamoSorda giorgi II da taxtze misi
16 wlis vaJi daviTi avida.
yovel mefoba, gancdil ers hyavda gamoCenili da rigiTi
gamgebeli. arc saqarTveloa am mxriv gamonaklisi. erma bevri
mefe-batoni gamoicvala, magram erTeulia maTSi iseTi, romelsac
daxasiaTeba ar sWirdeba. roca ityvi qarTlosi, aieti, farnavazi,
gorgasali, ra saWiroa msjeloba, viszea saubari. zustad aseve
aRmaSenebeli ganmartebas ar saWiroebs. es ar niSnavs, rom ers
ar hyolia sxva gamoCenili winamZRolebi. mxolod farsmani ori
iyo. iyo miTridate pontoeli, azoni, miriani, aSot da daviT
kurapalatebi, arCili da a.S. magram gamorCeulTa Sorisac xom
arian gamorCeulebi. aseTi 16 wlis ymawvili gaamefes 1089 wels.
da qveyana iyo wamxdari, da eri dabeCavebuli, da saero da
saeklesio mmarTveloba garyvnili. ar iyo saSveli Tvinier 16
wlis gmirisa.
daviT aRmaSenebelze imdeni Tqmula da dawerila, rom saeWvoa
vinme mkvlevarma raime axals miagnos. asjer naTqvamis asmeerTed
ganmeoreba ki aqtualobas moklebulia. miT ufro, rom samsjelo
ara mTlianad istoriuli movlenebia, aramed mxolod eTnogene-
zTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi.
aRmaSenebelma samefos gaerTianeba-gaZlierebisa da bolos
kavkasiis imperiis Seqmnis mizniT 60 mniSvnelovani omi gadaixada.
am omebis siaSi Setanili araa yvelaferze sayuradRebo-omi
Tavgasuli (misi poziciidan) feodalebis winaaRmdeg. ara da, rom
ara baRvaSTa, abuliTisZis da sxva gvarebis urCobis moTokva,
iberiul-kolxuri tomebis erT erad Sekvra ver moxdeboda.
amasTan, urCebi mxolod saero msxvili gvarebis warmomadgen-
lebi rodi iyvnen. uaresi safrTxe qveynis da eris gamTlianebas
saeklesio bobolebisagan emuqreboda. `daviTis istorikosi~
acxadebs: `wmindani eklesiani, saxlni RmrTisani, quab avazakTa
qmnil iyvnen.~ `romelni nacvlad sjulTa saRmrToTa urjule-

101
basa awurTides maT queSeTa yovelTa~. `saxliT uflisaT da
mRvdelTagan gamovidoda yoveli urjuloeba da codva~. ufro
naTlad aRwera SeuZlebelia.
da ra moimoqmeda aRmaSenebelma?
gamdgari erisTavebis mamulebi saxelmwifo (samefo) sa-
kuTrebad gaxada. gamdgari mRvdelmTavrebis nacvlad saxelmwifos
(samefos) erTgulebi daadgina. pirvel yovlisa mwignobarTuxu-
cesis da Wyondidelis (saepiskoposos) Tanamdebobebi gaaerTiana.
giorgi Wyondidelis diswuls svimons (erTgul saeklesio pirs)
bediisa (afxazeTi) da alaverdis (kaxeTi) winamZRvroba daavala.
waSala kuTxuroba, eklesiurad Sekra eri. TviT eklesia (saRvTo
saqme) saxelmwifos (mefes) dauqvemdebara.
mniSvnelovani RonisZieba iyo ormoci aTasi yivCaRis ojaxi-
anad Camosaxleba. isini kompaqturad daafuZnes hereTis, qarTlis
sazRvrispira midamoebSi da CrdiloeT somxeTSi. Tu iangariSeba
im drois ojaxebis wevrTa raodenoba, sagrZnobi cifri gamodis.
marTalia Camosulebi qristianebad monaTles, magram saboloo
asimilacia saukuneze met xans gastanda. amasTan procesi ormxrivi
unda yofiliyo. yivCaRuri geni da sisxli TavisTvis ibrZolebda
da sazRaurs moiTxovda.
aRmaSenebels Tavgadaklul internacionalistobas ver
daabraleben, magram sxva erovnebisa da sarwmunoebis mosaxleo-
bisadmi loialuri damokidebuleba saxezea. es man praqtikiT
naTelyo. werilobiTi wyaroebi gadmogvcemen, rom Tbilisi,
rusTavi, samSvilde, dmanisi savse iyo arabebiT, sparselebiT.
saerTod muslimanebs garkveuli SeRavaTebic hqondaT. mWidro,
megobruli urTierToba mxolod vaWrobis sferos ar moicavda.
aseT pirobebSi Sereuli ojaxebis Seqmnac ar gamoiricxeboda.
mkvidrad Casaxlebul ucxoelebze aranaklebi iyo naqiravebi.
cnobili faqtia, rom qarTvelebi meomrebs qiraobdnen yivCaReTSi,
oseTSi, kavkasiel mTielebSi (gansakuTrebiT lekebSi) da Soreul
qurTebsac ki. SemdegSi cnobili mxargrZelebis gvari naqiravebi
da gaqarTvelebuli qurTebidan modis.
somxebze laparaki araa, im dros somxebze axlobeli Tan-
amebrZolebi qarTvelebs ar hyavdaT. erTobis grZnoba imdenad

102
didi iyo, rom somxebi TviTon iwvevdnen qarTvelebs, xSirad
sakuTar beds andobdnen. is erTi faqtic sakmarisia, rom 1045
w. somxebma `qalaqis uxucesTa~ gadawyvetilebiT q. anisi saqa-
rTvelos mefe bagrat IV gadasces. (sxva ambavia, rom bagratma
qalaqi ver SeinarCuna). somexi istorikosis maTe urhaelis
TqmiT aRmaSenebeli somexTa tomis moyvaruli iyo. safiqrelia,
rom ara dapyrobis mizniT, aramed erTobis ZaliT aRmaSenebelma
somxeTi saqarTvelos SemouerTa. amiT samefos SemadgenlobaSi
grigorianuli mosaxleobis ricxvi sagrZnoblad gaizarda, magram
religiul niSans arc somxebis ganfenisaTvis SeuSlia xeli da
arc qarTuli mecixovneebis somxeTis qalaqebSi da gamagrebul
adgilebSi yofnisaTvis. Tu faqti gamagrebuli iqneba cnobiT imis
Sesaxeb, rom lore-taSiris, anisis, Sarvanis samflobeloebSi
qarTuli adaministracia damkvidrda, unda davaskvnaT, rom isto-
riuli erToba (rac im dros daviwyebuli ar iyo), asimilaciuri
procesebiT ufro ganmtkicda. (ivane orbelis anisis mflobel-
mmarTvelad, dadginebiT daedo safuZveli somex orbelin-Ta
ganTqmul sagvareulos) da ase ramdens?
ramdenad mtkice iyo erTobis grZnoba da naklebi erovnuli
gansxvavebulobis SegrZneba im faqtebidanac mtkicdeba, rom saqa-
rTveloSi Cndeba somxuri eklesiebi, kerZo samflobeloebi da
piriqiT somxeTSi qarTuli. SemorCenilia werilobiTi cnoba, sa-
dac kaxa Toreli aRniSnavs: `viyide xovle xoja salamis colisa
da Svilisagan naxevari da naxevari hasan sumbatis Zisa somex-
isagan da ioseb buRbafais Zisa huriisagan.~ qarTlis SuagulSi
Cndeba sparsuli, somxuri, ebrauli qoneba. Tavis mxriv, mcxeTis
sakaTalikosos eparqiaSi XIV s. cnobiT Sedioda valaSkerti,
anisi, kari. sxva faqtebs hfaravs Tamar mefis erTi dokumenti,
sadac Tavs bagratunianad moixseniebs. ganmarteba zedmetia.
gansxvavebuli iyo damokidebuleba kavkasionis CrdiloeTiT
mcxovreb eTnosebTan. gaZlierebul saqarTvelos maTze didi gav-
lena hqonda, magram uSualod teritoriuli SemoerTebis sakiTxi
ar dasmula. erTi mxriv meomrebis daqiraveba, meore istoriuli
siaxlis gageba kaspiis zRvis sanapirodan Sav zRvaze mcxovreb
eTnosebs qarTvelur tomebTan aaxloebda da saerTo momavlis

103
Seqmnisaken ubiZgebda. kidev erTxel gavixsenoT naTqvami, rom
mTis iberebi sarmatebs enaTesavebodneno.
mainc gamosayofia qarTvelTa da osebis urTierTobis is-
toria. igi Zveli welTa aRricxvis siRrmeSi iRebs saTaves.
qarTlSi mamasaxlisobis (qalaq-samTavroebis) nacvlad erTiani
samefos aRmdgenelma azon iaredosis (urartus anu arian-qarTis
bolo mefe) Zem SeiZlo da oseTi daxarka. faranavazma politika
Secvala da oseTis mokavSireoba irCia. amave dros, da miaTxova
osTa laSqris winamZRols da dinastiur naTesaobas daudo sa-
mani. ramdenad mWidro iyo qarTvelTa da danarCen kavkasianTa
urTierToba, gavlena da daaxloeba, amaze metyvelebs qarTuli
kulturul-religiuri kerebis simravle am eTnosebSi. aRaraferia
gasakviri topologiis, miTologiis, eTnologiis damTxvevebisa
da paralelebis kvlevisas. mxolod patara magaliTia is, rom
svanebis nadirobis RmerTi da mwyebsebis mfarveli avsati yaraCai-
balyarebSi avSat-ad moixsenieba, xolo osebSi igi cnobilia
afsat-is saxeliT. qarTuli, Turquli da iranuli warmomavlobis
tomebs Soris RmerTis saxeli da funqcia ubralo damTxvevaa?
da mainc qarTvelTa da osTa dinastiuri naTesaoba is-
eTi mravalsaukunovani movlenaa, rom garkveuli gagebiT osTa
mefeebis qarTvelebad da piriqiT saqarTvelos mefeebisa osebad
(gansakuTrebiT laSa-giorgidan moyolebuli) monaTvlac araa
safuZvels moklebuli. es ar gamoricxavs sxva qveynebTan inten-
siur dinastiur naTesaobas, moyolebuli konstantinepolidan
da Sarvanis SahebiT damTavrebuli.
aRmaSeneblis xanas daemTxva qristianuli evropis jvaros-
nuli laSqrobebi wminda adgilebis `dauflebis~ mizniT. 1095
w. romis papma urban II mouwoda evropis samefoebs ezrunaT
qristes saflavis `gamoxsnisaTvis~ muslimanTa `tyveobidan~.
1097 w. jvarosnebma aiRes q. edesa, 1098 w. q. antioqia, 1099 w.
ierusalimi. aq maT qristianul-jvarosnuli samefoebi daafuZvnes.
saqarTvelos samxreTi sazRvrebis maxloblad mimdinare
procesebi mtrebs asustebda da aqtiuri sagareo moqmedebis
karg safuZvels qmnida. araa gamorkveuli qarTvelTa SesaZlo
monawileoba am laSqrobebSi, iseve, rogorc jvarosnebis yofna
saqarTveloSi.

104
 istoria gvamcnobs, rom saukuneTa manZilze erTi bedi hqon-
daT da erTad ibrZodnen qarTvelebi, somxebi da Sarvanelebi
(gaTurqebuli albaneli). am urTierTobas cxadia asimilaciuri
procesebi Tan axlda. xdeboda ara mxolod gaqarTveleba, aramed
piriqiTac.
mxolod erTi faqti. aRmaSeneblis memkvidre demetre I (1125-
1156 ww.). qaliSvili rusudani darubandis mflobel sulTan
maliqs miaTxova da q. ganZa midamoebiT da macxovreblebiT mziTvad
misca. man agreTve gahyo Sarvani. q. Semaxos aRmosavleTi Sarvan
Sahs `dauTmo~, dasavleTi nawili ki md. TerTwylis (axla maysu)
aqeTa mxare samefos `SeuerTa~. naTelia, ra asimilaciuri pro-
cesebi, sisxlis Serevis ra intensivoba unda momxdariyo aseTi
Cuqeba, daTmoba, dapyrobis dros. cxadia, Tu erTi mxriv qarTuli
geni da jiSi rCeboda saqarTvelos gareTa teritoriebze, igi
adgilobrivi eTnosebis genezisSi iRebda monawilebas da piriqiT.
saqarTvelos zeoba da pirveloba kavkasiis arealSi mon-
Rolebis Semosevebamde gagrZelda. Sesabamisad didi xnis manZilze
qarTuli jiSi iTeseboda mezobel qveynebSi. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT,
rom mezoblebi istoriulad monaTesave Tu ara axlobeli eT-
nosebi iyvnen, maSin bunebrivi iqneboda qarTuli tipis, jiSis
mosaxleobis gaCena maT arealSi. kidev erTxel gavixsenoT cnoba,
rom albanelebi da iberebi Tesaliidan (balkaneTis naxevarkun-
Zuli) arian wamosulebi. esec rom ar iyos, kavkasiaSi mezoblad
Tanacxovrebam bevri saerTo daamkvidra maT Soris. daaxloebiT
igive iTqmis somxebze. trapizonis samefo isedac iberiul-kolxi
tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli da asimilaciur-migraciuli procesebi
axal elements ver gaaCenda.
XIII s. saqarTvelos samefos siZlieris daknineba-dacemis
periodia. katastroful marcxs ara mxolod mtrebis siZliere,
aramed qveynis SigniT mimdinare procesebic gansazRvravda. aR-
maSenebelma Seqmna mZlavri kavkasiuri imperia da mis xelmZR-
vanelad Ze, demetre TviTon akurTxa mefed.
samefos erTianobis da siZlieris sayrden fenas wvrili azn-
auroba warmoadgenda. msxvili erisTavebi izolirebuli iyvnen an
aSkarad mainc ver eurCebodnen siuzerens. viTareba TandaTanobiT

105
Seicvala misi memkvidreebis dros. magaliTi mefem misca (Te-
vzi Tavidan ixrwneba). 1150 w. demetre I nebiT daapatimres da
TvalSi sinaTle waarTves aRmaSeneblis umcros vaJs da mefis
Zmas vaxtangs. samefo taxti gaamyares SesaZlo prtendentis
CamocilebiT. orgulobis Tesli Cagdebuli iqna.
Zmis moRalates Svili rad daindobda. 1155 w. aumxedrda
mefes da samefo taxti daikava daviT V saxeliT. eqvsi Tve
imefa mamis winaaRmdeg mojanyem da gardaicvala.1 fiqroben, rom
Savbneli saqmis iniciatori berad aRkvecili demetre iqneboda.
Svilis moulodneli-sabedniero gardacvalebis Semdeg, igi me-
fobas daubrunda. (aRmSeneblobiT Tu ara arakacobiT xom ajoba
mamas). 1156 w. demetres gardacvalebis Semdeg misi umcrosi vaJi
giorgi III gamefda da zeobda 1184 wlamde.
istoriulad giorgi III energiul da warmatebul mefed iTv-
leba. mis saxels ukavSirdeba laSqroba darubandis mxares. gior-
gis mamida Tamaris Svilma, Sarvanis Sahma aRsarTanma, daxmareba
sTxova darubandelebTan omSi. giorgim iaxla meore naTesavi,
bizantiis momavali imperatori andronike komneni da gailaSqra
aRmosavleTiT. moaoxra darubandis CrdiloeTi midamoebi, aiRo
q. Saburani, dapyrobili miumtkica SarvanSas da Zlevamosili
dabrundas q. Tbiliss.
giorgi III Ze, taxtis memkvidre ar hyavda. hyavda gar-
dacvlili Zmis (daviT V) vaJiSvili demna da Tavisi Svili
Tamari. istoriuli samarTlianoba da samarTlis samarTlianoba
moiTxovda demna (demetre) ufliswulis memkvidred aRiarebas.
Cven es viciT. maSin amas mtkivneulad aRiTqvamdnen. amitom demnas
Zlieri TanamgrZnobni da Tanamoazrovneni hyavda, simamris ivane
orbelis meTaurobiT.
Zalaufleba avadmyofobasaviT gadamdebia. Zalauflebis avad-
myofoba kiboze uaresad ipyrobs adamianis organizms. giorgi
didi xnis mefe iyo. Zmis ucnaurma sikvdilma gauxsna gza tax-
tisaken. man kargad icoda, rom adamianis sikvdiliT mTavrdeba
masTan dakavSirebuli problemebi, da daamTavra kidec 1177 w.,

1. somexi istorikosi vardani, daviT V momwamlelad q. anisis

gamgebel ivane orbels asaxelebs.

106
demnas janyi taxtis dasakaveblad. mefobis kanonieri kandidati
daiWires, daabrmaves, daasaWurises, mokles, damarxes da taxti-
saken gza gauxsnes qals.
qalis gamefeba sxva qveynebSi momxdara, magram ara qarTvelTa
Soris. am saqmes cvlilebebi jer adamianTa gonebaSi sWirdeboda,
Semdeg mmarTveli socialuri jgufis SigniT. didgvarovnebi
tradiciebis momxreni iyvnen. ryevebi maT ar awyobdaT. Canafiqris
aRsasruleblad giorgis sxva socialuri jgufis warmomadgen-
lebis imedi unda hqonoda. da aRzevda nayivCaRari (Tu yivCaRi)
yubasari. mefis erTgulebisaTvis man amirspasalaroba daimsaxura.
aznauris naymevma afridonma ki msaxurTuxucesoba da erisTavT-
erisTaoba. istoria ar gvamcnobs kidev vin ra moigo. iyo faruli
dapirispireba didebulebsa da aRzevebulebs Soris. aSkara Widils
xelsayreli viTareba sWirdeboda.
1184 w. mefe giorgi III miicvala. prtendenti, Tanamefed damt-
kicebuli Tamari iyo. is ukve iyo mefe, magram mmarTvel fenaSi
dajgufebebsac sWirdebodaT socialur-politikuri mdgomareobis
SenarCuneba an ganmtkiceba an mopoveba da aRsdgnen didebulni
qveynisani. TanamemamuleTa interesebisaTvis ara, qveynis dasacavad
ara, sakuTari da jgufuri (klanuri) survilebis aRsasruleblad.
gavixsenoT istorikosis mwared naTqvami: `saxliT uflisaT
da mRvdelTagan gamovidoda yoveli urjuloeba da codva~. aR-
maSenebelma aRkveTa mRvdelTa urjuloeba. giorgi Wyondidels
mwignobarTuxucesis Tanamdeboba SeuTavsa. saero da sasuliero
Zalaufleba aerTiana. `urjuloeba da codva~ moTokili iqna,
magram moispo? es mudmivi kiTxvaa. swored samRvdelo-saeklesio
didebulma kaTalikosma miqaelma misca toni klanis farul janys.
Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucess (mefis Semdeg pirveli Tanamde-
bobis pirs) anton gnolisTavis Zes Zmebi dauxoces, sayrdeni
gamoacales da kaTalikosma miqaelma misi saero Tanamdeboba
SeiTavsa. Semdegi dartyma ukve ara memkvidreobiT aRzevebule-
bze, aramed sakuTari damsaxurebiT dawinaureblebze miitanes. am
jgufis liderebi yubasari da afridoni Zalauflebas moaciles.
didebulebis gamarjveba aRzevebulTa damarcxeba iyo. so-
cialur-politikur asparezze Zalauflebis mopovebis msurvelTa

107
jgufi gamovida meWurWleTuxucesis yuTlua arslanis meTauro-
biT. mefis uaxloes Tanamdebobis pirTa Soris meWurWleTuxucesi
xuTeulSi Sedioda da didi gavleniTac sargeblobda. misma klanma
wamoayena `karavis~ (dRevandeli parlamentis tolfasi) daarsebis
idea. mefes SeeZlo calkeul Tanamdebobis pirebs Seleoda, magram
qveynis avtoritaruli mmarTvelis aRmasrulebeli xelisuflis
doneze CamoqveiTebas ara. saqme kompromisiT mogvarda. iseTi kom-
promisiT, rom saqmrosac ki didebulTa darbazi uniSnavs mefes.
saqarTvelos istoriaSi Tu romelime monakveTia farTed
ganxiluli, es Tamar `mnaTobis~ zeobis xanaa. amitom aq mxolod
erTi sakiTxia gasaxsenebeli. esaa mmarTveli elitis warmomad-
genlebis damoukideblobisaken swrafva da `samemkvidreo~ (ara
sammarTvelo) mamulebSi patara mefeebis doneze amaRleba. mas
Tan axlda fufunebiT `xrwna~. am sens ki Svilebic (giorgi-laSa
da rusudan soslanebi) ver gadaurCnen.
yvela aSkara da farulma ubedurebam Tamar mefis Semdeg
iCina Tavi.
istoria Zunwad, magram mravalmniSvnelovnad, gvamcnobs
axali mefis giorgi IV (laSas) bunebas da winaaRmdegobas dide-
bulebTan. is ambavi, rom ganZis Tavnebobis aRsakveTad wasuli
mefe didebul mxedarmTavrebTan SeuTanxmeblad moqmedebs, ukve
Sinagani winaaRmdegobis maCvenebelia. is, rom qveSevrdomma mxe-
darmTavrebma Tavneboba usayvedures da mefem piroba misca maT
gareSe araferi moemoqmeda, ukve didebulTa ukmayofilebisa da
mZlavrobis gamomxatvelia.
laSas pirovnebis da qcevis kulturis daxasiaTeba, misi ro-
gorc pirovnebis (da ara mxolod mefis) sasargeblod arafers
metyvelebs.
ai mokle daxasiaTeba: laSa `midrka siboroted TanamiyoliTa
uwesoTa kacTa.~ `msmurTa Tanamidrekili~. `sibilwesa umetes
gardairia~. mihyva `msmurobaTa da dedaTa uwesoTa Tana aRre-
vas~. saqme iqamde mivida, rom qveynis marTvis upirvelesi pirni
aTabagi ivane da varam gageli darbazis TaTbirebsac (dRevandeli
uSiSroebis sabWos) aRar eswrebodnen. es ki vasalTa Tavgasulo-
bisa da siuzerenis sisustesa da uavteritetobaze metyvelebs,
avtoritaruli mmarTvelobiTi sistemis pirobebSi.

108
 samwuxaroa, Tu ara tragikuli, aseTi mefis yola im viTa-
rebaSi, roca qveynis garedan sasikvdilo safrTxe axlovdeboda.
Cingis xanma didi ZalisxmeviT moaxerxa monRoluri warmo-
Sobis tomebis gaerTianeba da dapyrobiT omebze gadavida. `1211-
1215 ww. man daarbia CineTi da nadavlTan erTad iqauri samxedro
teqnikac aiTvisa da daisakuTra. iaponiis winaaRmdeg laSqroba
iaponiis zRvam Seiwira. 1219 w. Cingis xanma Zalebi Sua aziisaken
daZra. 1220 w. monRolebma mohamed xorezmSahi gandevnes. gaqceuls
30 000 monRoli daadevnes jebe da subudais sardlobiT. imave
wels monRolebi azerbaijanis teritoriaze gamoCndnen. saqarT-
velos sazRvrebTan maT orjer daamarcxes qarTvelebi, Semdeg
gabrundnen da kaspiis zRvis SemovliTi gziT Cingiz xanTan dab-
rundnen. kidev erTi cnoba: 1223 w. md. kalkasTan maT rusTa da
yivCaRTa gaerTianebuli Zalebic daamarcxes.
laSa-giorgim monRolebis wasvla sakuTar gamarjvebad mi-
iTvala da qveynis Tavdacvisunarianobis ganmtkicebaze aRar uz-
runvia. 1222 w. man da rusudani SarvanSas miaTxova da sazeimo
qorwilic gadaixada. aris Tvalsazrisi, rom qorwilis dros
igi mowamles da maleve gardaicvala. saqarTvelos samefo taxti
laSa-giorgis ukanono Svils (Tu Svili SeiZleba ukanono iyos)
mcire wlovan daviTs unda daekavebina. mis mzrunvelad da mefis
movaleobis Semsruleblad rusudani aRiares.
istoriuli cnoba metyvelebs, rom uzrunvelobaSi, dro-
starebaSi, bedovlaTobaSi (vai Tamar `mnaTobs~) rusudani Zmas
ar Camouvardeboda. TvalTmaqcobiT, trabaxiT, araadamianobiT
aWarbebda kidec. misi werili (1223 w.) romis papisadmi, rom
misma jarebma monRolebs 25 000 meomari moukles da kavkasi-
idan gaaZeves mtknari tyuilia. swored am damarcxebulebma da
30 000-an 25 000 meomar moklulebma, (tyveebze aRaraa msj-
eloba), Semdeg md. kalkasTan moipoves gamarjveba da mSvidobianad
dabrundnen Sav aziaSi.
monRolebisagan damarcxebuli xorezmis Sah muhamedis ad-
gili Ze jalad ad dinma daikava. man SeZlo samefos aRdgena da
brZolebiT 1225 w. saqarTvelos samefos miadga. agvistos TveSi
sasomxeTis sof. garnisTan brZolaSi man qarTvelebis jars sZlia.
aris cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom gamarjveba qarTvelTa spasalaris

109
mxargrZelis moRalaturi saqcielis gamo moaxerxa. gza samefos
dedaqalaqisaken gaxsnili iyo. rusudan mefis arasaxelmwifoebriv-
ma politikam ganapiroba Tbilisis dacema. iyo 1226 w. 9 marti.
gadmocemiT, mxolod qalaqSi 100 000 moqalaqe iqna mokluli.
jalad ad dini monRolebma Secvales. maT CormaRan noinis
sardlobiT 50 000 meomari daZres iranisa da kavkasiis winaaR-
mdeg. iranis dapyrobis Semdeg aiRes ganZa, Samqori da uSualod
varam gagels, Zvel, saxelovan, pativdebul sardals miadgnen.
gagelma Sebmas gacla amjobina. mefe rusudanma, karg cxovrebas
miCveulma, saomari viTareba ver aitana, sruliad afxazeTSi
gadabrZanda da quTaiss daefuZna. mitovebuli aRmosavleT saqa-
rTvelo monRolebma TiTqmis uomrad daikaves. 1242 w. rusudanma
zavi iTxova. igi monRolTa yvela pirobaze Tanaxma iyo Tu isini
mis Svils (albad SarvaSisgan) saqarTvelos mefed aRiarebdnen.
Zmiswuli, taxtis memkvidre daviTi, man winaswar gaagzavna
siZesTan uvado stumrobis da Semdeg misi mokvlis pirobiT.
rogori tendenciuric ar unda iyos JamTaamwereli, rogorc
ar unda cdebodes, yvelafers ver moigonebda da rusudan mefes
cils ver daswamebda. ara da imdenad didi simdablea yovelive,
rac masze mogviTxres, rom ganmeorebac sazizRrobaa.
istoria obieqturia da subieqturi. Tvalis daxuWva da
Selamazeba araa istoriuli WeSmaritebis sazomi. amitom, roca
vrclad gviyvebian qarTvelebis, maTi mefeebis damsaxurebaze,
Ralatic ar unda iqnes daviwyebuli, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi
gaugebari rCeba, aTasi sagmiro saqmeebis Camdeni qarTvelebi,
didgoris, basianis brZolebi momgebi mebrZolebi, wina aziis
mZlavri imperia, rogor iolad daaCoqa jalal ad dinma. 50 000
monRolma rogor iolad gaimarjva da Tavisi xangrZlivi batonoba
daamyara saqarTveloSi.
monRolebma saqarTvelos Camoaciles araqarTuli mosaxleo-
bis teritoriebi. mis SemadgenlobaSi datoves somxeTi. da aRar
iyo saqarTvelo, monRolebisaTvis iyo `gurjistanis vilaieTi~.
rusudan mefe 1245 w. gardaicvala. misi vaJi daviTi ya-
rayorumSi iyo mefed dasamtkiceblad da misi araferi icodnen.

110
amitom miiZies laSa-giorgis Ze da isic yarayorumSi gagzavnes
mangu yaenTan dasamtkiceblad.
droebiT qveyana umefod darCa. wesrigis SenarCunebis mizniT
monRolebma `vilaieTi~ Svid dumanad dahyves. gadasaxadi da ja-
ris gamoyvana dumanis Tavebs ekisrebodaT. dasavleT saqarTvelo,
romelic monRolebs ar daupyriaT or dumanad iyo wardgenili.
umefobis xanam qveyana sagonebelSi Caagdo. daiwyo erTiani
organizmis rRvevis procesi. gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobda egarslan
bakurcixeli. dumanis Tavebma, erisTavebma, didebulebma 1247
w. Tavi moiyares koxtasTavs da monRolTa winaaRmdeg ajanyeba
dagegmes. monRolebma SeTqmulebi daakaves da q. anisSi Corma-
Ran noinTan waiyvnes dasasjelad. SeTqmulebi qalaqis moedanze
daborkilebi daayares sawameblad. moxda ise, rom cotne dadiani
koxtasTavidan adre wavida jaris Sesakrebad da daWeras gad-
aurCa. rogorc ki gaigo SeTqmulTa dapatimrebisa da wamebis
Sesaxeb, wavida anisSi, msaxurebs Tavi daaborkina da sxvebTan
erTad dajda. am ucnaurma Tavdadebam moyvasTadmi (sxva obieqtur
mizezebTan erTad) ubiZga monRolebs qarTvelTa gaTavisufleba.
cotne dadianis saqcieli istoriis saamayo furclad darCa.
monRolebma orive daviTi (Semdeg maT ulu da narini uwodes)
saqarTvelos mefeebad daadgines. maT saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli
qveynis or samefod (qarTl-kaxeTis da afxazeTis, Semdeg mas
imereTis ewoda) gayofa. asevea maT saxelTan dakavSirebuli ori
samefo dinastiis damkvidreba (visi?) da monRolTa winaaRmdeg
ajanyebebis mowyoba.
ara da qveyanas Zalze gauWirda. 1254 w. monRolebma mo-
saxleobisa da maTi qonebis aRwera Caatares. saintereso Sedegi
iyo. Tu yoveli meaTe komli (komli SeiZleba 20 sulianic yo-
filiyo) erT meomars gamoiyvanda, saqarTveloSi 90 000 meomari
Seikribeboda. gamodis, rom saqarTveloSi sul mcire 900 000
komli mainc iyo. (komlTa raodenobis damalvas, gadasaxadebis
Semcirebis mizniT mainc Seecdebodnen). demografebi komlis
wevrTa raodenobis minimums iRebdnen da askvnian, rom im dros
saqarTvelos mosaxleoba 5-6 mln. Seadgenda. im periodisaTvis
es sakmaod maRali maCvenebelia da imaze miuTiTebs, rom swori

111
organizaciis SemTxvevaSi mtrebisagan Tavdacvac SeeZloT da
Tavdaxsnac. logikuri iqneba aRniSvna im faqtisa, rom amave
monRolebma ver SeZles rusudan mefis siZis, yiasdinis bevrad
susti sasulTnos dapyroba. ufro meti. iranis teritoriaze
alamuTis cixis (e. w. qajeTis cixis) aRebas da ramdenime aTasi
mulidis damorCilebas monRolebma 10 weli Sealies da mxolod
1256 w. aisrules wadili.
qveyanas Zalze gauWirda. da es moxda mxolod gadasaxadebisa
da monRolTa mier warmoebul brZolebSi qarTvelTa monawile-
obis savaldebulobis gamo. am mizeziT 1259-1260 ww. orjer iyo
ajanyeba saqarTveloSi. am jarSi yofnisas daiRupnen daviT ulu
da misi vaJi. gaWirvebis aranaklebi mizezi monRolTa kompaqturi
dasaxlebebis gaCenaa. cnobili faqtia, rom dasaxlebebi dafuZneb-
uli iyo bardavSi, md. ioris sanapiroebze, Tavad kaxeT-hereTSi,
q. rusTavisa da yaraias midamoebSi. amas emateboda CrdiloeTis
urdos molaSqreTa didi nawilis `Cajdoma~, (sacxovreblad da-
fuZneba kolis mTaze, javaxeT-TrialeTSi. aRaraferia saTqmeli-
sakomentaro, roca vgebulobT, rom saxelmwifoebrivi sazRvrebis
gaswvriv monRolTa dasaxleba meTodurad mimdinareobda. ase
daikaves maT Saqis mimdebare adgilebi da Sedegad es kuTxe
saqarTvelos sabolood CamoSorda.
monRolur dasaxleba-asimilaciis politikas agrZelebdnen
mTiani kavkasiis xeobebSi TavSefarebuli tomebi. monRolebis
CrdiloeTis saxelmwifo `oqros urdo~ kavkasiis CrdiloeTiT
mcxovreb tomebs devnida da aiZulebda xsna samxreTiT eZiaT.
daviT ulus mefobis dros osebma gadmolaxes mTebi da daiwyes
Jinvalidan dmanisamde calkeul adgilebSi Casaxleba. 1292-1293
ww. qarTvelTa ajanyebis CaxSobisas monRolebis mokavSireebad
osebi gamodian. maT daiwyes qarTvelebis mamulebidan ayra da iq
Casaxleba. safrTxe ukve saxelmwifos centralur nawilebsac
daemuqra. (calke Seswavlis sagania daviT soslanis mefe-STamo-
mavalTa damokidebuleba am procesebisadmi).
bunebrivia vifiqroT, rom qarTul miwa-wyalze ucxo
tomelebis masobriv Casaxlebas demografiuli suraTis Sesabamisi
Secvla da asimilaciuri procesebi unda mohyoloda. amasTan

112
ara mxolod ucxoelTa gaqarTveleba, aramed qarTvelTa vTqvaT
gaoseba, gasomxeba, gaTaTreba (monRolebs TaTrebs uwodebdnen).
rac eris, enobrivi monacemebidan moyolebuli genetikuriT dam-
Tavrebuli, yvela sasicocxlo niSanze aisaxeboda.
roca sakuTriv saqarTvelos ase gauWirda, safiqralia, rom
uaresi mdgomareoba unda yofiliyo trapizonis samefoSi da
saerTod monaTesave tomebiT dasaxlebul adgilebSi.
dacemuli qveynis, daqsaqsuli da gzaabneuli eris satki-
vars verafers Sveloda mamuliSvilTa susti mcdelobebi. verc
daviT ulus Ze dimitris Tavdadebam uSvela. 1289 w. 12 marts
monRolebma mas Tavi mokveTes, amiT qveyana morigi rbevisagan
gadarCa, magram monobis uReli ver moiSora.
saukunis bolos monRolebma miyolebiT gaamefes dimitri
Tavdadebulis vaJebi. jer ufrosi daviT VIII , Semdeg 1299 w.
mcirewlovani giorgi da 1302 w. saSualo Zma vaxtangi III. be-
distrialma ineba ise, rom 1308 w. vaxtangi gardaicvala, Semdeg
1311 w. daviTi da mefed darCa umcrosi giorgi. giorgi mefeebSi
V da eris winaSe damsaxurebisaTvis, _ brwyinvale. da zeobda
1314 wlidan 1346 wlamde.
waqceuli qveynis fexze dayenebas saukune dasWirda. brZolas
agrZelebda daviT IX giorgis Ze (1348-1407 ww.) bagrat V davi-
Tis Ze (1360—1393 ww.), giorgi VI bagratis Ze (1393-1407 ww.).
giorgi brwyinvalem daiwyo imiT, rac viTarebam ukarnaxa.
istoria ganmeorda, mxolod sxva pirobebSi da sxva formiT. msx-
vili mTavrebi, erisTavebi, romlebic patara mefeebs TamaSobdnen
mamulSi, civis mTaze miipatiJes, moiTaTbires da miJlites. erTi
dartymiT moispo gamdgar feodalTa klani. 1327 w. monRolebi
qveynidan gaaZeves da xarkis gadaxda Sewyvites. 1329 w. dasavleTi
saqarTvelo Semovida erTi mefis gamgeblobaSi. 1334 w. gamdgari
samcxe-saaTabago iqna SemoerTebuli. bolos mTis jeric dadga
da mixedes aSlil svanebs, dvalebs, qsnisa da aragvis erisTavebs.
miRebul iqna `Zeglis dadeba~ romelic religiur da samoqalaqo
sakiTxebs awesrignebda. SemuSaSavebuli iqna `xelmwifis karis
garigebis~ kodeqsi, romelic saxelmwifos politikuri sistemis
organizaciul sakiTxebs exeboda.

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 istoriuli cnoba calke aRniSnavs siZneles, rac ucxo eT-
nosTa saqarTveloSi yofnas axlda. mxolod osebisagan qveynis
teritoriis gawmendas 3 wli dasWirda. ZaliT CasaxlebulTa
ZaliT, rbeviT, xocva-JletiT Tavidan moSoreba ucxo, araadami-
anuri, araqristianuli nabijiT iqneboda. mSvidobianma meTodebma
ki wlebi moindoma. amas mohyva kavkasionis gadasasvlelebis
gamagreba.
xelmwifis karis energiulma moqmedebam da eris konsolida-
ciam sasurveli Sedegi moitana. istoria gvamcnobs, rom osebi,
duZuk-RunZni, lekebi, Sarvanelebi, yarabaRelebi, ranis mcxovrebni
`kualad moxarked aqunda~. saqarTvelos samefos farglebSi
rCeboda anisi, dvini, mTlianad somxeTi. kvlav gavlenis sferos
warmoadgenda trapizonis samefo da Saharmenis sasulTno.
da ase gagrZeldeboda, rom ara Temur lengi. didi meomari
da Zlieri dampyrobi iyo dakoWlebuli Temuri. SiSi, dandoba da
Sendoba mis leqsikonSi ar arsebobda. 1386 wlidan 1403 wlamde
periodSi rvajer ilaSqra man saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg. rvajer,
radgan ar wynardebodnen, beds ar urigdebodnen qarTvelebi.
1405 w. giorgi VIII mefobis dros kvlav sfinqsiviT aRdga
qveyana, kvlav Semoikriba Camocilebuli mezoblebi. kvlav kavka-
siis imperias mieltvodnen qarTvelebi. giorgi mefem brZoliT
iara Tavrizamde, gzad Semxvedri yvela dalaSqra, magram Zveli
didebis aRdgena ukve SeuZlebeli iyo. Temur lengis wyalobiT
mTis xalxebi islamis madls eziaren da qristianul saqarTvelo-
sTan Zveleburi erToba da megobroba ukve SeuZlebeli gaxda.
aRarc samxreT kavkasiis xalxebi iyvnen Zveli megobrebi, aRarc
saqarTvelos SeeZlo Zveleburad xelis gamoReba. saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebic Secvlili Canda.
wina aziis istoriul asparezze ori didi Zala iyo wamomar-
Tuli. sparseTi da TurqeTi.
aleqsandre didis (1412-1442 ww.) mefobiT daesva wer-
tili saqarTvelos samefos erTianobas, siZlieres, ganviTarebis
SesaZleblobas. qveyana daRmarTze iwyebda siaruls. saukunis
Sua periodisaTvis gamoikveTa msxvili feodaluri samTavroebis
separatistuli ganzraxvani. Seiqmna sabediano (sadac afxazeTi da

114
samegrelo erTad Sediodnen), guriis samTavro, romelic form-
alurad mainc cnobda mefis xelisuflebas da samcxe-saaTabago,
romelic faqtobrivad damoukidebel erTeuls warmoadgenda.
1451 w. misi mmarTveli yvaryvare jayeli sabolood daadga saa-
Tabagos saqarTvelos samefosagan mowyvetis gzas da arsad Canda
aRmaSenebeli, ar Canda giorgi brwyinvalec.
Znelbedobis Jami dasdgomoda sruliad qristianul samyaros.
1453 w. TurqeTis sulTanma mehmed II bizantiis dedaqalaqi
konstantinepoli daatyveva da qristianul evropas Seutia. 1461
w. Turqebma trapezunis sakeisroc daikaves. erTobisa da dax-
marebis nacvlad qarTvelebma `ivaJkaces~ da aRmosavleT saqarT-
velo or, kaxeTisa da qarTlis samefoebad gayves. kaxeT-hereTis
mxares imJamad speridan gadmoxvewili bagrationebi ki ara,
yvaryvare jayelis tyveobidan gamoxsnili giorgi V… daefuZna.
daqucmacebuli saqarTvelo, sam samefod da sam (dasawyisSi)
Semdeg ki oTx samTavrod daiyo da moamzada pirobebi mtrebis
mxriv xelyofisaTvis. maTac ar daayovnes. da gagrZelda qarT-
velTa samflobeloebisaTvis brZola saukuneebis manZilze.
mxolod XVIII s. meore naxevarSi SeiZlo qarTvelobam
mxrebis wamoweva. solomon I imereTis mefis da qarTl-kaxeTis
batonis erekle II saxelebTanaa igi dakavSirebuli. magram ramdeni
ram moxda ornaxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi. ramdeni qarTveli
datyvevda da gaiyida muslimanur samyaroSi. ramdeni ara qarTve-
li daefuZna, miitaca da miisakuTra dacarielebuli qarTuli
miwebi. myarad `Cajdnen~ sparseTidan gadmosuli borCaloebi
gardaban-rusTav-dmanisis midamoebSi. jer erekle mefem Camoasax-
la, metalurgiis ganviTarebis mizniT, berZen-somexi xelosnebi
lore-axtala-alaverdis midamoebSi, Semdeg ki Tavad imravles.
samcxe-saaTabago Turqulma tomebma aiTvises. CrdiloeTidan mTa
Camowva. lekebma ivaJkaces da mTlianad Tu vera, nawilobriv
mainc gaiTavises kaxeT-hereTis Crdilo nawili. darialis xeoba,
romlis gasasvlel-gavakebasac cixe Cemia icavda, osebma daikaves,
Cmi arqves da alT abalTas miyrili qarTvelobac osebad moaq-
cies. aseTive bedi ewia dvaleTs. CrdiloeTidan Semcirda raWisa
da svaneTis sazRvrebi. xolo samegrelos (odiSis, sabedianos)

115
Camocilebul afxazeTis CrdiloeT nawilSi adiReur-Cerqezuli
warmoSobis afsuaTa tomma iwyo Casaxleba.
mokle CamonaTvali naTelyofs, rom qarTul eTnoss teri-
toriul-raodenobriv cvlilebebTan erTad fsiqikur-genetikuri
cvlilebebic unda ganecada.
qveynierebaze ucvleli mxolod cvalebadobaa. fiqri imisa,
rom mraval aTeul saukuneTa manZilze eTnosis genezisi cvli-
lebaTa matarebeli ar iqneboda, ararealuria. magram is rac
XVI_XVIII ss. moxda ukve eris gadagvarebis gzaze dadgomas
moaswavebda.
erT dros swamdaT: dedamiwa diskosmagvaria da is sam veS-
apze dgas. sami saukune gagrZelda sam veSaps Soris Zalismieri
dava kavkasiisaTvis. XVIII s. ociani wlebidan CaerTo aqtiurad
ruseTi sparseT (iran)-TurqeTis davaSi. CaerTo da gadaxara
kidevac saswori (ara nikes-samarTlianobis, aramed Zalis) Tavis
sasargeblod. sakvlevi sakiTxis warmoCenas bevr verafers Se-
matebs Txroba imisa, Tu rodis, visi warmatebiT mimdinareobda
veSapTa Sejaxeba. XIX s. dasawyisSive naTeli gaxda Sedegi.
mxolod erTi sakiTxi. bolo unda moeRos saubars koloniad
gadaqcevis gziT qarTvelobis gadarCenis, gabednierebis Sesaxeb.
unda damTavrdes `umciresi borotebis~ Sesaxeb msjelobac. is,
rac mkvlevarTa mieraa dadgenili, naTelyofs: sparseTi ukve
imdenad iyo dasustebuli, rom 10 000 avRanelma cxonosanma
moaxerxa misi dapyroba. erekle II iseT siZlieres miaRwia, rom
moxarked gaixada ganZis da erevnis saxanoebi. evropa moeloda,
rom igi sparseTis Sahad dajdeboda. e. i. aRmosavleT saqarT-
velos sparseTis Zveli SiSi gadagdebuli hqonda. TurqeTi,
Tumca Zlierebas inarCunebda, magram moCvenebiTs. man ara mxolod
imereTis samefos damorCilebaze aiRo xeli, aramed gaugonar
daTmobazec wavida. cnobilia, TurqeTma SeTavaza qarTvelebs (er-
ekles), gaeerTianebiaT saqarTvelo, kreditis micemasac Sepirda,
kavkasiis musliman mTielTa Semosevebis aRkveTasac kisrulobda,
oRond ki ruseTis imperia amierkavkasiaSi ar SemoeSvaT. sakvlevi
erTia: ar Tu ver miiRes qarTvelebma TurqeTis SemoTavazeba?
ruseTis imperia momdgari iyo darial-derbentis karibWes.

116
sparseTze ukve sakmao gavlena hqonda mopovebuli. swored ru-
seTis wyalobiT moaxerxa 1795 w. aRa mahmad xanma Tbilisis
darbeva. wyalobiT, radgan Segnebulad daaimedes da uRalates
erekle II, da Seagulianes aRa mahmad xani. am laSqrobiT sparseTs
ar usargeblia. isargebla ruseTma.
1801 w. daiwyo da mravali aTeuli weli gagrZelda aRmosav-
leT-dasavleT saqarTvelos dapyrobis procesi. dapyroba sxvaTa
teritoriebis ara mxolod fizikurad dakavebas gulisxmobda.
mTavari iyo iq demografiuli aneqsiis ganxorcieleba, rasac
adgilobrivi mosaxleobis daCqarebuli asimilacia mohyveboda1~.
rodesac ruseTis imperiam amierkavkasiaSi Semoabija, aq
wamyvan Zalas qarTveloba Seadgenda.2 Sesabamisad ZiriTadi
politikur-samxedro da demografiul-asimilatoruli dartymac
aqeT iqna warmarTuli. 1801 w. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 79,4
% qarTveloba iyo, 6,6 % afxazebi, 6 % somxebi da gasomxe-
buli qarTvelebi, borCaloebi 3.8 %, osebi 3,37 %. magram arc
erTi rusi.
saukunis ganmavlobaSi imperiam moaxerxa, qarTvelebs
Causaxla da daupirispira mezobeli Tu Soreulad macxovre-
beli erebis didi jgufebi. Sedegad qarTvelTa xvedriTi wili
61,4 %-de Semcirda, afxazi mosaxleoba 1,6 % _mde. sanacvlad
gadmosaxlebulTa xarjze swrafad gaizarda somxebis, azerbai-
janelebis, osebis, berZnebis da a. S. raodenoba. da mainc yvelas
rusuli mosaxleobis zrdis tempi sWarbobda. Tu 1801 w. arc
erTi rusi mosaxle ar fiqsirdeba, sabWoTa periodSi maTma xve-
driTma wilma, 8, 7% gadaameta da raodenobrivad sxva slavianur
mosaxleobasTan erTad 400 000 gadaaWarba.
saqarTveloSi, daCqarebuli tempiT Camoayalibes mraval
enovani, mraval erovani, mraval religiuri sazogadoeba. sx-
vadasxva politikuri da saerTo kulturis, adaT-wesebis,
tradiciebis, erovnuli xasiaTis mizanmimarTulad aRreul mo-

1. am sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT ix. a. axatneli, revoluciuri

aneqsia, Tb. 2008 w.
2. qarTveloba amierkavkasiis mosaxleobis 43% iyo.

117
saxleobas, saerTo sakomunikacio enad rusuli daudgines da
asimilaciur procesebSi CarTes.
ramdenadac saqarTveloSi qarTveloba ase Tu ise umravle-
sobas warmoadgenda (60-70% farglebSi), qveyanas saqarTvelos
respublika daarqves da yovelgvari saxis saprotesto muxtic
qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg mimarTes.
saqarTveloSi eTnikur damoukideblobas yvelaze ukeT
araqristianuli mosaxleoba inarCunebda. enobrivTan, tradiciebT-
an erTad, religiuri faqtori gadamwyveti iyo Sereuli ojaxebis
Seqmnis dros. miuxedavad Tavgadakluli aTeistobisa, verc gaba-
tonebuli eris (rusebis) xelmZRvanelobam gadalaxa religiuri
barieri da verc sxvebi aiZula. Sesabamisad, muslimanur, iezidur,
ebraul religiebs Tavisi mrevli hyavdaT da cdilobdnen maT
SenarCunebas. qarTvelebis Sereva Tu xdeboda, ufro ebraelobas-
Tan. 2 600 wliani gamocdileba uwyobda xels aseT mdgomareobas.
SedarebiT intensiuri iyo somxur-qarTuli Sereuli ojaxebis
Seqmna da urTierT asimilacia. ori ZiriTadi faqtori uSlida
procesis daCqarebas. erTi is, rom 1829 wlidan moyolebuli,
TurqeTidan gamoqceuli somxoba samcxe-javaxeTis daclil mi-
webs ikavebda, kompaqtur mosaxleobas, faqtobrivad somxeTis
gagrZelebas qmnida da qarTvelebTan naklebi kontaqtebi hqondaT.
meore is, rom rusuli mmarTveloba xels uwyobda ra somxebis
didi raodenobiT gadmosaxlebas (erTi periodi Tbilisi TiTq-
mis mTlianad daikaves), amave dros aRvivebda SuRls erovnul
niadagze.
iyo religiuri faqtoric. marTalia somxebi qristianebi
arian, magram aqvT Tavisebureba ris gamo moxda Tavis droze qa-
rTvelTa da somexTa daSoriSoreba. amave dros grigorianelobam
gauwia didi samsaxuri somxebis meobis SenarCunebas.
cnobili istoriuli faqtia. Temur lengma kavkasiuri tomebi
aiZula musulmaneba mieRoTo igive amierkavkasiasa da wina aziaSi
gaZnelda da gamonaklisis saxiT somxuri qristianoba gamoacxada
erTad-erT misaReb Tu arsebobisaTvis dasaSveb saxed. ra gasak-
virvelia, rom Seviwroebul qristianebs, gamusulmanebas grigori-
aneloba erCiaT. am gziT uamravi gasomxda saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi.

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qarTvelebs Soris es procesi, ruseTis xelSewyobiT, XIX s.
bolomde gagrZelda. amitom, saboloo angariSiT gasomxebuli
qarTveloba bevrad meti aRmoCnda, vidre gaqarTvlebuli somxoba.
Tu Tvals gavadevnebT somxobis Camoyaliebebis, ganviTarebis,
erovnul urTierTobaTa istorias, vaRiarebT maT naxevrad Toba-
lobas, tabalobas, iberobas, qarTvelobas. mxedvelobaSia ara is,
romel istoriul periodSi, vis ra teritoriebi ekava, aramed
is Tu rogor mimdinareobda eTnogenezis procesebi.
am sakiTxebis gaSuqeba sabWoTa istoriografiaSi didi
naklovanebebiT xasiaTdeboda. yvelaferi eqvemdebareboda erT
`diad~ mizans: ruseTi jer kidev ar arsebobda, roca qarTvelebi,
somxebi, osebi da a. S. ruseTTan gaerTianebas cdilobdnen. am
mizans emsaxureboda sxvaTa istoriebis gayalbeba da eTnosTa
urTierTdapirispireba. verc qarTvelebi da somxebi acdnen am
xifaTs. am erebis istoriaSi bevri ram iqneba gamosakvvlevi. am
mizeziT, sailustraciod, mivmarTavT ara sabWoTa mecnierebs.
moskovSi, 1898 w. gamovida cnobili anTroplogis, istor-
ikosis, kavkasiamcodnis d. n. anuCinis naSromi. (Анучинь Д. Н.
Армяне в антропологическом и географическом отношении. М.
1898). ai ras ambobs igi somxur-qarTul warmomavlobaze:
«...долихоцефалический тип есть наиболее древний и притом об-
нимающий собою все древние народы средиземноморской области,
как-то, берберов и египтян северной Африки, древнейшее население
Сирии и Малой Азии, пелазгов, этрусков, лигуров, иберов. Роса эта,
вышла из северо-восточной Африки... и заселила Египеть, Ливию,
Сирию, Малую Азию, перешла на острова и материк Греции, в Си-
цилию, Италию, Сардинию, на йберийский полуостров, проникла
на территорию нинешней Швеицарии, Франции, Англии, Ирландии,
а также на Кавказь, в Крым, Южную Россию, на Дунай. Эта раса
положила основание древнейшим культурам Египта, Хиттитов, Гре-
ции, Этрурии, - культурам, предшедствовавшим распространению
арийцев...» (dasaxelebuli naSromis 7-8 gv.).
am CamonaTvalSi somxebis, Tobal-Tubal-tabal-iberi, wina-
prebi TavisTavad igulisxmebian, magram ara kimerieli winaprebi.
maT Sesaxeb asea naTqvami: «Таким образом, по крайней мере в

119
восточной части Малой Азии, брахицефалический армянский тип
следует считать позднейшим, пришлым, вторгнувшмся в область
типа долихоцефалического» gv. 9.
somxebis winaprebi yovelTvis saxlobdnen mcire aziaSi. isini
tabali haosis STamomavalni iyvnen da tabali qarTosis, lekos,
kavkasosis ganayari TanamoZmeni. rac Seexeba somxebis kimeriel
winaprebs, isini kolxeTis gavliT SeiWrnen mcire aziis tomebSi,
«... армяне перешли в центрь Малой Азии и заселили Кападокию и
Киликию ... Отсюда они распространились в равнины по течению
Тигра..., пошли затем на север и северо-восток, вытесняя туземное
население понтийских халдов и овлодели, наконец, столицей по-
следних, Тушка-Ваном. Халдийские (ванские) цари строны Урарту
вынуждены были перенести свою резиденцию в долину Аракса...»
«Побежденные халды должны были отступить на западь, вдоль
Аракса, через сарыкамышь к Гассань-кала, в область, сохранившую
еще долго спустя название Халдии. Таким образом, армянам уда-
лос утвердиться в так называемой Армении только после долгой,
упорной борьбы с племенем Урарту или понтоийскоми халдами,
- племенем, язык которого еще не выяснень, но в котором есть
некоторыя основания прелпологать прародичей картвелского или
грузинского племени» (gv. 11).
am istoriul analizs unda miematos is cnobebi, rac Seexeba
miTridate pontoelis mier tibarenelebis Casaxlebas sasomxeTSi,
sasomxeTis gadmonacvlebas qarTvelur tomTa samosaxloSi, sau-
kuneebis manZilze qarTvelebis (ukve qarTvelebis) SeRwevas da
Serevas somxebSi da daskvna bunebrivad ibadeba: somxuri genis,
eTnosis CamoyalibebaSi didi wvlili qarTvelebs (maT winaprebs)
miuZRviT.
albad amas unda miewerebodes somxeTSi `dolixocefaluri~
da `braxicefaluri~ tipis mosaxleobis arseboba. igives adas-
turebs somxuri gvarebis didi raodenoba, romlis fuZe qarTu-
lia (mWedlovi, xati-sovi, xarati-ani, Raribi-ani, orbeli-ani,
mamikoni-ani, nalbandi-ani, xuro-iani, azna-v-uri, jigar-xaniani
da sxva.).
Tavis mxriv somxuri mosaxleobis daubrkolebeli migracia
saqarTveloSi maT gaqarTvelebasac iwvevda. amitomaa qarTvelTa

120
(dolixocefalebs) Soris, arc Tu iSviaTi somxuri (braxice-
faluri) tipis macxovrebelTa arseboba.
aq mokled naTqvamis sagani specialur kvleva-analizs
saWiroebs. qarTveli eri ver iqneboda iseTi, rogorc aris,
somxuri elementis gareSe. logikuria igive vifiqroT uaxloes
mezoblebze, romelTa mtrad mokidebas orasi weli cdilobda
ruseTis imperia da cdilobs `Zalian demokratiuli~ misi
xelmZRvaneloba.
2400 welia rac os-alanebi ara mxolod emezoblebian, aramed
dinastiur doneze mainc emoyvrebian iber-qarTvelebs. es urT-
ierTobani gansakuTrebiT intensiuri XX s. xdeba. mefis ruseTma
istoriul samSoblos mowyvita da qarTvelebs Soris Caasaxla
mravali osi. raodenobam 164 aTass gadaameta. aqedan 60 aTasamde
kompaqturad daasaxla dvaleTSi, samaCabloSi, qsnis saerisTaoSi.
dvalebi, vinc darCa da gadasaxleba ver SeZlo, osebad Cawera da
`umaRlesi samxedro~ mosazrebiT es mxare 1862 w. oseTs miuerTa.
qarTvelebs, dvaleTs da dvalebs, mxolod SemorCenili gvarebi
(dvali, dvaliSvili, dvaliZe, xeTaguri, cxovrobovi, xabelovi,
da a. S.) gvaxsenebs. qsnis saerisTaos, samaCablos teritoriebze
Camoxiznuli osebi kavkasiis mTebiT mowyvetilni aRmoCndnen deda
samSoblodan. (ase iyo rokis gvirabis gaWramde). mdgomareobam ai-
Zula isini, mWidro kavSirSi yofiliyvnen qarTvelebTan. amas xeli
Seuwyo religiurma, tradiciebis, adaT-wesebis identurobam. didi
mniSvneloba hqonda qarTvelTa mxardaWeras. gaosebulma dvalma
kosta xeTagurovma maTi daxmarebiT Seuqmna osebs damwerloba.
osebis udidesi nawili (100 aTasze meti), mefis ruseTma qarTl-
kaxeTis midamoebSi mimofanta. es ufro metad aiZulebda xiznebs,
axlo urTierToba maspinZlebTan daemyarebiaT. mezoblurma urT-
ierTobam am or eTnoss Soris, naTesaurSi gadazrda daiwyo.
praqtikulad iSviaTi gaxda osuri ojaxi, romelsac qarTuli
sisxli da geni ar hqonoda Sereuli. Tavis mxriv qarTvelebi
iolad unaTesavdebodnen xiznebs. da aseve gagrZeldeboda, rom
ara ruseTis cnobili imperiuli politika: gaTiSe da ibatone.
vinc odnav mainc icis erovnebaTSorisi urTierTobis lenin-
uri Teoria, sabWoTa mTavrobis politika, marTebulad Seafasebs

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osebis qarTvelebisadmi dapirispirebis did mcdelobas. arc im
procesebis xasiaTi gaakvirvebs, rac XX s. oTxmociani wlebidan
aqtiur fazaSi Sevida da arc maTi Sedegebi.
am SemTxvevaSi arsebiTia is, rom osuri elementi aqtiurad
monawileobda qarTvelTa eTnogenezis saqmeSi. vinc ar unda
moindomos, verc qarTvelTa da osTa erTobis momentebs waSlis
da verc monawileobas genetikur-fsiqikuri ganviTarebis saqmeSi.
osebs saamayod isic eqnebaT, rom maTi daviT soslani iyo XIII
s-an moyolebuli saqarTvelos samefo dinastiis mamamTavari.
qarTvelebma, Tavis mxriv, monarqiis aRdgenis mosurneebs unda
mosTxovon pretendentTa genealogia.
sruliad gansakuTrebulia afxazTa da qarTvelTa urTierT-
mimarTebis, genetikur-fsiqikuri erTobasa da ganmasxvavebeli
niSnebis problema. ramdenadac ucnaurad an sawyenad ar unda
JRerdes, afxazebis da afxazeTis, afxazebis da afsu-ebis fardo-
biTobis sakiTxebi xelaxla Sesaswavlia. ar SeiZleba sandoobis
xarisxi mieniWos voronovebis, turCaninovebis da maTi msgavsi
`akademiuri mecnierebis~ naazrevs. aseve ar SeiZleba, imperiis
centridan nakarnaxevi ideebis safuZvelze, realuri warsulis
obieqturi Sefaseba. am kuTxis da iq mcxovrebTa istoria xe-
laxla sakvlevia.
samwuxarod, arc qarTuli saistorio mwerlobaa am saqmeSi
ucodveli.
kvlevasa da analizs moiTxovs afxazeTis (mxedvelobaSia
md. kelasuris, yofili md. koraxis CrdiloeTi teritoriebis)
istoriuli geografiis sakiTxi. masTan organul kavSirSia iq
macxovrebeli tomebis raobisa da eTnikuri kuTvnilebis prob-
lema. egrosis kuTvnili teritoriebis afxazeTTan Tanafar-
dobis, henioxebis, kolxebis, megrelebis, svanebis istoriuli
geografiisa da eTnikurobis urTierTmimarTebis, afxazTa to-
mis eTnikuri cvlilebebis sakiTxebi. Tavad termin afxazeTis
Sinaarsobliv-geografiuli ganfenilebis problema da sxva.
am SemTxvevaSi ki sainteresoa afxazTa da qarT-velTa urT-
ierT-`asimilaciis~, Sereuli ojaxebis Seqmnasa da eTnogenezSi
monawileobis suraTi.

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 istoriis arc erT periods ar daufiqsirebia afxazeTis
da afxazebis gaucxoeba iberiul-kavkasiuri erTobisagan. mate-
rialuri da sulieri monapovari afxazebisa iseve iyo saerTo
iberiul-kolxuri tomebis monapovris Semadgeneli, rogorc
kaxelebisa, mesxebisa, gurulebisa da a. S.
ukve iTqva, rom qarTuli istoriografia egrosis kuTvnili
miwa-wylis CrdiloeT sazRvrad kavkasiis mTagrexilis Sav zR-
vasTan dasasruls asaxelebs. mas cixe da patara navsadguri
laia (laiaSi) ewodeboda. Zv. w. aR. I s. pompeusma is gaamagra
da nikofsiad gadanaTla. im adgilas Camomdinare wyals, rusebi
dRes md. nogofsuxos uZaxian. es teritoria Sedioda sabedianos
samTavroSi. adreul periodSi igi gaiyo samegrelod, svaneTis
nawilad da afxazeTad.
mTavrebi didxans flobdnen Zigeb-jiqebis tomis samosaxlos,
romelic maTi samTavros CrdiloeTs esazRvreboda. am miwebze
TandaTan Sereuli mosaxleoba gaCnda. swored am realobas asax-
avda vasil tatiSCevi (в. Татищев. Труды I-II т), rodesac werda
«Паче же мною, часть Мингрелии северная, которую турки и кабар-
динцы именуют абхазос, наши древние именовали обези. Ныне оной
большую часть Кубанцы населяют.» (citati aRebulia prof. T.
mibCuanis naSromidan).
samegrelos samTavros CrdiloeTi nawili TandaTan gaiTavises
yubanispira tomebma, magram ZiriTadi afxazi mosaxleoba kvlav
wamyvan Zalad rCeboda.
anTropologia utyuar niSnebs exeba. SeiZleba esa Tu is is-
toriuli cnoba mniSvnelovnad an umniSvnelod miiCnion, SeiZleba
swori Sefasebac ver miscen. anTropologiuri monacems verc
waSli da verc Seqmni. afxazTa anTropologiurma kvlevam v.
aleqseevi aseT daskvnamde miiyvana: «Антропологические данные
как будто свидетельствуют об исторических связах абхазов в боль-
шей мере с грузинским миром, чем с адыгским. Вхождение абхазов
в состав народов адыгской языковой семьи осуществилось поздно
и, во всяком случае, представляет собой вторичное в их этнической
истории.» ( В. М. Алексеев, Происхождение народов Кавказа, М,
1974, с.194).

123
 naTladaa naTqvami adiRuri warmoSobis afsuaTa tomi gvian
gamoCnda afxazeTis mTianeTSi, imZlavra da ruseTis imperiis
xelSewyobiT bevrsac miaRwia. araa saWiro Rrma istoriuli
Ziebani. sakmarisia erTi-meoris gverdiT Camoiweros afxazuri
da megruli gvarebi, rom suraTi naTeli gaxdes. istoriulad,
anTropologiurad, adaTwesebiT, tradiciebiT, kulturiT da
sxva, afxazebi saqarTvelos ganuyreli Svilebi arian. imperiuli
gaTiSe da ibatones politika maT mxolod droebiT aSorebs
mSobliur organizms.
imperiul ruseTs afxazebi ar sWirdeba. mas afxazeTi unda.
Tu qarTvelobam ver ivarga, Tu saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba ar
miexmara, dRevandeli afxazebi iseve ganwirulebi arian, rogorc
mouvidaT md. fsous CrdiloeTiT macxovreblebs.
ramdenadac afxazebs iberiul-kolxuri eTnosisagan gany-
enebulad warmoidgenen, amdenad, pirobiTad SeiZleba saubari
Sereuli ojaxebis da afxazuri genis monawileobaze qarTvelTa
eTnogenezis procesSi.
calke aRniSvnas moiTxovs slavianuri mosaxleobis aqti-
uri SeWra qarTul samyaroSi. bolo ori saukunea intensiurad
mimdinareobda slavTa da qarTvelTa cxovrebis yvela mxaris
daaxloeba da pirvel rigSi Sereuli ojaxebis Seqmnis gziT.
naxevarmilionian, erTmorwmune, Sereulad (ara kompaqturad)
macxovrebel masas sam milionian eTnosTan Serwymis procesSi
garkveuli zegavlena unda moexdina da moaxdina kidec.
ar SeiZleba Tavisufali iyos eri, romelic sxvas Cagravs.
k. marqsis es debuleba sruliad asaxavs rus da qarTvel erTa
urTierTobas. amitom sakiTxis gaSuqebis dros, unda gamijnuli
iqnas eri da mTavrobis politika. politikas adamianebi axor-
cieleben. amdenad mTavrobasTan kavSirSi unda ganixilebodnen
aRmsrulebeli elementebi. erebs sadao araferi aqvT. sadaod
urTierTobebs mTavrobebi qmnian.
rus xalxTan qarTvelebs hqondaT da eqnebaT urTierT
gacvliTi kavSiri. am mxriv sakvlevi ar daileva. am gacvlam
SeaZlebina genetikurad qarTvel petre pirvels da ioseb ju-
RaSvils (stalins) saTaveSi Cadgomodnen ruseTis imperias. sxva
sakiTxebTan erTad es eTnogenezisSi monawileobas gulisxmobs.

124
 qarTveluri (iberiuli, kolxuri) tomebiT dasaxlebuli
didi teritoriebia TurqeTis farglebSi. saukuneTa manZilze
mimdinareobda brZola dasakuTrebisaTvis. bevri obieqturi da
subieqturi faqtori ganapirobebda Widilis xangrZlivobis.
maT Soris religia wamyvani iyo. qarTuli mosaxleobis gamus-
limanebis Semdeg SeZlo TurqeTis imperiam iq fexis mtkiced
mokideba. religiurma erTobam eTnosebis daaxloebas daudo
samani. am gziT warimarTa TurqTa da qarTvelebis monawileoba
eTnogenezis procesebSi. amasTan, Turquli geni Semodioda ara
mxolod samxreTidan. albaneTis dauflebis Semdeg, albanelTa
gamuslimanebisa da gaTurqebis (axla-gaazerbaijanelobis) Semdeg,
albanelebsa da iberebs Soris genezisis procesebSi urTierToba
ar Sewyvetila. sxva sakiTxia, vis meti damsaxureba miuZRvis am
saqmeSi.
mizani iyo mogvexaza qarTvelTa eTogenezis sqematuri
suraTi. am gziT naTeli gaxda, rom dRevandeli qarTvelobis
Camoyalibebis, genetikur-fsiqikuri genezisis procesSi bevrma
monaTesave tomebma miiRes monawileoba. ase Seiqmna is birTvi,
romlis simyares bevrma eTnosma mimarTa da Tu SeZlo zegavlena
moexdina, Tavadac ganicada ukuzemoqmedeba. qarTveloba dRes
mravalsaukunovani (oTxi aTasi wlis process SevexeT mxolod)
eTniuri Serwyma-daSorebis Sedegia.

II. istoriuli logika

qarTvelebis eTnogenezis istoria xangrZlivia da daumTavre-

beli. mas aqvs dasawyisi, magram ara dasasruli. sanam eTnosi
(eri) arsebobs, genezisis procesi iarsebebs, im gagebiT, rom
gascems garkveul muxts da miiRebs sxva eTnosebisagan.
dRes globalizaciis procesebi mZlavrad mimdinareobs.
mas bevri mowinaaRmdegec hyavs. brZolam ar SeiZleba progresi
SeaCeros. cxadia, rom ukve yoveli eri (eTnosi) msoflio mniS-
vnelobisaa, organulad aris Cabmuli msoflio procesebSi da
misi moTxovnebis Sesabamisad ganicdis cvlilebebs.
erebi ki ara, pirovnebebi, maTgan damoukideblad, ganicdian
cvlilebebs. k. marqsi brZanebda, yoveli adamiani, msoflio

125
pirovnebad gardaiqmnebao. mxedvelobaSi iyo, rom sazogadoebrivi
ganviTareba gadaajaWvavs individTa, socialuri jgufebis, erebis,
saxelmwifoebis interesebs. interesebi gaxdeba saerTo da Ses-
abamisad yoveli adamiani damokidebuli da dainteresebuli imiT,
rac msoflios nebismier kuTxeSi xdeba.
dRes erovnuli da saxelmwifoebrivi sazRvrebi stoveben kar-
Caketilobas da erTiani msoflio sazogadoebriobis Camoyalibebas
uqmnian pirobebs. es araa damokidebuli calkeuli individebis,
socialuri jgufebis, gnebavT eTnosebis nebaze. civilizacia
Tavisi gziT midis da erovnuli an saxelmwifoebrivi barierebi
mas ver SeaCerebs. ufro meti, garduvali xdeba sxvadasxva sax-
elmwifoTa ganviTarebis donis daaxloeba da interesebis gadax-
larTva. rac xdeba erTTan, zemoqmedebs bevrze. sadamde miva es
daaxloeba, ramdenad imoqmedebs erovnulobis Taviseburebebze,
ra Tanafardobis process eqneba adgili zogadsakacobriosa da
erovnuls Soris, amaze msjeloba mxolod hipotezebis doneze
SeiZleba. istoriuli gza ganviTarebis tendenciis maxasiaTebelia.
logikuri istoriis mxolod fragmentuli daxasiaTeba iqna
warmodgenili, ramdenadac istoriuli fesvebi warsulis siR-
rmeSia Cakarguli, amdenad SeiZleba mtkiceba, rom genezisis pro-
cesSi qarTvelobam gaiara ganviTarebis Taviseburi (imanentura)
da amave dros saerTo-sakacobrio gzis Semodgenili, nawili, is,
rac damaxasiaTebeli iyo misi asakis da Tanamedroveobis wamyvani
erebisaTvis, qarTvelobamac gamoscada.
ganvilil istorias mecniereba sxvadasxva kuTxiT, mizniT,
gagebiT swavlobs da Sefasebis kriteriumebic gansxvavebulia.
Sesabamisad gansxvavebulia daskvnebic.
didi xnis manZilze miCneuli iyo, rom ufalma adamiani da
adamianuri cxovrebis stili erTxel da samudamod daadgina.
Sesabamisad, ra azri aqvs mcdelobas misi modernizaciis mizniT.
umetesi moazrovneebisa Tvlidnen, rom cxovreba cvalebadia.
magram ra gziT? zogierTis TqmiT cvlilebas regresuli xa-
siaTi aqvs: iyo cxovrebis oqros xana, Semdeg igi rkinis xanam
Secvala. iyo sapirispiro Tvalsazrisic. am koncefciis Tanaxmad,
kacobriobis mTeli warsuli sam periodad unda daiyos: qvis

126
xana, brinjaos xana da rkinis xana. gamoiTqva azri, rom dayofa
pirobiTia, qvis xanis kvali ar qreba, igi sazogadoebas bolomde
gasdevs. asevea brinjaos xanis mimarTac. bolos damkvidrda
Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmad kacobrioba ganviTarebaSi gadis
sam safexurs: veluroba, barbarosoba da civilizacia. Semdeg
TviTeuli safexuri Sida periodebad dayves: dabali safexuri,
saSualo da maRali.
warsulis periodebad dayofis sxva niSnebic gamoikveTa
droTa ganmavlobaSi. ase magaliTad: adamianTa cxovrebis pirveli
periodi gamoiyo, rogorc SemgrovebelTa da monadireTa. mas
adamianuri urTierTobis joguri cxovreba Seesabameboda; meore
periodi xasiaTdeba miwaTmoqmedebisa da mesaqonleobis ganviTare-
biT. Sesabamisad, adamianTa urTierToba joguri mdgomareobidan,
klanur-gvarovnul urTierTobaSia gadazrdili; mesame periodi
ukve industriuli sazogadoebis SeqmniT xasiaTdeba.
droTa viTarebaSi SemuSavebul iqna iseTi Tvalsazrisic,
romlis Tanaxmad aramarTebulia adamianuri warsulis ase
periodebad dayofa. ase iqmneba suraTi, TiTqos adamianTa yovel
jgufi, eTnosi Tanabrad gadis ganviTarebis am safexurebs. maSin,
roca sinamdvileSi istoria calkeul eTnosTa an regionebis
civilizaciebisagan Sedgeba da maT lokaluri xasiaTi aqvT. lo-
kaluri civilizaciebis Tvalsazriss exmaureba e. w. RerZula
dros arsebobis koncefcia, romlis Tanaxmad Zv. w. aR. IX_III
saukuneebia gardamtexi da ganmsazRvreli Zveli dauwerel da
axal, filosofiur periodebad istoriis dayofisas.
ukanasknel xans gamoiTqva originaluri azri, romlis
mixedviT kacobriobis warsuli unda daiyos adamianis gonebrivi,
azrobrivi ganviTarebis safexurebis mixedviT.
filosofosebisagan gansxvavebiT arqeologebi istoriuli
warsulis dayofas iaraRebis mixedviT axdenen. velurobis pe-
riods uwodeben qvis xanas. Zveli qvis xana iwyeba daaxloebiT
Zv. w. aR. 40 aTasi wlis win. ganviTarebaSi gadis sam safexurs:
paleoliTi, mezoliTi, neoliTi. am safexurebis gavlas dasWirda
36 aTasi weli Semdeg adamianebi gadadian brinjaos xanaSi da
ori aTasi weli, es liToni gansazRvravs maTi cxovrebis nirs.

127
brinjaos xanas Zv. w. aR. meore aTaswleulidan moyolebuli
rkinis xana cvlis, romelic dRemde grZeldeba.
mkvlevarTa Soris gavrcelebuli iyo Tvalsazrisi kacobrio-
bis warsulis sakuTrebis xasiaTis mixedviT dayofis sasarge-
blod. miaCndaT, rom pirveli safexuri xasiaTdeba sazogadoebrivi
sakuTrebis batonobiT. mas, urTierTobebis Sinaarsis mixedviT
pirvelyofil-Temuri wyobileba Seesabameba. droTa viTarebaSi
saerTo sakuTebas kerZo cvlis. kerZo sakuTreba, xangrZlivi
arsebobis ganmavlobaSi, gamovlindeba monaTmflobeluri, feoda-
luri da kapitalisturi wyobilebis formiT. am Tvalsazrisis
Tanaxmad, kerZo sakuTrebas da masze dafuZnebul kapitalistur
wyobilebas Secvlis sazogadoebrivi sakuTeba da Sesabamisi so-
cialisturi wyobileba. sabWoTa kavSirSi arsebuli wyobileba
miCneuli iyo socializmis bazad da nimuSad.
ramdenadac saqarTvelo sabWoTa imperiis Semadgenel nawils
warmoadgenda, igulisxmeboda, rom 70 wlis manZilze, iq so-
cialisturi wyobileba arsebobda. aqedan ki moxda ukan gadasvla
kapitalizmSi, romelsac saukunis manZilze eqsploatatoruls,
usamarTlos, momakvdavs uwodebdnen. Tundac is ambavi, rom
mecniereba uaryofs ganviTarebis maRali safexuridan dabli-
saken dabrunebis SesaZleblobas, aucilebels xdis sinamdvilis
garkvevas; ra moxda, ra gardaqmnebs aqvs adgili, amis mixedviT
ganixileba ganviTarebis tendenciebi.
arqeologia adasturebs amierkavkasiaSi adamianTa cxovrebas
da xangrZlivobas. aRmoCenilia uamravi nivTmtkiceba, romelic
adasturebs adamianTa yofnas ori milioni wlis manZilze. Ses-
abamisad adgili unda hqonoda Tanacxovrebis yvela im formas,
rac am xnis ganmavlobaSi gaiara adamianma.
pirvel rigSi gasaTvaliswinebelia ori SeniSvna: 1. ori
milioni wlis winandeli naSTebi ar gamodgeba imis dasturad,
rom adamiani aq uwyvetad cxovrobda. Cven ar viciT gamyinva-
reba-daTbobis periodebis monacvleoba ra zegavlenas axdenda
cxovrebis pirobebze. SeiZleboda aq mudmivad cxovreba Tu ara. 2.
Tanamedrove tipis adamiani (kromanioni) Camoyalibda ukanaskneli
gamyinvarebis raRaca periodSi. varaudoben 50 aTas wels. aqac

128
zogi ram dasazustebelia. Tu daaxloebiT 20 aTasi wlis win
gamyinvarebam piks miaRwia, maSin amierkavkasiaSic gaqreboda
cxovrebis pirobebi. mkvlevarebi amtkiceben, rom am gamyinvarebas
mohyva mkveTri daTboba da igi 10 aTasi wlis win dasrulda.
aqedan gamomdinare, Tanamedrove adamianis uwyveti cxovrebis
nirze msjeloba SeiZleba 20 aTasi wlis zRvars aqeT.
gasaxsenebelia mecnierebis mier dadgenili iseTi monacemebic,
rogoricaa: 1. cecxlis gamoyeneba adamianma jer kidev gamyinvarebis
wina periodSi icoda; 2. daaxloebiT 30 aTasi wlis win adamianebi
iwyeben raRaca niSnebis mixedviT manZilebze informaciis gadace-
mas, rac safuZvlad unda dasdeboda damwerlobis wamoSobas; 3.
samxreT kavkasiis axlos da momavalSi qarTvelebis winaprebis
sacxovrisi arealis axlos aRmocenda pirveli civilizaciebi.
dRevandeli TurqeTis teritoriaze aRmoCenilia Zv. w. aR. VIII
aTaswleulis qalaquri dasaxlebis naSTebi.
ra daskvnis saSualebas iZleva es cnobebi?
udaoa Semdegi: 1. pirvelyofili adamianebi jogebad cxov-
robdnen. (joguri cxovreba, mxolod adamianebis privilegia
ar aris); 2. joguri cxovrebis dros adamianebs ara hqondaT
Sromis iaraRebi. (calkeul SemTxvevaSi joxis gamoyeneba, ro-
gorc sakvebis mopovebis iaraRisa maimunsac SeuZlia. vTqvaT
WianWvelebis budidan gamosatyueblad. daTvsac SeuZlia qvis an
xis kunZis iaraRad gamoyeneba da a. S.). SeiZleba jogis wevrebi
qvas da xesac mimarTavdnen iaraRis saxiT, magram es ar iqneboda
gaazrebuli Sromis iaraRi. iaraRad qva da xe maSin gadaiqceoda,
roca pirvelyofili adamiani mas gamiznulad daamuSavebda da
moixmarda; 3. Sromis iaraRebis Seqmnisa da gamoyenebis procesSi
irRveva joguri cxovreba da Temur Tanaarsebobaze gadasvlas
iwyebs; 4. cecxlis gamoyeneba sabolood aformebs adamianTa
pirvelyofili mdgomareobidan Temur cxovrebaze gadasvlas; 5.
jer kidev joguri cxovrebis dros migracia (amis aucilebloba
obieqturad arsebobda gamyinvareba-daTbobebis monacvleobisas)
afarToebs Tvalsawiers, aiZulebs axali pirobebis Sesagueblad
gardaqmnebis moxdebas, azrovnebas aviTarebs.
daskvna aseTi unda iyos: ramdenadac aRniSnuli miRwevebi
adamianebs bolo gamyinvarebis pikis, 20 aTasi wlis win, hqondaT.

129
savaraudebelia, rom am periodisaTvis ZiriTadad damTavrebulia
pirvelyofili mdgomareobidan Temur wyobilebaze gadasvla. Ses-
abamisad, Tu mecnierebas jer ar gaaCnia dazustebuli monacemebi
qarTvelTa winaprebis sacxovrisis arealSi Temuri wyobilebis
Sesaxeb, es ar gamodgeba misi arsebobis uaryofis safuZvlad.
saiulistraciod: mecnierebas ar gaaCnia pirveli civilizaciis
wyaroebis Sesaxeb monacemebi, rac ar gamoricxavs aseTi wina-
pirobis arsebobas. Sumeruli civilizacia faqtia. Sesabamisad
faqtad unda iqnes miCneuli, misi warmomSobi pirobebis arseboba.
aseve faqtia mtkvar-araqsis kulturis arseboba da apriori unda
iqnes aRiarebuli am arealSi Sesatyvisi winapirobebis arsebobac.
daskvnidan gamomdinare daskvna: mecniereba aRiarebs xmelTaSua
zRvispireTSi da kerZod urmia-vanis tbebis, kavkasiis, balkane-
Tis arealSi dolixocefaluri tipis mosaxleobis arsebobas,
romlis Semadgenelic iyvnen qarTvelebis winapari tomebi da
amdenad Temuri wyobileba am tipis, am tomebis cxovrebis wesi
iyo. es wesi damkvidrebuli Cans Zv. w. aR. pirveli aTaswleulis
bolos da unda vivaraudoT, bevrad adre.
Temuri wyobileba pirvelyofilTan SedarebiT revoluciuri
mniSvnelobis winsvla iyo, Tumca adgili hqonda sapirispiro
koncefciis arsebobasac. pirvelyofili adamiani, romelic aravis
winaSe araa angariSvaldebuli, qariviT Tavisufalia da iqceva
rogorc unda. aseTi Tvalsazrisi yovelgvar safuZvels mokle-
bulia.
pirvelyofili adamianebi, romlebic mompovebel arsebobas ew-
evian, praqtikulad uunaroni da garemo pirobebze arian damokide-
bulni. arseboben imiT, rasac moiZieben. moZieba ki Zneli saqmea.
jogebad gaerTianeba saSualebas aZlevs aimaRlon SesaZlebloba da
koleqtiurad miaRwion imas, rac calkeulisaTvis warmoudgene-
lia. fizikurad ZlierisTvisac ki SeuZlebelia calke arseboba.
SiSia misi Tanxmdebi. SiSi jogis SigniT Zlieris winaSe, SiSi
bunebis movlenebisa da cxovelTa samyaros winaSe. SiSi aris
winsvlis stimuli. jogis SigniT SedarebiT Tavisufalia Zlieri.
jogebs Soris urTierTobasac siZliere wyvets. yvelaferi Zl-
ieri SiSis momtania. yvelaferi Zlieri gaRmerTebis sagani xdeba.
adamianTa jogi mesakuTreTa krebulia. mis SigniT yoveli

130
TavisTvis ibrZvis, magram sakuTreba mas ar gaaCnia. mesakuTrebuli
Tvisebebi bunebrivia, sakuTebis ar flobac aseve.
pirveli gaazrebuli sakuTreba sakuTari me-a. me-s gulisaTvis
daZrwis, ebrZvis msgavss, bunebas, cxovelTa samyaros. me-s gareT
gaazrebuli sakuTreba xdeba Sromis iaraRi. qva, xe, Zvali, ara
aqvs mniSvneloba ra saxis da formis Sromis iaraRs iSovis,
moipovebs, Seqmnis, is misia. iaraRi adamianis siZlieris zrdaa,
arsebobis gagrZelebaa, Tavdacvis saSualebaa da sxvas cocxali
TaviT ar daanebebs. iaraRi kerZo sakuTrebaa.
kerZo sakuTrebis ganviTareba adamianebs saSualebas aZlevs
gaifarToon da daimkvidron sasicocxlo sivrce. es ukve ubiZgebs
jogis donidan Temis doneze gadasvlas. Temis sakuTreba ukve
gaazrebuli sakuTrebaa, jogur cxovrebasTan SedarebiT maRali
safexuria.
Temuri urTierToba cvlis adamianis mes gagebas da sxvebTan
urTierTobas. Cndeba koleqtiuri saqmianobis SesaZlebloba
da iqmneba Sesabamisi Sromis iaraRebi. Tu jogis SigniT yvela
yvelas mowinaaRmdege iyo axla garkveuli sazogadoebrivi urT-
ierTobebi yalibdeba. Temis SigniT kerZo sakuTrebis gverdiT
saerTo sakuTreba Cndeba. iwyeba Sromis martivi danawileba. es
Tavis mxriv xelosnobis da gacvlis aRmocenebas uwyobs xels.
TandaTan icvleba TviTon adamiani, misi gonebrivi da fizikuri
SesaZleblobani, icvleba paralelurad urTierTdamokidebuleba
da urTierToba bunebasTan. adamiani ar wyvets mompovebel saqmi-
anobas (ar wyvets dRevandlamde), magram imave dros iwyebs
SromiT moRvaweobas (mejogeoba-mesaqonleoba, xelosnoba, miwis
damuSaveba, gacvla da vaWroba). SromiTi moRvaweobis procesSi
adamianis unari ufro mravalmxrivi da daxvewili xdeba, xe-
losnobis paralelurad safuZveli xelovnebasac eyreba. pirvel
rigSi sakulto xelovnebas.
mecniereba bunebrivad miiCnevs imas, rom Temur wyobilebaze
gadasvlas xangrZlivi dro dasWirda. sxvadasxva warmoSobis,
geografiul garemoSi mcxovreb tomebs sxvadasxva. erTni, rom
Temur cxovrebas misdevdnen, meoreni jer kidev pirvelyofil
mdgomareobaSi iyvnen. zogi tomi dResac ar gascdenia cxovrebis

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aseT wess. es ar gamoricxavs ganviTarebis erT safexurze mdgomi
tomebis SigniT saerTo maxasiaTeblebis arsebobas. es saerTo
aris zogadi, romlis mixedviT ganasxvaveben pirvelyofil-joguri
cxovrebis wess Temuri urTierTobebisagan.
arqeologebma qarTvelTa winapari tomebis sacxovrisis ar-
ealSi da dRevandeli sazRvrebis farglebSi, mravlad moiZies
masala, romelic cxadyofs aq pirvelyofili da Temuri cxovrebis
arsebobas. es TiTqos uwyveti arsebobis maniSnebeli unda iyos,
magram jer-xanobiT mainc daudgenelia misi xangrZlivoba. daud-
genelia ra cvlilebas iwvevda am arsebaSi daTboba-gamyinvarebis
monacvleoba.
mravlad iqna gamovlenili didi dasaxlebebis nakvalevi. ro-
gorc wesi, nakvalevi gorakebTanaa dakavSirebuli. istorikosTa
azriT, Tavdapirvelad dasaxlebebs etyoba gorakebze awyobdnen.
SeiZleba cxovrebis usafrTxoebis mizniT. fiqrobdnen, rom gore-
bze dasaxlebebidan unda Camoyalibebuliyo gvari. mTaSi dResac
ucnobs ekiTxebian: visi gorisa xar da ara ra gvarisa xar.
gvaris gamravleba-gayofa, nawilis sxva adgilas, sxva goraze
dafuZnebas iwvevda. Sesabamisad gaCndeboda axali gori anu axali
gvari. gvaris samosaxlos etyoba kari ewodeboda, ojaxis samo-
saxlos ki kera. es orive termini qarTvelebSi dRemdea SemorCe-
nili, Tumca ara myarad. soflebs xSirad ZiriTad macxovrebelTa
gvarisa da karis erTobiT moixsenieben: winamZRvrianT-kari,
lafanaanT-kari, vardaanT-kari da ase mravali. yovel sofelSi
mravali ojaxi saxlobs. ojaxi, es monRolur-Turquli warmoma-
vlobis sityva cdilobs Secvalos iberiul-qarTuli kera. kera
jer kidev inarCunebs arsebas, magram rodemde?
ramdenime kera qmnida kars. ramdenime kari Tems. Temebad
dayofa saqarTveloSi istoriulad xangrZlivi dronis manZilze
arsebobda. Temsac Tavisi kari hqonda. zogierT tomTa gaerTiane-
baSi kari-s nacvlad iTqmeboda kira. Temiskira-Semdeg cnobili
qalaqis saxelwodebad iqca.
es zerele daxasiaTeba sailustraciod iqna motanili. es
niSnavs, rom qarTvelur tomTa arealSi gvarovnul-Temobrivi

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Camoyalibebuli wyobileba iyo damkvidrebuli. iseTive, rogorsac
vxvdebiT Sumerul-pelazguri civilizaciebis arealSi.
Temis SigniT SeiZleba gaerTianebuliyvnen ara mxolod gvariT
(goriT) an sisxliT (gvarebiT) naTesavebi, aramed erTad (mezo-
blad) macxovrebeli sxvadasxva gvarebis adamianebi. Temi ar iyo
mxolod geografiuli mdebareobiT ganpirobebuli gaerTianeba.
mas Sinagani myari struqtura hqonda da marTva Seuryevel
avtoritets emyareboda. avtoritets xevisberebi, arxontebi
(SemorCenilia arxoti, arxotis xeoba), Temis mamasaxlisebi (es
gviandeli qarT-is droindeli terminia) warmoadgendnen.
Temis safuZvels miwaze kari-s saerTo sakuTreba Seadgenda,
sadac TviTeul kera-s SeiZleboda calke gansazRvruli raode-
noba ekuTvnoda. anu kari-s (kira) SigniT qonebrivi Tanabrioba
ar iyo. aseve ar iqneboda erTferovneba Temis SigniT calkeul
kar-Ta (kir-Ta) Soris. Temur wyobileba xSirad warmodgenilia
sxvadasxva SeZlebis, monacemebis adamianTa gaTanabrebul erTobad,
rac safuZvelSive mcdaria. rogorc calkeuli adamianebi gan-
sxvavdebodnen fizikuri da gonebrivi SesaZleblobebiT, aseTive
sxvaoba igulisxmeba ker-aTa (ojaxTa) Soris kar-is da goris
(gvaris) SigniT. kari, rogorc wesi erTi gvarisagan (gorisagan)
Sedgeboda. miT ufro saCeni iqneboda qonebrivi sxvaoba Temis
(xevis, xeobis) SigniT sxvadasxva kar-ebs (soflebs, gvarebs)
Soris. amdenad, roca saubaria Temis sakuTrebaze, ar unda iqnas
gagebuli Temis wevrTa qonebrivi gaTanabrebis azriT. qonebrivi
sxvaoba arsebobda, magram arsebobda garkveuli zRvariT, rac
urTierTdaxmarebis urTierTobebs ar gamoricxavda. yovel Sem-
TxvevaSi, mecnierebisaTvis cnobili tomebis cxovreba sxva su-
raTs ar iZleva. ase iyo yvelgan da iqneboda im arealSi sadac
qarTvelTa eTnogenezi mimdinareobda.
Temuri sakuTreba ar niSnavs miwis, saqonlis jogis, xe-
losnobis produqtis, nanadirevis da a. S. Tanabar ganawilebas.
rogorc pirvelyofili joguri cxovrebis dros, ganawileba
xdeboda Zlieris (jogis ufrosis) sasargeblod, aseve Temis
SigniT da aqedan tomis masStabiT. SeiZleba miwa erToblivi
dasacavi sakuTreba iyo, magram iq yvelas erTi zomis wili ar

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Sexvdeboda. SeiZleba saqonlis jogi erToblivi mosavlel-
dasacavi iyo, magram iq yvela wevrs Tanabari odenobis pirutyvi
ar eyoleboda. ufro meti, ar iqneboda Tanabari Sromis xarjva,
ar iqneboda Tanabari Sedegi. Temuri sakuTreba ar unda iqnes
gagebuli Teoriuli komunisturi sakuTrebis identurad.
Temi da Temuri sakuTreba aseve ar gamoricxavda sxvisi
Sromis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas. da es Seexeba ara mxolod
gareSe elements (Semoxiznuli an tyved ayvanili adamianis keri-
is wevrad miRebis wesiT), aramed kari-s wevrsac. (samuSao Zalis
gacvla xelosnobis, xelovnebis nimuSebs).
droTa viTarebaSi sxvisi Sromis (samuSao Zalis) sesxeba,
gacvla, SeZena. momgebiani gaxda (iqmneboda zedmeti produqti)
da aman monobis aRmoceneba ganapiroba. monoba. rogorc droebiTi
RonisZieba, valis gadaxdis, raimes SeZenis saSualeba, Temuri
wyobilebis Tanmxlebi faqtoria. am process gverds verc qa-
rTvelTa winapari tomebi auvlidnen. monaTmflobeloba maTSi
iseTive bunebrivi movlena, rogorc sxva erebSi iyo.
qarTvelTa winapar tomebs Soris samxreT kavkasiis sivrceSi
kera, gori (gvari), kari (kira) iseTsave gaerTianebebs aRniSnavda,
rogorc pelazgebSi gvari, fratria.
pirveli werilobiTi cnobebi Semonaxulni bibliis mier ve-
rafers gveubnebian ker-ebze, gor-ebze, kar-ebze. isini migviTiTe-
ben Tubal (Tobal-Ta) da meSex (muSkTa) arsebobaze. Tubalebi
da meSexebi tomTa gaerTianebebs warmoadgenen. am gaerTianebebs
istoriul periodSi ocobiT tomTa mefeebi hyavdaT. isic araa
cnobili, mefes ramdeni tomi emorCileboda, ramdeni tomTa be-
ladi. aseTi konkretiuli detalebis kvleva sruliad SesaZle-
belia da momavals ganekuTvneba.
yovel keras Tavisi eqneboda ara mxolod Ramis gasaTevi
da sameurneo obieqti, aramed safiqral-saocnebo da salocav-
dasasaflavebeli. yoveli kera romelime goris mkvidri da gvaris
Semadgeneli iqneboda (istoriulad ase modis dRemde). Sesabamisad
goris (gvaris) macxovreblebs aerTianebda ara mxolod sameurneo,
aramed sulier-sakulto saqmianobac. yoveli gora bunebis raime
nawils afetiSebda, Tavs mis STamomavlad miiCnevda da relig-

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iur dResaswaulebsac uwyobda. esa Tu is cxoveli, frinveli,
bunebis movlena iTvleboda goris damaarsebelad, mfarvelad da
mas garkveul pativs miagebdnen. gvars hyavda Tavisi arqonti,
magi, Samani. saxelwodeba dasadgenia. SeiZleba mogvi gori-gvari-
guru, romelic gardacvlil axlobelTa sulebs `eTaTbireboda~,
rCevebs Rebulobda da rituals asrulebda. gvars hqonda Tavisi
saerTo sasaflao. urTierT naTesauri valdebuleba, saerTo
qonebaze wilis (TanamesakuTris) ufleba. (soflad dRemdea
SemorCenili sagvareo sasaflaoebi, sadac gareSes mxolod ne-
barTvis Semdeg Tu dakrZalaven). gvars SeeZlo gareSe piris
Svilad (wevrad) ayvana da igi romelime ker-as wevri xdeboda.
Sesabamisad, gvari sisxliT naTesaobiT iyo Sekruli da axali
wevris miRebac sisxlis SereviT mtkicdeboda.
ker-as (ojaxs) Tavisi ufrosi hyavda. Semadgenloba SeuzRu-
davi unda yofiliyo. cnobilia, rom patriarqaluri ojaxebi ram-
denime aTeul da zogjer orasamde wevrsac miiTvlidnen. ojaxis
ufrosi (patriarqi) rogorc wesi misi damaarsebeli moxuci iyo.
simravlis an sxva mizeziT gayofis SemTxvevaSic igi rCeboda
winamZRolad. ker-iaTa uxucesebi (arqontebi) qmnidnen erTi
goris saerTo sabWos. pelazgebSi `agora~-s. Tu ker-is ufrosi
ojaxis Semqmneli iyo, gvaris (goris) ufrosi saerTo krebaze
asarCevi Tanamdeboba xdeboda. (a gora, sadac kreba tardeboda
da goris (gvaris) uxucesebs irCevdnen. (ra SeiZleba naTesauri
iyos qarTul gora-s da pelazgur agora-s Soris dasadgenia.
mkvlevarebi calkeuli kuTxis tomebis Seswavlis dros
adarebdnen sxva kuTxis (gnebavT kontinentis) tomebs cxovrebis
xasiaTs da ganmasxvavebeli niSnebis aRniSvnis paralelurad saer-
Tosac gamoyofdnen. ganviTarebis erT safexurze myof tomebs
zogadi saerTo aerTianebda. am niadagze Seiqmna koncefcia
sazogadoebrivi wyobilebis tipebis Sesaxeb. isic dadgenil iqna,
rom calkeuli tipis wyobileba cocxali organizmis TvisebebiT
xasiaTdeba. es niSnavs, rom igi cocxali organizmis msgavsac
Caisaxeba, ibadeba, aRwevs momwifebulobas, berdeba, sustdeba da
iRupeba. zogs xangrZlivi arseboba uweria, zogs mokle, magram
ganviTarebis safexurebi yvelas axasiaTebs. ase iyo SumerTa
civilizacia, finikia, Zveli egvipte, asureTi, karTageni, babi-

135
loni da a. S. Sesabamisad gansxvavebul tomTa cxovrebaSi aris
ganmeorebadi, zogadi da aris specifikuri.
sxvadasxva Sexedulebani am sakiTxze mowesriga da Teoriad
Camoayaliba georg vilgelm hegelma Tavis `istoriis filoso-
fiaSi~. mas Semdeg mkvlevarebi daobdnen da asabuTebdnen wyo-
bilebis Sinagan struqturas.
Temuri sazogadoeba rTuli socialuri organizmia, sadac
Tavs iyris adamianTa sxvadasxva materialuri Tu sulieri intere-
sebi. mTavari interesi materialuri arsebobis uzrunvelyofaa. am
safuZvelze ganviTarda koncefcia materialuris pirveladobis
da sulieris meoradobis Sesaxeb, rasac mohyva Teoria bazisisa
da zednaSenis urTierTobis da formaciisa da warmoebis wesis
Sesaxeb.
marTalia adamianTa pirveladi sazrunavi materialuria, magram
igi ar gamoricxavs, ver gamoricxavs sulier mxares. es Seexeba
ara mxolod dRevandel cxovrebas, aramed adamianur cxovrebas
saerTod. mecnierTa garkveuli nawili miiCnevs, rom adamianis
cxovelTa samyarosagan gamoyofis ZiriTadi (pirveli) niSani
Sromis iaraRis Seqmnaa. aqedan gamomdinare, Sromis iaraRebis
Seqmna-moxmareba aris is ZiriTadi, romelzec aigeba sulieri
cxovreba. marTlac ase iqneboda, ase rom yofiliyo. sinamdvileSi
Sromis iaraRis Seqmna da moxmareba materialuri da sulieri
pirobebis erTobaa. ise araa, rom jer Seqmna, mere moifiqra, an
jer moifiqra, mere Seqmna. is qmnida da azrovnebda, azrovnebda
da qmnida. am ori mxaris daSoreba SeuZlebelia.
adamianTa mdgomareoba maTi interesebisa da materialuri
realobis erTobaa, sadac erTi meores ubiZgebs winsvlisaken,
ganmeorebisaken, radgan sicocxle erTjeradi movlena ki araa,
aramed droSi gawelili procesia. Sesabamisad, miRweuli md-
gomareoba warmoSobs axal interess da interesis Sesabamis
moqmedebas. Temis SigniT mdgomareobis sxvaoba, niSnavs urTier-
TobaTa sxvaobas. es ukanaskneli iwvevs interesTa da moqmedebis
ganmeoradobas da cvlilebas. ganmeoradoba urTierTobebisa aris
ganmeoradoba adamianTa SromiTi (warmoebiTi) saqmianobisa da
saqmianobis procesSi adamianTa Soris kavSirebisa.

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 Temis SigniT adgili aqvs adamianTa SromiT saqmianobas da am
saqmianobis raRaca formiT urTierTobaSi gamoxatvas. miCneulia,
rom rogoricaa adamianis SromiTi unari (fizikuri da gonebrivi),
iseTivea urTierTobaTa xasiaTi. adamianis Sromis unars-samuSao
Zalas uwodeben. am samuSao Zalis SeerTebas Sromis iaraRebTan
sawarmoo Zalas. gamodis, rom rogoricaa adamianTa sawarmoo
Zalebi, imave xasiaTis unda iyos urTierToba jer warmoebis
(Sromis) dros da Semdeg cxovrebaSic.
Temuri sazogadoebis SigniT aRmocendeba da viTardeba
saqmianobis sxvadasxva saxe. nadiroba, miwis damuSaveba, xelos-
noba, mesaqonleoba, sakulto saqmianoba, gacvla. dronis ganma-
vlobaSi saqmianobis sxvadasxva saxe specialobis xasiaTs iZens.
specialobebis naxelavi gacvlis procesidan vaWrobis sagani
xdeba. Sesabamisad icvleba adamianTa urTierTobebis xasiaTi.
yalibdeba SromiTi saqmianobis garkveul saxeobaSi gawvrTnilTa
memkvidreoba. mimdinareobs sazogadoebrivi Sromis danawileba da
yalibdebian SromiTi socialuri jgufebi.
SromiTi saqmianoba, Sromis (warmoebis) procesSi Camoyali-
bebuli urTierTobebis xasiaTi da formebi asaxvas pouloben
sulieri cxovrebis sferoSi. religia, xelovneba, zepirsi-
tyvaoba, miTologia. aqac TandaTan xdeba adamianTa jgufebis
specializacia. rac ufro materialurad gaiolebuli da uzrun-
velyofilia Temis wevrTa cxovreba, miT metad gaazrebuli da
mravalferovania sulieri cxovrebis sfero. (mSiers sasimRerod
da sacekvaod ar scalia, man jer kuWi unda gaiZRos).
am mimarTebiT marTebulia mtkiceba, rom adamianTa mate-
rialuri interesebi ganapirobeben pirvel rigSi materialuri
warmoebis gaumjobesebas. SedarebiT meore rigSia mdgomareobis
cnobierebaSi da misi gavliT sulier cxovrebaSi asaxva.
Seswavlili tomebis gamocdileba naTelyofs, rom sulieri
cxovreba materialurs asaxavs. cekvebi, simRerebi, warmodgenebi,
mxatvroba da a.S. Sromis, nadirobis, brZolis asaxvaa upirveles
yovlisa. ase iyo yvelagan, ase iyo qarTvelTa winapari tomebis
cxovrebaSic.

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 danamdvilebiT Tqma, rodidan SeiZleba Temuri wyobilebis
damyarebaze saubari, Znelia. verc imis mtkicebas daiwyebs vinme,
rodidan Cndeba monobis elementis damkvidreba. ker-iis wevrad
miRebidan da goris (gvaris) wevrad ucxo pirovnebis aRiarebis
wesidan monad damorCilebamde, kari-s (kira-s) wevris droebiT
monad gadaqcevamde albad didi dro iyo saWiro. kidev ufro
xangrZlivi periodi dasWirdeboda mudmivi monobis sistemis
damkvidrebas.
Zveli berZnuli miTologia, romelic pelazgiuri miTolo-
giis mxrebze dgas, icnobs droebiTi monobis wess, aRwers RmerT
apolonis neba-yoflobas (6 wlian) monobis istorias da sxva.
Sumeruli, Zveli egvipturi sazogadoeba ukve monobis Semcvelia.
savaraudebelia, rom imave xanebSi yalibdeba monobis sistema
qarTvelTa winapar tomebSic.
monaTmflobelur urTierTobaze SeiZleba saubari Zv. w.
aR. mesame aTaswleulSi, magram rodis Caisaxa, ganviTarebis ra
etapebi ganvlo, gansjis sazRvars miRma darCeba. xeTebis impe-
ria, saqaldevelo, aietis mZlavri samefo eWvs gareSea monebis
Sromas efuZneboda. is omebi, rasac meSex, muSq, muskebis mefeebi
awarmoebdnen samxreTis mezoblebTan teritoriebis dapyrobisa
da Zarcvis garda, tyveTa mopovebasa da monad gadaqcevasac
isaxavda miznad. Tu qalaquri dasaxlebis naSTebi Zv. w. aR. VIII
aTaswleuls ganekuTvneba, maSin sakiTxavia visi SromiT iqneboda
igi agebuli. ker-is (ojaxis), gori-s (gvaris), kari-s (kira-s),
Temis wevrs, romelsac yoveldRiurad materialuri moTxovnebis
dakmayofilebisaTvis unda ezruna (misi, bavSvebis, moxucebis,
avadmyofebis CaTvliT), ar darCeboda dro da saSualeba didi
samuSaoebis Sesasruleblad. es SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda mxolod
monis Sromis gamoyenebis pirobebSi. amitom, roca arqeologebi
afiqsireben romelime Zeglis asaks Zv. w. aR. aTaswleulobiT
savaraudebelia, rom im geografiul arealSi monis Sromis
gamoyenebas hqonda adgili.
qarTvelTa eTnogenezis arealSi dafiqsirebulia Zv. w. aR.
meoTxe aTaswleulis civilizaciis arseboba. imave periods gane-
kuTvneba mezobeli Sumeruli civilizacia. im dronidan moyole-

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buli Cndeba qalaquri tipis dasaxlebebi da qalaq-saxelmwifoebi
mefeebiT saTaveSi. am tomebsa da samefoebSi qonebrivi diferen-
ciacia gamokveTilia. mdidrebis, Tavisufali meTemeebis, mxedrebis,
monebis socialur jgufebad sazogadoebis dayofa ara mxolod
savaraudebeli, aramed faqtia.
eTnosis socialur jgufebad dayofa xangrZlivi brZolisa da
erTobis Sedegia. socialur jgufTa interesebi mudmiv winaaRmde-
gobaSia, erTobis SenarCuneba ki garduvali aucileblobaa. erTo-
bis SenarCunebis mizniT sazogadoeba midis saxelmwifo sistemis
Seqmnis aucileblobamde. saxelmwifos SeqmniT formdeba klasebad
dayofili sazogadoebis erad Camoyalibebis procesi. saxelmwofo
gamodis sazogadoebis SigniT urTierTobebis maregulirebel da
garedan safrTxis aRmkveT organizaciad. Sesabamisad, saxelmwifos
sistemas gaaCnia sagareo urTierTobebis da qveynis Sida proce-
sebis marTvis institutebi. monaTmflobelobis dros Seqmnil
am meqanizms saukuneebis manZilze xvewdnen da aZlierebdnen. ase
iyo yvelagan, ase iyo qarTvelTa eTnogenezis arealSi.
arqeologiuri dadasturebis TvalsazrisiT bevrad farTedaa
Seswavlili Zv. w. aR. I aTaswleulis saxelmwifoebi. diaoxi,
kulxa, urartu, frigia, ufro mogvianebiT ponto, iberia, egrisi
monaTmflobeluri wyobilebis ayvavebis xanis warmonaqmnebia. am
saxelmwifoTa geografiul arealSi cxovrobdnen Tubal-tabal-
iberebi, meSex-muSk-musk-mesxebi, lazebi (egrebi), svanebi. mxolod
Sexsenebis saxiT Tu iTqmeba, rom es sami dajgufeba, TviTeuli
Tavis mxriv bevr toms aerTianebda. Tu tabal-iberTa erTi mcire
nawili, qarT-ebi (qarT-uxebi) dResac ki mraval tomTa nakrebs
warmoadgens, ufro didi raodenoba iqneboda im xanad.
monaTmflobeluri sazogadoeba ar niSnavs mxolod monaTm-
flobelebisa da monebis socialuri jgufebis (klasebis) arse-
bobas. monaTmflobelebi iyvnen samefo xelisuflebis wamomad-
genlebi, samxedro Zalauflebis warmomadgenlebi (mxedroba) da
religiuri xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi-monobasac sxvadasxva
forma da xarisxi hqonda ama Tu im samefoSi. es ganpirobebuli
iyo politikuri, samarTlebrivi, moraluri, religiuri, geo-
grafiuli principebiT. mTavaria, rom mona (rogorc samuSao

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Zala, rogorc mwarmoebeli) ekuTvnoda batons. SeiZleboda misi
gaCuqeba, gaqiraveba, gayidva. iyo garkveuli samarTlebrivi Car-
Coebi, romlis farglebSic xdeboda mepatronisa da monis urT-
ierTobebis daregulireba. ase magaliTad: spartaSi mona adamianad
ar iTvleboda. monebi cxovrobdnen qalaqgareT da asrulebdnen
yvela saqmes. aTenSi ki sxvanairad iyo. mona, rogorc msaxuri
cxovrobda batonTan da asrulebda dakisrebul movaleobas.
cnobilia, rom garkveuli periodi, monebi policiis funqciasac
asrulebdnen da Sesabamisad SeeZlo damnaSave (vTqvaT mTvrali)
batonis dakaveba. monebad, rogorc wesi, iyidebodnen qoneba dak-
argulebi (gakotrebulebi), valSi gayidulebi, tyved ayvanilebi,
romelTac samuSao Zalis (gonebrivi da fizikuri unaris) garda
sxva qoneba ar gaaCndaT. mona SeiZleba yofiliyo fizikuri Sromis
Semsrulebeli da gonebrivi Sromis sferodanac (arqiteqtori
mSenebeli, mxatvari, poeti, gadamweri, agronomi da a. S.).
sazogadoebis dapirispirebul socialur jgufebis erTobas
TaobaTa manZilze saxelmwifo da religia amagrebdnen. saxelmwifo
qmnida SeiaraRebul Zalas da Sesabamis samarTlebriv-sadamsjelo
sistemas, romelic uzrunvelyofda mosaxleobis umravlesobis
(monebi, gaRatakebuli meTemeebi) morCilebas. religia urcx-
vad acxadebda batonebis RvTiuri warmomavlobis Sesaxeb da
Cagrulebs mouwodebda usityvo morCilebisaken. saxelmwifo,
sanacvlod religiis msaxurebs naZarcvis nawils uTmobda da
SeRavaTebsac uwesebda.
miuxedavad amisa monaTmflobeluri sazogadoeba winaaRmde-
gobisa da brZolis pirobebSi arsebobda da viTardeboda. monaTa
didi da mcire ajanyebebi aryevda da srulyofda sistemas. qarT-
velTa winaprebis arealSi moxda erTi didi masStabis monaTa aja-
nyeba. Semonaxulia gadmocema, romlis Tanxmad aietis Zma yirimis
naxevarkunZulis mflobeli da iq mcxovrebi tomebis mefe iyo.
bevrad gvian aq berZnuli koloniebi daarsda da bolos xersonis
da bosforis samefoSi moxda monaTa didi ajanyeba, mefe perisadi
Camogdebul iqna da mis magier skviTi mona savmaki gamocxadda
mefed. (niSnadoblivia, rom mefobis institutis garda veraferi
moiazres mefobis winaaRmdeg mebrZolebma). xalibTa pontos

140
samefom ajanyeba CaaxSo da yirimis naxevarkunZuli SeierTa. mi-
Tridate pontoelma iq mmarTvelad ufrosi vaJi maxare daadgina.
monaTa, dapyrobil tomTa brZola pirvel rigSi mefis in-
stitutis Secvlisaken iyo mimarTuli. arsebuli politikuri
sistemis mospoba miCneuli iyo monobis institutis gauqmebis
winamZRvrad. TavisTavad es faqti ekonomikur, warmoebiT urT-
ierTobaTa politikuri urTierTobebTan erTobaze mianiSnebs,
sadac ekonomikuri ZiriTadia. ganmsazRvrelia. monaTmflobeluri
wyobilebis politikur-saxelmwifoebrivi forma SeiZleba gansx-
vavebuli yofiliyo (rogorc es sinamdvileSi iyo: monarqiuli,
respublikuri) magram es ekonomikur-warmoebiT urTierTobaTa
xasiaTs ar cvlida. saxelmwifos garkveul viTarebaSi SeiZleba
ganmsazRvreli, warmmarTveli roli Seesrulebina, magram misi
mizani iqneboda arsebuli warmoebiTi urTierTobis srulyofa-
ganmtkiceba da ara mospoba.
amave dros, saxelmwifo gamodioda, rogorc calkeuli
socialuri jgufebis (klasebis) interesebis zeviT mdgomi da
saerTo-saqveyno interesebis damcveli organo. saxelmwifo monaT-
mflobelTa saerTo interesebs icavda da ara yoveli calkeuli
mflobelisa. garkveul pirobebSi saxelmwifos romelime monaT-
mflobelic SeiZleba daesaja, magram es ar iqneboda klasis
winaaRmdeg mimarTuli RonisZieba.
sagareo urTierTobaTa xaziT saxelmwifo aerTianebda eTno-
sis (eris) da erovnuli monaTmflobeluri klasis interesebs.
am mxrivac igi zeklasobriv organod wamoisaxeboda.
saxelmwifos struqturebs rogorc wesi monaTmflobelTa
klasi akompleqtebda. ra Tqma unda iyo SemTxvevebi, roca mona
xdeboda wamyvani moxele da SeiZleba saxelmwofos bedis gamge,
magram es iyo gamonaklisi. saxelmwifo, rogorc ekonomikurad
gabatonebuli klasis interesebis damcveli iyo da aseTad rCeba
dRemde.
garegnulad, formiT religia sazogadoebis yvela social-
uri jgufisaTvis saeTo movlena iyo. religiuri postulatebi
Tanabrad savaldebulo iyo yvela fenisaTvis. igi mouwodebda
arsebulis Semrigeblobisaken, erTobisaken, Tanabrad moiTxovda

141
morCilebas yvela fenisagan. realurad religia iyo mZlavri
iariRi monaTmflobeluri urTierTobis SenarCunebisa. faraoni,
mefe, imperatori iTvlebodnen erTdroulad RmerTis warmomad-
genlad da umTavres religiur moRvawed (qurumi, mogvi, moZRvari
da a. S.). ase iyo yvelgan, ase iyo qarTvelTa winapar tomebSi
da maT mier Seqmnil saxelmwifoebSi.
mkvlevarebi miiCneven, rom monaTmflobeloba iberiul-kolxur
tomTa Soris IV_VI saukunemde arsebobda. erTni emxrobian im
azrs, rom IV s-mde, meoreni VI s-mde. SexedulebaTa sxvaobas
iwvevs batonymobis gabatonebul wyobilebad gadaqcevis (damkvi-
drebis) sirTule. wyobileba saukuneebis manZilze yalibdeboda
da devnida monaTmflobelobas. konkretulad rodis moxda sab-
oloo gadasvla monaTmflobelobidan batonymobaze dasadgenad
rTulia, rom ar iTqvas SeuZlebeli.
wminda saxis wyobileba ar arsebobs. monaTmflobeloba qa-
rTvelTa winapar tomebSi ar niSnavda, rom igi erTnairad iyo
gabatonebuli yvelgan. mTis tomebi, rogorc wesi Temuri wyo-
bilebis iers inarCunebdnen. ufro meti, misi elementebi dResac
Semonaxulia mTielTa Soris. aseve iyo batonymobis elementebi
monaTmflobelur saxelmwifoebSi, xolo monaTmflobelobisa
feodalurSi. (monobis elementebs, iseve rogorc batonymobisa
dResac vxvdebiT, magram es ukve gamonaklisia da ara wesi).
mkvlevarebi kvlavac idaveben aseT sakiTxebze. am SemTxvevaSi
ki arsebiTia, rom wyobilebaTa cvla moxda da qarTvelur (ukve)
tomebSi batonymobis ganusazRvreli batonobis xana daiwyo.
qarTul mwerlobaSi kargadaa gaSuqebuli miwaze feodal-
uri sakuTrebis damkvidrebis, `mcire aznaurTa~ da `did-didni~
aznaurebis fenebis Camoyalibebis, farnavazis (Zv. w. aR. IV s.)
mier SemoRebuli erisTavTa samoxeleo institutis, arCil mefis
(VIII s. Sua xana) mier misi samemkvidreo Tanamdebobad gadaqce-
vis, Temis rRvevis, `mkvidri~ da xizani~ glexobis kategoriebis
damkvidrebis, miwaze sakuTrebis da miwaTsargeblobis sxvadasxva
formebisa da wesis SemoRebis istoriebi. aseve farTedaa gaSuqe-
buli feodalTa Zlierebis, qalaqTa dacemisa da gaZlierebis,
soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis, irigaciis, xelosnobis, Sromis

142
iaraRebis ganviTarebis, materialuri da sulieri cxovrebis
dargebis istoria.
batonymoba saqarTvelos samefoebSi, samTavroebSi konkret-
ul-istoriul pirobebSi arsebobda da rigi TaviseburebebiTac
xasiaTdeboda. es ar gamoricxavs zogadis arsebobas. uwodeben
arsebuls patronymobas, cdiloben evropis klasikuri feodal-
izmisagan gansxvavebulad mis warmoCenas Tu ara, arsebiTi mniS-
vneloba ara aqvs. batonymobisaTvis ganmsazRvruli sakuTrebiTi
da warmoebiTi urTierTobebi saxezea. saxezea batonymobis wyo-
bilebis arseboba.
es urTierTobani gagrZelda ruseTis imperiis mier qveynis
dapyrobisa da koloniad gadaqcevis Semdegac. ufro meti. adgilo-
briv feodalTa klasis mxriv Cagvras daemata rusuli samoxelo
institutebis mier Cagvra da e. w. `egzekuciebi~ (sadamsjelo
RonisZiebebi). kidev erTi, ruseTSi glexobis garkveuli nawili
Temur urTierTobas inarCunebda. swored am niadagze aRmocenda
glexuri socializmis Teoria. am faqts efuZnebodnen iseTi
revoluciur-teroristuli organizaciebi, rogoric iyo `zem-
lia i volia~, `narodnaia volia~, `Corni peredel~ da bolos
v. leninis socialisturi revoluciis, ruseTSi socializmis
SesaZleblobis Teoria. amis da miuxedavad imperiis agraruli
politika saqarTveloSi miwaTsargeblobis Temuri urTierTobis
rRvevis da Tavisufali meTemeebis daymevebas iTvaliswinebda.
qarTveli glexoba moZaladeebs ajanyebiT pasuxobda, magram
ZlierTan susts simarTle ar gasdioda.
da kidev erTi. mefis ruseTSi 1861 w. batonymobis gauqmeba
gamocxadda. saqarTvelomde am RonisZiebam bevrad dagvianebiT
moaRwia da didi Sedegic ar moutania. verc moitanda radgan: 1.
ruseTis imperia warmoadgenda ganviTarebis sruliad gansxvavebu-
li donis eTnosTa, iaraRis ZaliT gaerTianebul konglomerats; 2.
imperiaSi (evropis qveynebisagan gansxvavebiT) batonymobis gauqmeba
moxda zevidan, mTavrobis iniciativiT, im dros, roca axali kapi-
talisturi urTierTobebi socialur moTxovnebs feodalizms ar
uyenebda; 3. imperiaSi mrewveloba viTardeboda ZiriTadad iaraRis
warmoebis xaziT da mas mniSvnelovani socialuri cvlilebebis

143
motana ar SeeZlo; 4. imperiaSi kapitalisturi urTierTobebis
ganviTareba XX s. daiwyo, msxvili warmoeba mxolod savaWro
sferos moicavda da ucxour kapitals efuZneboda (prod ugol,
prod vagoni, prod saxar, prodamet); 5. mrewveloba Tavmoyrili
iyo xuT centrSi. danarCeni qveyana CamorCenil batonymur urT-
ierTobas inarCunebda. v. leninis mtkicebiT, batonymoba imperiis
qalaqebSi moispo 1905 w. revoluciis Semdeg, xolo soflebSi
1920 w. Semdeg.
kidev ufro mZime mdgomareoba iyo saqarTveloSi. Rrma
tradiciebis mqone, wvrili glexuri qveyana agrarul siaxleebs
moiTxovda. mrewvelobis ganviTarebaze da samrewvelo muSaTa
klasis arsebobaze araseriozuli saubaric ar SeiZleboda.
qveyana mzad iyo msubuqi mrewvelobis pirvel rigSi soflis
meurneobis produqtis gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebis danergvi-
saTvis. batonymobis gauqmebam, mciremiwian qveyanaSi, glexebis
gaRatakebas Seuwyo xeli.
mefis ruseTis politikis Sedegad qvemo qarTli, javaxeTi,
Tbilisis midamoebi somxuri da slavianuri warmoSobis mosaxleo-
biT aivso. vaWroba-mevaxSeoba iyo maTi ZiriTadi saqmianoba (es
bunebrivia, radgan sxvis miwebze dasaxlebuli cdilobs iseT
saqmes mohkidos xeli, rac saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi Tan ioli
wasaRebi iqneba).
saqarTveloSi socializmis araviTari pirobebi ar arse-
bobda, aq bunebrivi ganviTarebis gziT SeiZleba kapitalisturi
urTierTobebi moZlierebuliyo da isic sxva qveynebis mibaZviTa
da daxmarebiT. 1921 w. ruseTis mier saqarTvelos ganmeorebiT
dapyrobas swored aseTi Sedegi mohyva, romelsac oficialurma
xelisuflebam da misgan damonebulma moazrovneebma social-
izmi uwodes. (am sakiTxebze sakmaod garkveviT aris naTqvami
`politologiis safuZvlebi~ da `revoluciuri aneqsia~-Si da
ganmeoreba saWiro ar aris).
mxolod ramdenime winadadeba.
19-20 saukuneebSi SemuSavebuli Teoriuli Tvalsazrisis
mixedviT kapitalizmidan socialustur wyobilebaze gadasvla
garduvalia. gadasvla moxdeba mas Semdeg, rac kapitalizmi

144
amowuravs ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas. es periodi ki dResac
araa arc erT mowinave industiul qveyanaSi da miT umetes ver
iqneboda verc saqarTveloSi da verc feodalur ruseTSi;
`narodnikobis~, glexuri socializmis Teoretikosi
lenini da misi `bolSevikuri~ (komunisturi) partia imeds
ekonomikis nacvlad Zalaze amyarebdnen. maTi azriT partiis
diqtatura iyo is iaraRi, romelic gardaqmnida, gadaxarSavda
mosaxleobas da aiZulebda ecxovra ise, rogorc maT miaCndaT
saWirod. winaaRmdegoba ki ZaliT daiTrguneboda.
mecnieruli Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, nebismier qveyanaSi,
mxolod iseTi wyobileba iarsebebs, rogoricaa ekonomika da
kultura xalxisa. iZulebis wesiT, ekonomikisa da kulturis
saWiro donis miRwevis mizniT, sabWoTa kavSirSi gatarda indus-
trializaciis, koleqtivizaciis da kulturuli revoluciis
sisxliani RonisZiebebi;
iZulebam mefis ruseTis imperia sabWoTa imperiad gardaqmna,
magram Sinaarsi ver Seucvala. Zveli sami principi-erTi mefe,
erTi ena, erTi rwmena, darCa ZalaSi. aseTi gamoxatulebiT-erTi
mefe-partiis generaluri mdivani, erTi ena-rusuli, erTi rwmena-
komunisturi ideologia;
sabWoTa komunisturi saukunovani eqsperimentis umTavresi
Sedegi iyo: ekonomikuri potenciali miuaxlovda monopolisturi
kapitalizmis dones. politikuri wyoba ori TaviT maRla idga
da saxelmwifo kapitalizmis sistemas gamoxatavda. politikuri
kultura iyo burJuaziuli, movarayebuli socialisturi lo-
zungebiT.
daskvna: sabWoTa qveyanaSi ekonomikisa da kulturis xas-
iaTma moiTxova wyobilebis modernizacia. moixsna ideologiur-
politikuri marwuxebi. myardeba monopolisturi kapitalizmi.
saqarTveloSi, iseve, rogorc sabWoTa imperiaSi iyo Sinagani
winaaRmdegobebis Semcveli sistema. ara bunebriv-istoriuli
ganviTarebis gziT, aramed iZulebis wesiT ganxorcielebulma
gardaqmnebma mosaxleoba daayena mware arCevanis winaSe. mrewv-
eloba ganviTarebadi (Tavisufali konkurenciis) kapitalizmis
Sesabamisia. soflis meurneoba ganuviTarebeli agraruli proces-

145
ebis Semcvelia. aseT dros, saxelmwifos monopoliuri batonoba,
ekonomiur potencialTan dapirispirebul mdgomareobas qmnis. amas
emateba ideologiuri principebis sruli Seusabamoba. suraTi
naTelia: erTia qveynis ekonomikuri SesaZleblobani, meorea misi
mmarTvelobis sistema da mesame ideologia. obieqturi viTareba
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis samive Semadgenlis SesabamisobaSi
moyvanas moiTxovs.
1956 w. stalinis pirovnebis kultis kritikisa da 9 mar-
tis xocva-Jletis fonze mimdinareobda mosaxleobis gamofxi-
zlebisa da SiSis mdgomareobidan gamosvlis procesi Tu adre
erTeulebisaTvis iyo cnobili, axla farTe masebma dainaxes,
rom araviTari socializmi ar arsebobs, araviTari amxanagoba da
Tanasworuflebianoba. yovelive mogonilia mSromelTa motyuebisa
da Zarcvis mizniT. gamofxizleba nela xdeboda, magram procesi
Seuqcevadi iyo.
socialur-politikur usamarTlobas emateboda erovnuli
Cagvris gancda. totalitaruli reJimi mkacr centralizacias
efuZneboda. igi ar cnobda ararus erTa raime uflebas garda
administraciuli morCilebisa. centris (moskovis) mier Seqmnili
iyo kargad organizebuli sistema, romelic winaswar swavlobda
da gegmavda romeli eTnosi romels unda daepirispirebinaT da
ra viTarebaSi.
socialuri da erovnuli winaaRmdegoba sruliad moicavda
sabWoTa imperias da mudmiv krizisul mdgomareobaSi amyofebda.
saxelmwifos sruli monopolia zRudavda adgilobrivi iniciati-
vis an Sablonisagan gansxvavebuli RonisZiebebis SesaZleblobas.
socialisturi wyobilebis safuZvels warmoadgenda iseTi
kapitalisturi RonisZiebebi, rogoricaa: miwis nacionalizacia,
warmoebis saSualebebze saxelmwifo sakuTrebis arseboba, war-
moebis gegmiuroba. es wminda wylis kapitalisturi principebi,
romelic miRweuli unda iqnes bunebrivi ganviTarebis gziT, war-
moadgens kerZo sakuTrebis likvidacias kerZo sakuTrebis farg-
lebSi. es aris kapitalizmis ganviTarebis umaRlesi da ukanaskneli
etapi. (am sakiTxze naSromis gamoqveyneba saTauriT «Ф. Энгельс о
характере огосударствения”, moxerxda jer kidev 1974 w.).

146
 sabWoTa kavSirSi am sami principis ganxorcieleba miCneuli
iyo socilizmad. es iyo masobrivi tyuilis Sedevri, romelsac
aTeulobiT milioni adamiani Seewira. es iyo v. leninis da ko-
munisturi partiis voluntaristuli politikis qvakuTxedi. es
sami principi sazogadoebas hyofda erTian (garegnulad, formiT
daqiravebuli biurokratiis) eqsploatatorTa da erTian muSaTa
klasad. (klasis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen fizikuri da gonebrivi
Sromis muSakebi, romelTa bedic xelfasze iyo damokidebuli).
saxelmwifo sistemis agebis biurokratiul-Cinovnikuri principi
formiT yvela moqalaqes saxelmwifos mier daqiravebul muSakad
warmoadgenda. sinamdvileSi sazogadoeba or dapirispirebul
nawilad iyofoda.
dapirispirebul klasTa brZola iyo sabWoTa wyobilebis
mTeli istoria. xelmZRvaneloba imuSavebda da Rebulobda
ekonomikis ganviTarebis gegmebs. sinamdvileSi ar iyo gegmebis
drouli da xarisxiani Sesrulebis momxre. rac ufro dabali
xarisxis saqoneli iwarmoeboda, miT meti gasaRdeboda. nakleb-
warmoebis da uxarisxo warmoebis mudmivi krizisis pirobebSi
cxovrobda mSromeli klasi.
socialur Cagvras erovnuli emateboda. saboloo angariSiT
aman ganapiroba sabWoTa kavSiris daSla. saqarTveloSi daiwyo
politikuri sistemis gardaqmna ekonomikuri moTxovnebis Se-
sabamisad. es niSnavda fulad-sasaqonlo urTierTobis srul
batonobas, im iZulebiTi SezRudvebis gauqmebas, rasac manamde
socializmad warmoidgendnen.
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis interesebi moiTxovda politi-
kuri marwuxebisa da ideologiuri bangisagan gaTavisuflebas.
es aucilebloba SeiZleboda civiluri an barbarosuli gziT
ganxorcielebuliyo. uvicobam sZlia codnas, borotma keTils,
sibnelem sinaTles da arCeuli iqna ekonomikis marTvis sistemis
ara reformebis, aramed msxvrevis meTodi.
sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi es niSnavda marTvis biurokrati-
uli aparatis gamyarebas, komunisturi elementebis SeiaraRebul
elementebTan gaerTianebas, orives mier erovnuli simdidris
Zarcva, ganawileba, dataceba, gayidvas. praqtikulad moispo meqa-

147
nizebuli soflis meurneoba da mrewveloba. warmoebis is dargebi
da obieqtebi, ris gamoc respublikas industriuli ewodeboda
aRar arsebobs. sanacvlod revoluciuri tempiT moxda kapitalis
dagroveba mmarTveli da mZarcveli elitis xelSi.
amrigad, qveyanaSi gaCnda didi odenobis daukmayofilebeli
moTxovnileba. msoflio bazarma misi aTviseba swrafad moax-
dina dabali xarisxis da moTxovnileba dakarguli saqonlis
xarjze. amis gamo sakuTari samrewvelo potencialis an agra-
ruli seqtoris ganviTareba damuxruWebulia an aqtualobas
moklebuli. es Tavis mxriv dakavSirebulia mecnierTa, inJinerTa,
kvalifikaciuri muSakTa diskvalifikaciasTan. maTze moTxovna
realurad ar arsebobs. aman Sromisunariani mosaxleoba ai-
Zula sazRvargareT eZebna samuSao. ormilionianamde adamianma
samSoblo miatova. xuT milioniani mosaxleobisaTvis es didi
danakargia. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom darCenilebis umetesoba
umuSevaria, degradaciisa da pauperizmis, gaucxoebis done gak-
virvebas aRar gamoiwvevs.
gamosavali erTia. saqarTvelom unda SeZlos proporciuli
adgilis damkvidreba msoflio saqonelwarmoebaSi. mxolod
moxmarebis xaziT-maTxovrobis tolfasia. msoflio savaluto
fondisa da mdidari donorebis imedaT yofna damRupvelia.
aRorZineba pirvel rigSi soflis meurneobis modernizaciiT
unda daiwyos. Tu sabWoTa `meqanizirebuli~ meurneobebi iyo
rentabeluri, ufro meti SesaZlebloba Tanamedrove agraruli
meurneobis SesaZleblobebSia. saWiroa saxelmwifos Sesabamisi
agraruli politikis ganxorcieleba, agraruli upatronobisa da
anarqiis darRveva. proteqcionistuli politika mokle droSi
uzrunvelyofs progress.
saqarTvelo gigantur industriul centrad ver gadaiqceva.
es arcaa saWiro, magram Tanamedrove msubuqi eleqtro-manqanuri
warmoebis ganviTareba SeuZlia da aucilebelic aris.
saxalxo meurneobis modernizacia politikuri sistemis
gardaqmniT unda daiwyos. dRemde mainc mtkiced funqcionirebs
sistemis agebis biurokratiuli principi. misi ZiriTadi niSnebia:
1. zevidan qveviT Tanamdebobebze daniSvna; 2. qvevidan zeviT Tanam-

148
debobebis mixedviT xelfasebis zrda; 3. Tanamdebobebis mixedviT
privilegiebis ganawileba.
kargi Tanamdeboba kargi cxovrebis sawindaria. amitom brZola
TanmdebobisaTvis misi mudmivi Tanxlebia. msjeloba demokratiaze,
arCevnebis, mitingebis, sityvis da a. S. ufleba Sirmaa.
gamosavali politikuri sistemis demokratiul principze
agebaa. misi ZiriTadi Semadgenelia: 1. uklebliv yvela Tanamdebo-
bis pirTa arCeviToba; 2. arCeul Tanamdebobis pirTa kontrolis
gamWvirvaleoba; 3. Tanamdebobis pirTa xelfasebis maqsimumsa
da minimums Soris 5:1 fardobiTobis dakanoneba; 4 yovelgvari
privilegiebis likvidacia.
cxovrebis wesia: visac aqvs simdidre, is Zalauflebas mielt-
vis, visac aqvs Zalaufleba, is simdidres ixveWs.
gasakviri araa, rom politikuri da ekonomiuri Zalauflebis
mqoneni nebayoflobiT demokratiul princips ar ganaxorcieleben.
es TviT demosis (xalxis) gasakeTebelia.

149
 sarCevi

I. logikuri istoria

qarTveloba - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -6

fiqrebi geografiuli garemos mniSvnelobaze - - - - - -3

fiqrebi eTnogenezis arealze - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 15

eTnogenezisis areali - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 24

arqeologiuri monacemebi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 27

RmerTebi (miTologiuri cnobebi)- - - - - - - - - - - - 32

tomebi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 40

zogierTi cnobebi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 50

II istoriuli logika - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 125

150